托?；A(chǔ)語法(3)上課講義

語法(yǔfǎ)常見錯誤7宗罪第一頁，共119頁。第一(dìyī)宗罪：Employeecangetmorebenefitsfromtelecommutingthanemployer.名詞employee和employer被“裸體(luǒtǐ)”使用了。改正：theemployee;theemployer employees;employers第二頁，共119頁。第二宗罪：（1）Workathome，usingmoderntechnology，cangreatlyenhanceourefficiency.簡單句里謂語動詞(dòngcí)多于一個。workworking（2）Childrenwhoareraiseinpoorfamiliescangenerallydealwithproblemsmoreeffectivelyintheiradultyears.被動語態(tài)raiseraised第三頁，共119頁。（3）Theproblemsthatarecreatedbyenvironmentalcontaminationisveryhardtoresolve.主謂不一致，problemsisisare（4）Manystudentsarelikestudyinghomeeconomics.兩個動詞(dòngcí)……去掉are第四頁，共119頁。（5）Inpresent-daysociety,cultureswerebecomingverysimilar.前后(qiánhòu)時態(tài)矛盾！wereare第五頁，共119頁。第三(dìsān)宗罪Intelligentstudentsshouldnotbetreateddifferentbytheirteachers.修飾(xiūshì)動詞treat應(yīng)該用副詞differentdifferently第六頁，共119頁。第四宗罪（1）Countriesshouldpayattentiononthedisadvantagesthatglobalizationmaycreate.介詞搭配(dāpèi)錯誤payattentiontoreasonfor…&solutionto…第七頁，共119頁。（2）TheInternethasinsteadofteachersinmanyclassrooms.insteadof不是動詞(dòngcí)，而是介詞短語。replace或者supplantinsteadofreplacedorsupplanted第八頁，共119頁。第五(dìwǔ)宗罪Someparentsdonotobeytrafficruleshimself.代詞指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞(míngcí)錯誤himselfthemselves第九頁，共119頁。第六宗罪SomepeoplethinktheInternetonlyhaspositiveimpact,otherpeoplethinkitalsohasnegativeinfluenceonourlives.缺少連詞(liáncí)或者句號（分號）while第十頁，共119頁。第七宗罪Thereareagreatmanychildrenthinkthemainpurposeofeducationshouldbetoaffordthempleasureandenjoyment.Therebe句型后面的名詞再加動詞時不要(bùyào)用動詞原形！?。hinkthinking第十一頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)1.Conflictsmayarisebetweentouristandlocalresident.可數(shù)名詞裸體(luǒtǐ)了！第十二頁，共119頁。2.Growupinapoorfamilymakessomechildrenfeeltheyarenotascapableasotherchildren.動詞(dòngcí)不能作主語！第十三頁，共119頁。3.Someeventsarenotreportbythemediainadependableway.被動語態(tài)be+v-ed!!!第十四頁，共119頁。4.Thegovernmentsofallcountriesonthisplanetisbeginningtorealizetheseverityofwatershortage.主謂一致性！?。〉谑屙?，共119頁。5.Ingeneral,computershelpstudentslearnthingsmoreeffectively,computergamesmaylowertheirefficiency.缺少(quēshǎo)連接詞?。。〉谑?，共119頁。6.Therearenumerouscountriesintheworldsufferfrompoverty.Therebe句型(jùxínɡ)?。?！第十七頁，共119頁。7.FastfoodisinsteadingoftraditionalChinesefoodinmanyChinesecities.insteadof不能用作動詞(dòngcí)??！第十八頁，共119頁。插入語第十九頁，共119頁。在一個句子(jùzi)中間插入一個成分,它不作句子(jùzi)的何種成分,也不和句子(jùzi)的何種成分發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,同時既不起連接作用,這個成分稱之插入語。第二十頁，共119頁。插入語結(jié)構(gòu)(jiégòu)Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemageless.第二十一頁，共119頁。插入語結(jié)構(gòu)(jiégòu)Over120yearsago,theEnglishbotanistJ.D.Hooker,writingofAustralianeatableplants,suggestedthatmanyofthemwereeatablebutnotwortheating.第二十二頁，共119頁。插入語結(jié)構(gòu)(jiégòu)Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationofafamily,thequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.第二十三頁，共119頁。插入語結(jié)構(gòu)(jiégòu)副詞(fùcí)插入語Thiswillaffectthejobmarket,which,afterall,isakeytargetinanyeconomicplan.第二十四頁，共119頁。介詞(jiècí)短語作插入語Sportsstarsandpopstars,forexample,aresoonreplacedbythenextyounger,moreenergeticgeneration.第二十五頁，共119頁。不定式短語(duǎnyǔ)作插入結(jié)構(gòu)Totellyouthetruth,Ihaven’tboughtanythingforayear.老實對你說Itwasn’taverygooddinner,tosaytheleastofit.至少可以(kěyǐ)這么說第二十六頁，共119頁。常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入語的副詞：obviously,frankly,naturally,surely,nonetheless,undoubtedly常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入語的形容詞或短語：strangetosay,worstofall,mostimportantofall常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入語的介詞短語：infact,forinstance,常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入語的分詞短語：generallyspeaking,franklyspeaking,……….常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入語的不定式短語：Tobesure,tosumup,totellthetruth第二十七頁，共119頁。強調(diào)(qiángdiào)句第二十八頁，共119頁。強調(diào)(qiángdiào)句Itis＋被強調(diào)(qiángdiào)的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分注意：謂語不能強調(diào)(qiángdiào)第二十九頁，共119頁。Itisinmarketeconomythatthepriceofdifferentcommoditiesandservicesarealwayschanging.第三十頁，共119頁。It

isproteinthatspiderscanmakeinanenvironmentallyfriendlywaysimilartothewaymammalsmakemilk.Spiderscanmakeproteininanenvironmentallyfriendlywaysimilartothewaymammalsmakemilk.第三十一頁，共119頁。倒裝句第三十二頁，共119頁。倒裝句倒裝：謂語動詞全部或者部分放到了主語前面，這樣的句子被稱為(chēnɡwéi)倒裝句完全倒裝部分倒裝第三十三頁，共119頁。完全(wánquán)倒裝Thebuscomeshere. Herecomesthebus.Abeautifulgirlsitsinfrontofme. Infrontofmesitsabeautifulgirl.第三十四頁，共119頁。部分(bùfen)倒裝第二種倒裝：部分倒裝主語和助動詞位置(wèizhi)顛倒，而動詞依然放在主語后面第三十五頁，共119頁。部分(bùfen)倒裝Innowayshouldwelietoourparents.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.第三十六頁，共119頁。詞第三十七頁，共119頁。遇到不會寫的單詞怎么辦？（1）上位概念用一個稍微簡單，但是具有概括(gàikuò)效果的詞匯（2）同義替換稍作解釋，讓閱卷人能懂即可第三十八頁，共119頁。Q1：孫老師很變態(tài)。“變態(tài)”如何(rúhé)翻譯？-------BT-------與正常人不一樣bedifferentfromnormalpeople第三十九頁，共119頁。Q2：“宮爆雞丁”如何(rúhé)翻譯？------achickeninthecourt------adishwhichismadeofchickenandpeanuts第四十頁，共119頁。Q3：一幫人拿著鐵鍬、鋤頭植樹(zhíshù)去了?！拌F鍬、鋤頭”怎么翻譯？-----tools------thetoolswhichareusedtoplanttrees第四十一頁，共119頁。Q4：“老百姓”如何(rúhé)翻譯？----oldhundredsex----thegeneralpublic；ordinarypeople第四十二頁，共119頁。Q5：“帕金森綜合征”如何(rúhé)翻譯-----aseriousdisease第四十三頁，共119頁。Q6：“鮮花怒放(nùfàng)”如何翻譯----Flowersangrilyopen-----“鮮花完全盛開”-----Flowersareinfullbloom.第四十四頁，共119頁。Q7：“孝敬”老人如何翻譯-----Filial-----尊重(zūnzhòng)和照顧老人------respectandtakegoodcareof第四十五頁，共119頁。Q8：“胸有成竹”如何(rúhé)翻譯----havebamboosinone'schest-----有信心的-----beconfident第四十六頁，共119頁?？傊龅讲粫g的概念有2種方法：（1）上位概念（2）同義(tónɡyì)替換第四十七頁，共119頁。句第四十八頁，共119頁。（1）長句優(yōu)先(yōuxiān)原則（2）句型多變原則第四十九頁，共119頁。長句優(yōu)先(yōuxiān)原則（1）定語從句任何一個名詞后面都可以加上一個定語從句對之進行解釋（2）并列結(jié)構(gòu)排山倒海(páishāndǎohǎi)and前后加上意思相近結(jié)構(gòu)相同的短語或者單詞（3）套話湊數(shù)4大套話，可以用于任何一句話前面第五十頁，共119頁。定語(dìngyǔ)從句第五十一頁，共119頁。例1：Honestmerchantswillsufferagreatdestruction.-----本句講假冒偽劣商品(shāngpǐn)的危害第一步：找名詞：merchantdestruction第二步：加定從：第五十二頁，共119頁。Honestmerchants，

whoobserverulesandregulationsandproducehigh-qualitygoods，

willsufferagreatdestructionwhichisdetrimentaltotheirproduction.

第五十三頁，共119頁。例2：Factorieshavedischargedgasandliquid.第一步：找名詞(míngcí)：factoriesgasandliquid第二步：加定從：第五十四頁，共119頁。Factories,whichbringtheirownershugeprofits,havedischargedgasandliquidthatmayexertaseriouslynegativeinfluenceonthesurroundingenvironment.

第五十五頁，共119頁。并列結(jié)構(gòu)排山倒海and前后加上意思相近結(jié)構(gòu)相同的短語或者(huòzhě)單詞第五十六頁，共119頁。例1：取得成功：achievegreatsuccessachievegreatsuccessandrealizeone’spotentialachievegreatsuccessandattainone’sgoalsachievegreatsuccessandovercomeseveraldifficulties/hurdles第五十七頁，共119頁。例2：“放松(fànɡsōnɡ)身心”relaxone’sbodiesandeaseone’smind第五十八頁，共119頁。例3：“開拓(kāituò)視野”broadenone’shorizonsbroadenone’shorizonsandenrichone’smind第五十九頁，共119頁。例4：促進(cùjìn)交流”promotethecommunicationpromotethecommunicationandinteractionbetween…and…第六十頁，共119頁。套話(tàohuà)湊數(shù)-----4大套話(tàohuà)第六十一頁，共119頁。1，Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…不可否認(rèn)的...變型(biànxínɡ)：Itisanundeniablefactthat…Undeniably，…第六十二頁，共119頁。2,Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…全世界都知道(zhīdào)...第六十三頁，共119頁。3,Thereisnodoubtthat…毫無疑問(háowúyíwèn)的...變型：Itisfarbeyondanyreasonabledoubtthat…(毋庸置疑)第六十四頁，共119頁。4,Itisconceivablethat…可想而知(kěxiǎngérzhī)的第六十五頁，共119頁。例：Itisconceivablethatwiththerapiddevelopmentinsocietyandeconomy,competitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierceandacute.第六十六頁，共119頁。句型(jùxínɡ)多變原則第六十七頁，共119頁。1.人稱句與無人稱句轉(zhuǎn)換(zhuǎnhuàn)很多人認(rèn)為，在中國，控制人口數(shù)是非常必要的。birthcontrolManypeoplethinkbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.ItiswidelythoughtthatbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.第六十八頁，共119頁。2.肯定句與否定句的轉(zhuǎn)換(zhuǎnhuàn)每個孩子都想賺些零花錢來幫助交付高額(ɡāoé)的大學(xué)費用。Everychildwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildwhodoesn’twanttoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildbutwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.第六十九頁，共119頁。形式肯定但意義(yìyì)否定的結(jié)構(gòu)1.morethancan cannot…簡直不，無法，難以Thebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscandescribe.Thebeautyoftheparkcannotbedescribedbywords.這個(zhège)公園美的無法形容。第七十頁，共119頁。2.anything…but絕對不，根本(gēnběn)不，一點也不Heisanythingbutascholar.Thewoodbridgeisanythingbutsafe.第七十一頁，共119頁。3.haveyettodo…h(huán)avenotdone…yetIhaveyettohearthestory.Ihaveyettolearnthenewskill.第七十二頁，共119頁。4.may/mightaswell…否定(fǒudìng)結(jié)構(gòu)，“還不如”Itisstillraininghardoutside;wemayaswellstayhereoverthenight.Youmightaswellburnthebookthangivethemtoher.第七十三頁，共119頁。形式否定但意義肯定(kěndìng)的結(jié)構(gòu)Itisnomorethanabeginning.僅僅，只是(zhǐshì)Theygavemethewrongbook,andIdidnotnoticeituntilIgotbacktomyroom.直到……才Youcannotbetoocarefulindoingtheexperiments.越……越好第七十四頁，共119頁。nothingbut 只有，只不過nothingmorethan 僅僅(jǐnjǐn)nosooner…than 剛一……就fornothing 徒然，免費notonly…,butalso 不僅……而且not…longbefore 很快就nomorethan 僅僅(jǐnjǐn)，只是nootherthan 只有，正是第七十五頁，共119頁。3.主動句與被動(bèidòng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換由于(yóuyú)社會需要，出現(xiàn)了很多夜校。Thereappearmanyeveningschoolsbecauseofsocialdemands.Manyeveningschoolsarecalledintoexistencebysocialdemands.第七十六頁，共119頁。4.動詞(dòngcí)和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換這種生活方式已經(jīng)越來越流行(liúxíng)，越來越多的年輕人已經(jīng)接受這種生活方式。Thestyleoflivinghasbecomemoreandmorepopularandacceptedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.Thestyleoflivinghasfounditsgrowingpopularityandacceptanceamongyoungpeople.第七十七頁，共119頁。人們(rénmen)擔(dān)心傳統(tǒng)價值正在逐漸的消失。Peopleareconcernedthatthetraditionalvaluesaregraduallydisappearing.Peopleareconcernedaboutthegradualdisappearanceofthetraditionalvalues.第七十八頁，共119頁。5.短句與長句(chánɡjù)的轉(zhuǎn)換它給學(xué)生們帶來嚴(yán)重(yánzhòng)的壓力，一些學(xué)生無法忍受這種壓力。Itbringsstudentsintensivepressure.Somestudentscannotendurethispressure.Itbringsstudentsintensivepressurethatsomestudentscannotendure.第七十九頁，共119頁。青少年由于課業(yè)負擔(dān)重并在同伴的鼓勵下去吸煙。在這種情況下，盡管覺得不對，他們還是(háishi)經(jīng)常這么做。青少年——teenagers同伴——peers課業(yè)——schoolwork覺得不對——feelalittleguilty去吸煙——resorttosmoking第八十頁，共119頁。Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolworkandtheyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyoftenresorttosmoking,thoughsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.第八十一頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)1.變無人稱句Peopleingrowingnumbersagreethatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.Thereisgrowingagreementsthatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.第八十二頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)2.變無人稱句ManyChinesepeoplehavegonetotheUnitedStatesinthepast15years.Thepast15yearshavebroughtmanyChinesepeopletotheUnitedStates.第八十三頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)3.變無人稱句Wealmostforgetthisevent.Thiseventisalmostforgottenbyus.Thiseventisnowalmostfading

fromourmemory.第八十四頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)4.變無人稱句Weeasilydrewtheconclusionthroughtheinvestigation.Theinvestigationcaneasilyleadtotheconclusion.第八十五頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)5.變被動語態(tài)WearemakinggreateffortstoimproveourEnglish.GreateffortsarebeingmadetoimproveourEnglish.Wemaythinkmoreoftheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.Morethoughtmaybegiventotheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.第八十六頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)6.換用名詞IfwearewatchingtoomuchTV,ourreadingabilitywillbeseriouslyaffected.HeavyexposuretoTVwillexertanegativeeffectonourreadingability.第八十七頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)7.換用名詞Ifwedon’trecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.Failuretorecognizetheseriousnessofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.第八十八頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)8.變雙重否定句Wheneveryoupickupanewspaper,youwillalwaysfindadvertisements.Itisimpossibletopickupanewspaperwithoutfindingadvertisements.第八十九頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)9.變長句AstudenthasstudiedEnglishforafewyears.Hemayhaveavocabularyofthousandsofwords.AstudentwhohasstudiedEnglishforafewyearsmayhaveavocabularyofthousandsofwords.第九十頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)10.變長句Heboughtajeep.Hisfriendadvisedhimagainstit.(inspiteof)Heboughtajeepinspiteofhisfriend’sadvisinghimagainstit.第九十一頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)11.變長句Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelections.Thestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelections,whereasthestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.第九十二頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)11.變長句Hechosetostudycomputerscience.Computersciencehasgoodemploymentprospects.Hechosetostudycomputersciencebecauseofitsgoodemploymentprospects.第九十三頁，共119頁。練習(xí)(liànxí)12.變長句Heisnotcoming.Theeventof萬一(wànyī)，倘若Intheeventofhisnotcoming,themeetingwillbeputofftillnextweek.第九十四頁，共119頁。你能寫出來(chūlái)嗎？作文(zuòwén)素材第九十五頁，共119頁。讓孩子接觸過多的暴力與色情對他們(tāmen)的成長有害。excessivepornographybe/bad/harmful/detrimentaltoExposingyoungchildrentoexcessiveviolenceandpornographywouldbedetrimentaltotheirdevelopment.第九十六頁，共119頁。照料寵物(chǒnɡwù)有助于培養(yǎng)小孩的交際能力。socialskillsTakingcareofapetcanhelpchildrendevelopsocialskills.contributeto/beconducivetoTakingcareofapetcancontributeto/beconducivetothedevelopmentofChildren’ssocialskills.第九十七頁，共119頁。我們政府的主要任務(wù)是致力于消除貧困、疾病(jíbìng)和文盲。eliminateilliteracyThemaintaskofourgovernmentiseliminatingpoverty,diseaseandilliteracy.第九十八頁，共119頁。如何(rúhé)解決嚴(yán)重的交通問題對于政府而言是個棘手的問題。athornyissueHowtosolvetheheavytrafficproblemisathornyissue第九十九頁，共119頁。發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家的政府必須采取(cǎiqǔ)更環(huán)保的政策。essential/imperativeadoptenvironmentallyfriendlypoliciesItisimperativeforgovernmentsofdevelopedanddevelopingnationstoadoptmoreenvironmentallyfriendlypolicies.第一百頁，共119頁。一份適當(dāng)?shù)臉I(yè)余工作并不會占用學(xué)生(xuésheng)太多的時間。事實上，把全部的時間都用到學(xué)習(xí)上并不健康。Aproperpart-timejobdoesnotoccupystudents’toomuchtime.Infact,itisunhealthyforthemtospendalloftimeontheirstudy.第一百零一頁，共119頁。學(xué)生的唯一任務(wù)是獲得將來(jiānglái)工作所需的知識和技能。only，soleacquire，get，gain，obtainThesoletaskofstudentsistoacquiretheknowledgeandskills，which，apparently，areessentialtotheirfuturecareer.第一百零二頁，共119頁。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是傳播信息(xìnxī)的經(jīng)濟途徑。economicalconveyTheInternetisaneconomicalwaytoconveyinformation.第一百零三頁，共119頁。現(xiàn)在，隨著電腦的廣泛(guǎngfàn)使用，許多成年人感到學(xué)習(xí)電腦技能的迫切需要。applicationpressingneedNowadays,withthewideapplicationsofcomputers,manyadultsfeelthepressingneedtoacquirecomputerskills.第一百零四頁，共119頁。必須采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┫拗仆鈬糜握叩臄?shù)量，努力保護當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史不受國際旅游業(yè)的不利(bùlì)影響。Propermeasuresmustbetakentolimitthenumberofforeigntouristsandgreateffortsshouldbemadetoprotectlocalenvironmentandhistoryfromtheharmfuleffectsofinternationaltourism.第一百零五頁，共119頁?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)使人們更加(gènjiā)容易接觸到全世界各種各樣的信息。adventenablesomebodytodohaveaccesstoTheadventoftheInternetenablespeopletohaveeasieraccesstoallsortsofinformationworldwide.第一百零六頁，共119頁。日益惡化(èhuà)的環(huán)境已經(jīng)引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。deteriorate/worsenarousewideconcernThedeterioratingenvironmenthasarousedpeople’swideconcern.第一百零七頁，共119頁。青少年不斷惡化的健康狀況引起公眾(gōngzhòng)的關(guān)注。deteriorate/worsenbebroughtintopublicfocusTheworseninghealthconditionofyouthshasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.第一百零八頁，共119頁。如果不重視(zhòngshì)自然資源的保護，它將很快被耗盡。conservation/protectiondeplete/exhaust/consumeOurnaturalenergywillsoonbedepleted/exhaustedifwepaynoattentiontotheconservationofit.第一百零九頁，共119頁。由于受到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上過多的色情與暴力(bàolì)的影響，有些青少年誤入歧途。goastrayDeeplyinfluencedbyexcessivepornographyandviolenceontheInternet,someteenagersgoastray.第一百一十頁，共119頁。父母的教導(dǎo)如果堅定、理性、始終如一(shǐzhōngrúyī)，孩子就有可能充滿自信。firmrationalconsistentbelikelytodo/beinclinedtoChildrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm，rationalandconsistentareinclinedtopo