采購與供應(yīng)鏈管理課件價格

Part1:IntroductionandstrategyWhatispurchasingStrategicpurchasingOrganizationandstructureofsupplyPurchasingproceduresPart2:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（1）：purchasingfactorsStandardandmanagementofqualityrelationshipBuyingattherightpriceSupplyorganizationandsuppliermanagement,supplierrelationships(2)Part3:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（2）：ContrastingapproachestopurchasingContrastingapproachestosupply（2）BuyingfromoverseasPart4:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（3）：logisticsStoringofsupplygoods,materialstransportationPart5:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（4）：supplytools,supplierrelationshipsandperformancenegotiationSupplytoolsPurchasingresearch,performanceandethicsChapter7BuyingattherightpricePriceisdefinedasthevalueofacommodity/servicemeasuredintermsofthestandardmonetaryunit(貨幣單位).Inturn,pricecouldinfluencethesupplyanddemand;Demandandsupplycaninfluencetheprice.Therelationshipbetweenpriceanddemand:theriseorfallofpriceinfluencesthedemand.1.

Price2.ElasticityofdemandIfaslightchangeinthepricecouldcauseadramaticchangeindemand,thedemandisaelasticdemand.Ifadramaticchangeinthepricecouldcauseaslightchangeindemand,thedemandisinelastic.Priceelasticityofdemand=Changeinquantitydemand(%)/Changeinprice(%)1Therearefewornosubstitutesorcompetitors.2Thereisa‘buyerinertia’—thatis,buyersareslowtochangetheirbuyinghabitsandsearchforalternativesourceoflowerprices.3Buyerdonotorfailtochallengethehigherprice.2.1WhenDemandislikelytobelesselasticIfdemandiselastic,whensuppliersreducestheirpieceasalowerprice,theirrevenuewillincreaseordecrease?2.2Priceelasticityofsupply1.Give3examplesofhouseholdcommoditiesforwhichdemandiselasticand3ofthoseforwhichdemandisinelastic.2.Give3examplesofcommoditiesformanufacturingwhichdemandiselasticand3ofthoseforwhichdemandisinelastic.Discussion：Ifdemandiselastic,supplierswillconsiderreducingtheirpieceasalowerpricewillresultinenhancedrevenue:2.2PriceelasticityofsupplyPriceelasticityofsupply=Changeinquantitysupplied(%)/Changeinprice(%)DiscussionquestionsWhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue?videincentives1.

Theitemdealtinmustbehomogeneous(同質(zhì)的)sothatbuyersareindifferentregardingsellersfromwhomtheymaketheirpurchases—thereisanabsenceoftradeorproprietaryname,forexample.2.Theitemmustbeeasilytransportable.3.Theremustbemanybuyersandsellerssothattheformercannotartificiallyrestrictdemandorthelattersupply.3.1Conditionforperfectcompetition4.Thereshouldbeanabsenceofreferentialtreatment(優(yōu)惠惠政政策策)ofordiscrimination（歧歧視視性性待待遇遇））againstanybuyersandsellers.5.Easycommunicationmustexistbetweenbuyersandsellers.3.1ConditionforperfectcompetitionMonopoly（壟壟斷斷））：NoentryOligopoly（多多寡寡頭頭壟壟斷斷））：LimitedentryMonopolisticcompetition(壟斷下的競爭爭)：competitionbetweensuppliers.3.2ImperfectcompetitionandmonopolySuppliercannotcontrolpriceandquantitysimultaneously.3.2Imperfectcompetitionandmonopoly3.2ImperfectcompetitionandmonopolyOligopolycompetitionIntensecompetitionbetweensuppliers.3.2ImperfectcompetitionandmonopolyDiscussionquestionsPage456,12.5(Privatization,民營化，私營營化）1979,MargaretThatcherAnimportantaspectofpurchasingisthenegotiationofthepricetobepaidtothesupplier.Suppliersconditionsinpricingagreements.2pricingmodels.4.Priceagreement4.1Suppliersconsiderationsinpricingagreements:1.Generalcondition：Theirpositioninthemarket,monopoly?Long-termvalueofthepurchaser,promptnessofpaymentandsoonDemandiselastic(wheretherearesubstitutes)orinelastic(wheredemandisnotaffectedbytheprice?).2pricingmodels(twocategories)1）cost-basedmodels：costmark-up(cost-plus)pricingmodel；marginalpricingmodel;rateofreturnpricingmodel.P439定價模式：成成本加價模式式；利潤空間間定價模式；；收益率定價價4.Priceagreement2）Market-drivenmodels：Pricevolumemodel(breakevenanalysis)，Marketsharemodel，(profitabilitydependsonpenetrationarrivedbythesupplier)Marketskimming，Currentrevenuepricingmodel(coveroperatingcostratherthanachieveprofits)4.Priceagreement2）Market-drivenmodels：Promotionalmodel(shorttermdiscounts)Marketsegmentpricingmodel（homeandabroad，age-stagemilkpowder）Competitionpricingmodel（dynamicpricing,section6.9,reverseauctionprocess）4.PriceagreementAnassumptionisthatthemarketispriceinelasticandwillbeattractedtotheuniquecharacteristicsoftheinnovation.Becauseofthehighpriceemployed,theproducttypicallyispositionedtoinnovatorsandearlyadopters.Skimmingisaparticularlyattractivestrategywhenmarketersfacehighinvestmentsinresearchanddevelopment,orproductionandothermarketingrelatedstart-upcostsarehigh.Settingahighpricefortheproducthelpsrecoverthesecostsquickly.MarketskimmingMarketskimmingArecentexampleofmarketskimmingisprovidedbySony’sDigitalMavicaCamera(Exhibit3).Introducedin1997.Thecamerawaspricedhigh,ataroundeighthundreddollarsperunit.Thiscameraistargetedtoinnovatorsandearlyadoptersofphotographicandcomputerequipment.MarketskimmingItwasdistributedincamera,computer,andelectronicsspecialtystores.Thecamerawaspromotedheavilyinprintandelectronicmediatargetedspecificallytoinitialadopters.Littletelevisionandradioadvertisingwasemployed.Similarly,littleuseofsalespromotions,suchascouponsandrebateswereusedtosupporttheinitiallaunch.4.2Purchaserconsiderationsinpricingagreements:Purchaserwillconsider:Theriskattachedtothepurchaseandthemethodofpricing.Page441,Figure12.3.Thepurchaser’sposition.Whetherthepurchaseisleverage,strategic,non-criticalorbottleneckproductAnyotherfactors?4.2Purchaserconsiderationsinpricingagreements:Purchaserwillconsider:Whetherthepurchaseisarebuy,modifiedrebuyornewbuyitem.Thenumberofsuppliersinthemarket.Pricespaidbythecompetitors.Whatmaybeconsideredafairprice?5.PriceagreementsFirmpriceagreements:contractsthatarenegotiatedwithfixedpaymentschedules,paymentbasedonmilestonesorpaymentbasedonfixedfeesoraservice.Allriskarebornebythesupplierandpurchaserknowsfromthestartwhatistobepaid;Incentivetoproduceefficiently;Aminimumofadministrationisinvolved.CostpriceagreementsAfixedpercentageisaddedtotheproductionorconstructioncost-aremoredisadvantageoustothepurchaser,inthat:AllfinancialrisksaccruetothebuyerDifficulttoadminister.Financialandmanagementaccountantsandspecialiststaff.VariationsinfirmandcostpriceagreementsInpractice,factorssuchastheescalationinmaterialcosts,asaresultofinflationorpayrisesduringtheperiodofacontract,theneedtoprovideincentivesorthedifficultyofmeasuringtheworktobedonemakeitdesirabletoreducetheriskstoboththepurchaserandsupplierbyincorporatingvariationsintobothfirmandcosttypecontracts.Table12.2(P445)6價價格格協(xié)協(xié)議議中中采采購購方方應(yīng)應(yīng)考考慮慮的的問問題題行業(yè)業(yè)固固定定價價格格協(xié)協(xié)議議和和成成本本價價格格協(xié)協(xié)議議的變變更更：：由于于在在合合同同的的有有效效期期內(nèi)內(nèi)材材料料成成本本的的攀攀升升，，通通貨貨膨膨脹脹或或工工資資增增長長，，需需要要對對合合同同的的執(zhí)執(zhí)行行進進行行激激勵勵等等因因素素，，采采購購方方和和供供應(yīng)應(yīng)方方都都樂樂于于對對行行業(yè)業(yè)固固定定價價格格合合同同和和成成本本價價格格合合同同共共同同協(xié)協(xié)商商出出一一些些變變通通的的形形式式，，以以降降低低各各自自的的風(fēng)風(fēng)險險。。TargetcostwithorwithoutmaximumpriceTargetcostwithmaximumprice：theprofitincludetheprofitthatthebothsidehavealreadyagreed.Targetcostwithoutmaximumprice