2017基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法長(zhǎng)難句講義

Iwillnotgiveyouafish;rather,Iwilllyouhowto魯振：著名英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與測(cè)試專(zhuān)家，博士 ；多次參加國(guó)家、省、市命題和閱卷工作。每在、、西安、、、石家莊、沈陽(yáng)、、等 20 多所中心城市主講考研英語(yǔ)、大四六級(jí)和高考英語(yǔ)，經(jīng)他直接培訓(xùn)的學(xué)員已逾200萬(wàn)人，聽(tīng)眾更是不計(jì)其數(shù)。學(xué)員對(duì)他的評(píng)價(jià)是：――――――――――――談如數(shù)家珍，揮灑自如―――他的語(yǔ)言總是富有人生哲理，他的課堂充滿(mǎn)著歡笑從容；他的不僅僅是英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，更是“魯振老師”歡迎大家交流考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句解析一、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之定語(yǔ)從句一、定語(yǔ)從定語(yǔ)從句是英語(yǔ)中一種最常見(jiàn)的句型，它可以分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，即定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞在文中修飾哪個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定語(yǔ)從句稱(chēng)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。對(duì)主句起附加說(shuō)明作用的定語(yǔ)從句稱(chēng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。此外，定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間還存在著狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系，說(shuō)明原因、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等。1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.(1996年)例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuythe4.Theernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkers例5.Thelocalernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahothattheywouldcontrolthenumberofwhichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobe6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelocountry.例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogetherevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年)二、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之同位語(yǔ)從句1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdays2.TherumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwaterforIsawherathomejust3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(20093篇)三、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之倒裝句倒裝(inversion)是一種語(yǔ)法，用以表示一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要和強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分的需要。英語(yǔ)的基本的結(jié)構(gòu)是主、謂結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒betweenthetwocountries.于是兩國(guó)之間開(kāi)始了惡戰(zhàn)。只將助動(dòng)詞(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)移至主語(yǔ)之前，叫做部分倒裝(partialinversion)。如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)人把守。英語(yǔ)句子的倒裝一是由于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝，二是由于修辭的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝。前一種情況，倒裝是必須的，否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，后一種情況，倒裝是選擇性的，倒裝與否只會(huì)產(chǎn)生表達(dá)效果上的差異。例1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“l(fā)ivingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.注意：調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣ThereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesintheThereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdayThereappearstobeamaninblackintheHerecometherestoftheNowcomesyourThenfollowedthediscoveryofanewNextcameEdwardwithhis以表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)引出的倒裝AttheschoolgatestoodaUnderthetreearesittingsomeOnthebedlayaprettykitten.Behindthecounterhestood.Behindthecounterstoodamanwith以表方位的副詞引出的倒裝UpwentthearrowintotheDownfelladozenOffwentthehorse.not短語(yǔ)置于句首NotuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthoftheNotamomentdidshewasteonNotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestNotsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.no短語(yǔ)置于句首BynomeansshouldhebeleftInnowayarecanweallowthistoInnocaseareyoutoleaveyourOnnoaccountshouldwefollowUndernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyNolongeraretheystayingwithNosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.only置于句首OnlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactOnlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttoOnlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowits比較狀語(yǔ)從句中的倒Heranasfastasdid whocamefromIspendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyThegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthe讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的倒Smallasatoms,electronsarestillComplexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpleHardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tMuchasIdisagreewithyou,IyetrespectVaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanTryashewould,hecouldnotliftthe四、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之語(yǔ)變?yōu)闈h語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)形式e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.e.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.結(jié)構(gòu)的表語(yǔ)化，可譯為：“是…的”， “由…的”等e.g.Themovementtoopposeracialdiscrimination allyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroe.g.Thispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewentto譯成具有意義的漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakee.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideofthe believethatour alitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.增添“人們”、“大家”等適當(dāng)?shù)脑~做漢語(yǔ)譯文的主語(yǔ)。e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoree.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.綜合例題：Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreservelawyersratherthananecessarypartofthein lectualequipmentofaneducated五、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之形式主語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）結(jié)Itis+adjective/noun+

2007Soitisquitesadwhendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandAsaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.Itis+adjective+infinitiveItisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.ItisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignItisdifficultforustoover-praisetheItis+pastparticiple+that-ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisItissaidItisbelievedItisrumoredItisestimatedItisknownItisargued六、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之強(qiáng)調(diào)句型例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizeesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduce七、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)常用并列連詞，如：and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:..butalso,either…orneither…nor等連1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.(1995年)2AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.(1998年)3Itisnotthat(不是)thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthat(而是)thelatter(后者)isamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer(前者)。(1993年)八、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之省略句型例1.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.九、考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句之否定結(jié)構(gòu)A:部分partial常用詞有代詞或副詞：all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,many,everything,entirely,altogether,absoluy,wholly,compley,weathered,always,often等和not搭配時(shí)，表示部分否定，意為“并非都是，Bothofthemarenotmybrothers. “Neitherofthemismybrother.”Allisnotgoldthatglitters=notallisgoldthatglitters.Everymancannotdoit=noteverymancandoitIdon’trememberalltheseformulas.Thiskindoftreeisnotfoundeverywhere.Thericharenotalwayshappy.EverycoupleisnotaB:轉(zhuǎn)移否Everybodycannotenjoypopmusic.(not否定表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂Theclothdoesnotfeelverysoft.=Theclothfeelsnotverysoft.Idon’tagreewithallofyou.(someofyou)Idon’tlikebothofthebooks.(Ilikenotbothof否定狀語(yǔ)，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語(yǔ)Hehasnotcometothedecisionquickly.notquickly)Ididnotdoitformyself.(Ididitnotformyself.)Thestudentsdidnotsittherelisteningtotheteacher.Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Hedoesn’tspeakRussianandFrench.Don’tdrinkanddrive.Wecan’tputonairsandmakepeoplelike正確理解和區(qū)分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就會(huì)鑄成譯文上的大錯(cuò)Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正確）Alltheanswersarenotright并非都正確)Idon’tknowanyofthem.（全不認(rèn)識(shí)）Idon’tknowallofthem.（并非都認(rèn)識(shí)）C:雙重否定，意義雙重否定指同一句子里出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞,即否定之否定,雙重否定句表達(dá)的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的語(yǔ)氣要重些,譯成漢語(yǔ)就譯成肯定形式,也可以保持雙重否定的形式。Noonecancommandotherswhocan’tcommandhimself.Therewasneveragreatgeniuswithoutatinctureofmadness.Therearenoroseswithoutthorns.Youcan’tmakesomethingoutofnothing.What’sdonecan’tbeundone.NothingisnothingatHardlyadaypassedwithoutourlearninganything※可用于表示雙重否定的詞no…not,no(not)…without,no...but,cannotbut+v,cannothelp+v-ing,withoutdoubt,withoutfail,cannothelp+v,withoutexception,nothinglessbut,(正是)nonebut（除…外，…別無(wú)）noonebut除了…外，沒(méi)有別人)nonetoo（一點(diǎn)也不）havenoalternative/choicebuttodo除...，別無(wú)選擇),Thereisnodoubtthat…, Thereisnodenyingthat…,Thereisnoquestionthat...,notseldom,notinfrequently,notunlike,notdispleased※WecannotbutreadbookstoenrichWecannothelpadmiringhiscourage.Ican’thelpbutfeelsorryforher.D:幾乎 Thisproblemhasbeenlittlestudied.Helittlerealizedthedangerhewasin.Sheisbarelyright.Iseldomgotanysleeplastnight.Scarcelyanythingremainstobesaid.E:形式否定，意義英語(yǔ)中有些形式上，否定而內(nèi)容含義上都是肯定的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)不能拘泥于原文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)的否定，要忠實(shí)于原文的含義。cannottoo，越…..越無(wú)論怎樣…..(It’simpossibletooverdoit.Themore...,theYoucannotbetooYoucanhardlypraisehimtooAmancanneverhavetoomanyNewton’scontributiontomodernsciencecanscarcelybeoverrated.Hecan’tseeyouquicklyenough.(Hedesirestoseeyouassoonas※cannotwaitto (eagertoIcannotwaittoreadyournewbook.Icannotwaittoseeher.no（nobody）but….不，只有….Thereisnomanbuthashisfaults.ThereisnorulebuthasNobodyreadsthebookbutwillbemoved.Thereexistsnomanbuthasanenemy.※注意句子結(jié)Noonebelievesthathewillsucceed.Noonebelievesbuthewillsucceed.Thereisnoonewhoknowshim.Thereisnoonebutknowshim.Thereisnomanthaterrs.ThereisnomanbutYouwillnotfindtheanswerbut(that)youstudyitButnevernotbutthat)每當(dāng)…總是…,Ineverseeyoubutthinkofmymother.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Neveradaypassedbutbroughtusgoodnews.Hewillnotbeangrybutthatheisoffended.nothing none …nothingbutnonebutnothingotherthan同義意為“僅僅，WecanseenothingbutWefoundnonebutanoldmanintheroom.Nonebutmeknewwhathappened.NonebutafoolwoulddosuchaYoucanfindthatsortofbirdnowherebutinHisfailurewasduetonotingelsethanhisownnonone)otherthan正是,僅僅是Thisisnootherthanthebookwewanttobuy.Sheisnoneotherthanmyadviser.moreoftenthannotasoftenasnot常常,Duringfoggyweather,planesarelatemoreoftenthannot.Asoftenasnot,hegetsuplate.Shewillforgetallaboutitaslikelyas否定詞+（相當(dāng)于IcannotagreewithyouC.f.Icannotagreewithyouanymore.Hecouldnotfeelbetter.ThefilmcannotbeHewantsnothingmorethantime.Nothingismorepreciousthanhealth.ThereisnosmokewithoutHebelieved，notwithoutreason,thattheprojectwillbeanootherwisethanHeisnootherwiseafraidthanofhisfather.(nobodybut….)Hedoesnootherwisethanfoolaroundallday.donothingbut)Iwonderifhecan（not）helpyouinyourIdon’tknowwhetherhehas(no)friendshere(orF:形式肯定，意義Thebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscandescribe.ThisismorethanIcanl.morethanonecanhelpThisismorethanIcan在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，A和B必須是同一比較的對(duì)象。cf. Heistallerthanhissister.()Heismorebravethanwise.Heismoreascientistthanaanythingbut,Thedrawbridgeisanythingbutsafe.Heisanythingbutascholar.may/mightaswell這不如（最好It’sstillraininghardoutside;wemayaswellstayhereoverthe動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)引起的否定意miss,deny,lack,refuse,escape,resist,reject,decline,doubt,wonder,giveup,tosaynothingof,nottomention,turnadeafearto,losesightof,letalone,leavealone,形容詞引起的否farfrom,freefrom/of,safefrom,shortof,ignorantof,wantingof,reluctantto,immuneto,exempt介詞，介詞短past,above,beyond,without,insteadof,invain,inthedark,ataloss,butfor,inspitemuchless,stillless,letalone,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,nomore,onnoaccount, undernocircumstances,invain,not…atall,not…intheleastbeforeThebirdflewawaybeforeheshot.Hegotupbeforethemoonsetdown.Hewoulddiebeforehebetrayedhiscounty.Anotherweekpassedbeforeheknewit.Shewashandcuffedbeforesheknew十、考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢難句分類(lèi)辨析之比較結(jié)morethannomorethannolessthanasmuchasnotsomuchashardlymorethanhardlylessthanhardlyanymorethanhardlyanylessthan例.evisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed---andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsin考研翻譯長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析全攻UnitTheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-economyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmento izeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto izetheir esthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheIntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient, nelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalns.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.UnitIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time--consuming,andsometimesevenExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinBritain.Thedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.UnitSuchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredon es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliaralknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools:alaborforcethat edthenewtechnology；thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogramsand,tactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtoUnitSomehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpartotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small--mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceis"Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenas"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn',"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe..."Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,since,conventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.UnitThemostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining,Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinafashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termDefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromS.cienceandReason",heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpox Republicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.The'trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrllchofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation'sheadOftentheychoose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog.crimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970's,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960'sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.UnitUnlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheplateswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsseedfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured. Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhosemendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneedwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthe