英語基礎(chǔ)語法句子

考研英語全程班語法長難句講主講老師：第一一、英語是形合的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全句，兩者協(xié)調(diào)一致形成句子的，各種關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)Heworked(hard)(withacomputer)(inthelab)(fortenmonths)(tocompleteaproject)(lastyear).二、漢語是意合的漢語的句式、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都具有多樣性，復(fù)雜性和靈活性銜接。我們把這種語言叫做意合的語言。試體會(huì)以下句子：一把菜刀鬧往里走有話快說第一、二例中，主語“菜刀”與“”根本不是“鬧”與“往里走”這兩的，學(xué)習(xí)語法其實(shí)就是學(xué)習(xí)另一種思維方式，這就解釋了中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)總是顧三、內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)，需要過詞法——句法——長難句三大關(guān)冠詞：定冠詞、不定冠詞、特指、泛代詞：人稱代詞、物主代詞、其他代詞、it形容詞&副詞：修飾、同形辨析、比較、否定、連詞：并列連詞、從屬連句法——簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句及其變特殊句式：強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝、獨(dú)立主格長難句——拆分、理解、翻第二一、名詞英文中數(shù)是名詞不可或缺的范疇，必須在形態(tài)和句式上體現(xiàn)出名詞大致可分為普通名詞和專有名詞普通名詞分為四類：名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞名詞為可數(shù)名詞，如：apple,desk,computer,car,集體名詞大部分可數(shù)，但一些無生命集體名詞不可數(shù)，如：clothing,equipment,furniture,music,jewelry,machinery,luggage,poetry；一些有生命的集體名詞本身就是復(fù)數(shù)概念，如：cattle,,people,youth等，所以其后面的謂語動(dòng)詞是復(fù)數(shù)；有些集體名詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)為單數(shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)集體時(shí)，為復(fù)數(shù)，如：family, ernment等。物質(zhì)名詞大多不可數(shù)，在特定語境下表概念時(shí)可數(shù)，如：beer(啤酒)是液體，顯然不可數(shù)，但是如果跟酒保說“twobeers”就是指兩杯啤酒；再如，water(水)不可數(shù)，但是waters表示“水域”就可數(shù)。抽象名詞success(成功)本不可數(shù)，但是如果特指幾次具體的成功事件則又可數(shù)；再如，room表示抽象的空間，不可數(shù)，但如果表Smith,China,theUnitedStatesofAmerica,UK…需要注意的是，其冠詞必須按照習(xí)慣二、單位詞+不可數(shù)非常形象，值得關(guān)注，如：apieceofadvice(一條建議abladeofgrass(一片草葉anearofcorn(一穗玉米),adropofwater(一滴水),abarofchocolate(一塊巧克力),acakeofsoap(一塊肥皂),aloafofbread(一條面包aflightofstairs(一段臺(tái)階),agustofwind(一陣風(fēng)agrainofsand(一粒沙asliceofmeat(一塊肉acupoftea(一杯茶apairofshoes(一三、復(fù)數(shù)變形規(guī)則一般情況下加s：desk,map,boat,lake,dog,seasshch,xzes：classdishchurch,少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞+es：negro,hero,potato,tomato,特例s：belief,chief,cliff,grief,proof,reef,roof,piano,memo,kilo,photo,單復(fù)數(shù)同形：deer,fishsheep,means,seriespeople,專有名詞：theUnitedstates(),theNetherlands(荷蘭),theHimalayas(喜馬拉雅山等成對(duì)出現(xiàn)：scissors(剪子pincers(鉗子glasses(眼鏡shorts(短褲pants(褲子),jeans(牛仔)等，在搭配”apair”時(shí)，作為單數(shù)四、名詞需要的是名詞的屬格，有兩種形式，一種是’s屬格，一種是of屬格。名詞屬’s屬格一般是在名詞后直接加’s，若是以-s結(jié)尾的名詞，則只加’即可，其意思主要是表示所屬關(guān)系，如：Tom’sroom(的房間),thetwoboys’mother(兩個(gè)男孩的母親)；也可以引申為其他含義，如：aday’stime(一天的時(shí)間)——時(shí)間,tendollars’value(十的價(jià)值)——度量衡,gotothedoctor’s(去看醫(yī)生)——家或單位。of屬格是由“n1ofn2”構(gòu)成，通?？梢院汀痵屬格互換使用。例如theman’sthedaughterofthemanfriendofTom’s.(他是Tom的一個(gè)朋友)五、主謂在英文中，主語的數(shù)必須和謂語一致。一般有以下原則意義一致：大部分情況下，需安裝主語的意思來確定謂語的Fiveyearsisalongtime.（years是復(fù)數(shù)，但是時(shí)間是一個(gè)整體，算作不可數(shù)名Theproblemscausedbypollutionarehardtosolve.（雖然動(dòng)are前面是個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，但它并非主語，主語其實(shí)是前面的problems，所以謂語為復(fù)數(shù)就近原則：在eithe…o，neither…nor等成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語遵照就近的名詞.原則：with,alongwith,like, paniedby,except,besides,aswellas,togetherwith,inadditionto等引出的插入語結(jié)構(gòu)，不影響主語的數(shù)Healongwith100girlsisgoingtothecinema.（中間雖然alongwith100girls，但練Heissoclever!Hereally B.a C. D.theHundreds （綿羊）areplayingbeside （鹿Theofficebuilding frommyA.ThirtyminutewalkB.thirtyminuteswalkC.thirtyminutes’walkD.thirtyminute’sThecourseisofgreatimportancetous.（轉(zhuǎn)換介詞+抽象名詞Shebrokethelawpurposely.（轉(zhuǎn)換副詞Thepairof (cost/costs)meTheNewYork (be)publishedThe (is/are)taking5,000 (is/are)alargeamountof附：不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)表addendumaddenda附錄,補(bǔ)agendum→agenda議程aircraftaircraft飛機(jī),飛行器alumna→alumnae女校友a(bǔ)lumnus 校友；男校友；男畢業(yè)ysis→yses分析,解析appendix→appendices,appendixes附錄 →axes 軸線,中心線bacteriumbacteria細(xì) 基礎(chǔ),底座,基 野 支架,背帶,花括sister-in-lawsisters-in-law大小姨子,buffalo→buffalos,buffaloes,buffalo水牛 →bureaux,bureaus局,機(jī)構(gòu) →calves →cargos/cargoes(船/飛機(jī)的)貨物 →cod → ,特種 →corpora,corpuses資料,,文獻(xiàn) →crises ,criterion→criteria(批評(píng)/判斷的)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)curriculum→curricula,curriculums總課程 →data → →dwarfs,dwarves小矮人diagnosis→diagnoses診斷法,診斷結(jié)論 →ellipses[語]省略embargo→embargoes禁運(yùn),禁運(yùn)令emphasis→emphases強(qiáng)調(diào),重點(diǎn) →fish,fishes魚,魚類 formulaformulae,formulas公式,方程 →fora,forums →fungi,funguses真菌 →geese gallowsgallows絞刑 →genii,geniuses天才 →griefs 悲傷,悲痛,擔(dān)心 →gulfs gymnasium→gymnasia房,體育 一 →halos,haloes光環(huán)headquarters→headquarters總部hypothesis→hypotheses假說,猜想 →indices,indexes ,索引 →lookers-on圍觀者 →men mandoctor→mendoctors男醫(yī)生 →means 方法,,途徑medium→media 媒質(zhì),媒介memorandummemoranda,memorandums備millennium→millenniums,millennia →nebulae,nebulasneurosis→neuroses神經(jīng)機(jī)能病/官能癥nucleus→nuclei ,原子核 綠洲,樂offspringoffspring子孫,后裔,幼o(hù)ptimumoptima有利oxoxen牛,閹paralysisparalyses麻痹,癱瘓,中pennypence便peoplephenomenonphenomena現(xiàn)象,征兆schema→schemata概要,計(jì)劃,圖表series→series系列sheepsheep綿 →shelves架子,擱板 →shrimp 蝦,小蝦scissors→scissors剪刀species→species物種stadium→stadia,stadiums體育場stimulus→stimuli 刺激物,促進(jìn)因素 →Swiss syllabus→syllabi,syllabuses大綱,提綱symposium→symposia,symposiums座談會(huì) →tempi 拍子,節(jié)奏,速度 → ,論題,論第三英文中共有三個(gè)冠詞，分別是a/an，0冠詞，和the冠接什泛指、類文中第一次提0單數(shù)不可數(shù)/復(fù)無要特指，共有知前文提到一、a/an用表示一，每一，某一，同一RomewasnotbuiltinaAnappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.Thedinnercostus20dollarsahead.IknowaJohnBirdsofafeatherflocka與one常可互換，但是有區(qū)別——One強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量與對(duì)比，a強(qiáng)調(diào)泛Aboycandoit.(強(qiáng)調(diào)任何一個(gè)孩子都可以)Oneboycandoit.(強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量one)Oneman’smeatisanother’spoisonone…another體現(xiàn)對(duì)比類AnoptimistseesanopportunityinAbirdisknownbyitssong,andamanbyhisatatime(一次，每次atonetime(一次，一度atthetime(那時(shí)a/ann1ofa/ann2表示比喻（n2amountainofawave,apalaceofahouse,aofanactor,asaintofaman,ajewelofabook,agemofa二、0冠詞用接復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、物質(zhì)、抽象名Beautylives名詞前有代詞、數(shù)詞等，用0Mybookareinthree三餐、大部分地名、季節(jié)、語言、運(yùn)動(dòng)I’mhavinglunch.——I’mhavingasimplelunch.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?抽象含義或表示整體含atschool,attable,atwork,atuniversity,atdesk,inbed,inhospital,inprisonDogeatsdog.Manislordoverthe省Heisawriterandateacher.Heisawriterandteacher.三、the用表示獨(dú)一無二事Themoonhasfilledthefieldwithhergentle,silverAlltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerely特指或再次提Thekeytothesafeis用于、序數(shù)詞、only,main,sole,same,following,last,next,opposite等修飾詞Heisthetallestinourthe表具體含gotoschool,attable,inbed,by用在形容詞/分詞前表一類theold,thepoor,therich,thefair,thementallyill,thedumb,theunknown,thesick,the類TherosesmellsThewhaleisindangerof某些專有名詞、樂器Hewasplayingthepianobeforehewenttothe四、慣用思：ataloss,inahurry,haveatry,makeafoolofme,makeafuss,atadisadvantage,takeabow,asamatteroffact,getagripof,inplaceof,givewayto,intimetakepartin,setsail,bychance,onaccountof,makeuseof,inthemiddle,intheend,tolthetruth,breaktheice,putthecartbeforethehorse五、冠詞一般來說，冠詞位于名詞前：art.+若名詞前有形容詞或分詞，則冠詞需要置于形容詞前：art.+adj.+若形容詞前so,as,too,how時(shí)，a要放在形容詞后Itissowarmadaythatwewanttogohiking.Itwastoogoodachancetobemissed.such,what等代詞在冠詞前：Howdidyoumakesuchamistake?Whatapity!all,bothdoublethe前：Allthestudentsareasleep.Boththeboyswerelate.halftwiceatheYou’veheardhalfthestory.Ipaidtwicethepricefor六、限定詞順序（選讀部分英文名詞前若出現(xiàn)多個(gè)限定詞，它們之間有著嚴(yán)格的順序，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照前位—中—后位排前位限定（內(nèi)部相排斥）：all,bothhalf,double,twice,onethird,what,中位限定（內(nèi)部相排斥）：athe,zero,thisthat,thesethosemy,your,some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,which,whose后位限定（不相互排斥排斥）：One,two,firstsecondnext,last,manyother,another,much,few,little,several,such,plentyof,alotof,練 “n”inthewordYou I’vebeenlookingelderlyshouldberespectedCanyoulend pensothatIcanfinishtheWearelookingforpeople Youcanfoolall peoplesomeof time,someof peoplealltime,butyoucannotfoolall peopleall Weareafraid disabledneedouroldshouldberespectedgirlwantstoseeHonestyisthebestHow livingWisdomisbetter 第四代詞用來指代前文提到過的名詞，偶爾也可以后指代。英文中有人稱、物主、反身、相互、指示、疑問、不定、關(guān)系一、人稱主格:I, 賓格: 要注意，如果代詞在句中作表語、省略成分，則習(xí)慣上也用It’sme.（表語Irunfasterthanhim.（省略結(jié)構(gòu)）Irunfasterthanhe二、物主形容詞性: 名詞性 三、其他反身代詞：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,相互代詞：eachother,指示代詞：thisthat,thesethose,it,such,疑問代詞：what,which,who,不定代詞：all,any,some,another,both,each,every,either,few,little,many,much,no,none,neither,one,other,以及some,any,no,everybody,one,thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合四、it英文中it遠(yuǎn)不止“它”這么一般用法，指動(dòng)物Ilike對(duì)象/不Thebabyissocute!Isitaboyora形式主語/ItisdifficulttosolvetheWefinditdifficulttosolvetheIt’sverycoldinnorthChinatheseItseemedalongtimebeforemyturncame.Itlooksasifthecollegeisverysmall.It’smyItgetsdarkearlyin練NoonecanAlthoughtheyare

Chinesepeople.(we,us,our)stoppedworking.(little,few)isOK.Idon’tmindanyway.(neither, wenttothepark.I,you,Tom排序Ihavetwo isblack, isDoyou tea?(some,isknockingatthedoor?- mustbe中心形容vs補(bǔ)語形容中心形容詞既可以作定語，又能作表語補(bǔ)語形容詞只能作補(bǔ)語/表語，如well,ill,alone,alike,asleep,alive,afraid等。（以開頭的形容詞一般都是補(bǔ)語形容詞Theredflowerisbeautiful.Thebeautifulflowerisred.Itisutternonsense.Heis靜態(tài)形容vs動(dòng)態(tài)形容靜態(tài)形容詞描寫人物的靜態(tài)特征，如tall,short,big,ugly,pretty,white等。不可be動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞有動(dòng)作含義，如careful,ambitious,gentle,friendly,helpful,patient,Becareful!Begentle!Bepatient!Bebeautiful?Beshort?Be等級(jí)形容vs非等級(jí)形容等級(jí)形容詞有比較、。例如：good,better,非等級(jí)形容詞不用于。例如：Frenchfood,atomicscientist,superior,inferior,perfect,excellent,extreme,vital二、形容詞位形容詞一般前置，修飾不定代詞時(shí)后Itwasarainyday,andsomethingimportant多個(gè)定語并列，可不用and，但必須按照特定順序——縣官行令謝anicelongnewredChineseplastic三、形容詞特殊用形容詞+介詞短語：beafraidof,beaccustomedto,becontentwith,bedependentun,begoodat,befamousfor,besickof,beworthyof,betrueto…形容詞+不定式：begladto,beimpossibleto,bedisappointedto,beanxious四、副詞的分方式副詞:angrily,happily,poliy,coldly,warmly,程度副詞:almost,awfully,compley,considerably,greatly,時(shí)間副詞alreadybefore,early,late,finally,today頻率副詞alwaysconstantlyhardlyever,never,often,rarely,地點(diǎn)副詞above,belowup,down,here,there,連接副詞:therefore,however,moreover,解說副詞as,五、副詞的用修飾介詞和連詞（well,right,just等Thehouseisrightinfrontof修飾名（quite,rather,just等IttakesquitesomeI’mjusta六、雙形direct（徑直）—directly（直接）（一直）—clearly（清晰地）just（僅僅）—justly（公正地）most（大部分）—mostly（大體上講hard（努力地，用力地，盡情地）—hardly（幾乎不七、比較形容詞與副詞的最重要考點(diǎn)就是比較變化規(guī)單音節(jié)詞后不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，+r，st雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)詞，前面加個(gè)別不規(guī)則變good/well-better-best,bad-worse,worst,little-less-least,much/many-more-the的使YouarethemostbeautifulladyI’veeverseen.(有含義)Wespentamosthappydaythere.(無含義，表示“很”)前一般不需要加the，但是如果表示確定的兩者間“更…的那一個(gè)”，需Tomisthetallerofthetwobrothers.確定的兩者間Tom是更高的拿一個(gè)，需要等量比比較主體不同，項(xiàng)目相同：Avasadj1/adv1asBvTomrunsasfastasJim(runs比較主體相同，項(xiàng)目不同：Avasadj1/adv1asAvTomisascleverasheis比較主體和項(xiàng)目都不同：Avasadj1/adv1asBvTomrunsasfastasJim比A+v+than+B+（句子Tomrunsfasterthan表示倍A+v+倍數(shù)++than+B+（句子）=A+is+倍數(shù)+the名詞ofThisroomisthreetimeslargerthanthatroom.Thisroomisthreetimesthesizeofthat否定考①notmorethan(單純比較 nomore(情感含義HeisnotwiserthanHeisnowiserthan②cannot+=Icannotagree練Theshorterthetextis, (easy)itistoJimandTomarebrothers,andJimis (tall)oftheThere worktodo,so tired.(muchtoo,tooShe (high)ofTomintheThetrain (direct)toButhisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,which ernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.第六練We’ll chapter We’llstudy Sheisagood-lookingwoman (40來歲ThereisaCRHtrainpassing studentstookpartintheentranceexamination285萬I’m30,andsheis15. .(年紀(jì)是兩倍Hewasborn (1980年代A大約占總量的40%，其次B20%第七語動(dòng)動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、數(shù)的語法范疇一、動(dòng)詞的分類和從不同角度劃分，動(dòng)詞可以分為：vs.不及物vs.助動(dòng)詞；系動(dòng)詞；限定動(dòng)詞vs.非限定動(dòng)詞；謂語動(dòng)詞vs.非謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞可直接加賓語，不及物動(dòng)詞IhateHepickedupthenotionalverb&實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有實(shí)際意義，可以單獨(dú)做謂助動(dòng)詞幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、否定、疑問;助動(dòng)詞無實(shí)際意義；不單獨(dú)做語有的助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ink狀態(tài)：be(amisare,was持續(xù)：keep,restremain,stay,lie,表象：seem,appear,感官：feel,smell,sound,變化 e,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,終止：prove,turnfiniteverb&non-finite限定動(dòng)詞——即謂語動(dòng)詞（predicativeverb）,在句中作謂語，其形式受主語控制。非限定動(dòng)詞——即非謂語動(dòng)詞（non-predicativeverb），形態(tài)不受主語控制。包括動(dòng)名詞、不定式、分詞2.動(dòng)詞的形詞三單一般s：works,seems,以擦sshch,xz等結(jié)尾的詞加espasspushbuzzmix,輔音yies：carry,②動(dòng)詞過去式：（不規(guī)則變化詳見附錄一般ed：help,stay,以不發(fā)音的ed：hope,重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫ed：shop,plan,clap,refer,一般加ing：going,以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾eing：time,realize,重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，雙寫ing：sit,begin,二、動(dòng)詞的語法范時(shí)一進(jìn)完現(xiàn)am/is/arehave/hashave/hasbeen過was/werehadhadbeen將shall/willwillbewillwillhavebeenwouldbewouldwouldhave一般現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性、常發(fā)生、狀態(tài)、真理Heworksevery一般過去過去常常發(fā)生、過去發(fā)生過、已結(jié)束的動(dòng)作Heworked一般將來以現(xiàn)在視角，預(yù)測將要發(fā)生的Iwillworkinthe過去將來以過去視角，預(yù)測將要發(fā)生的IthoughtIwouldworkinthe現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)、趨Iam過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去某時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)、趨Iwasworkingatthat將來進(jìn)行以現(xiàn)在視角，預(yù)測將來某時(shí)刻正發(fā)生的事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)、趨Iwillbeworkingat8:00inthe過去將來以過去視角，預(yù)測將來某時(shí)刻正發(fā)生的事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)、趨IthoughtIwouldbeworkingat8:00inthe現(xiàn)在完成截至目前已完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響Ihavefinishedthework過去完成截至過去某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、對(duì)那時(shí)的影響Ihadfinishedthework將來完成以現(xiàn)在視角預(yù)測，截至將來某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響Ihavefinishedthework過去完成以過去的視角預(yù)測，截至將來某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、對(duì)那時(shí)的影響Ihavefinishedthework現(xiàn)在完成截至現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)不停做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)Ihavebeenworkingforsix過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)截至過去某時(shí)，已經(jīng)不停做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)Ihadbeenworkingforsixhoursby10:00將來完成以現(xiàn)在視角預(yù)測，截至將來某時(shí)，將已經(jīng)不停做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)Iwillhavebeenworkingforsixhoursby10:00過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)以過去視角預(yù)測，截至將來某時(shí)，將已經(jīng)不停做某事，強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)IthoughtIwouldhavebeenworkingforsixhoursby10:00練-女神，我今晚8:00要去看，你想去嗎-哦，不好意思，我很想去，可那時(shí)我正在學(xué)習(xí)呢（晚上8:00，院-女神，你怎么-我早上以為，我晚上8:00-我一直等你到8:00，后來我走了。你那時(shí)候在干-我正在呢。，到明天為止，我就不間斷地學(xué)了十年英語啦-真棒！那你英語一定很好-拜拜請(qǐng)按照把16種時(shí)態(tài)的含義、形態(tài)、例句自己總結(jié)默寫一遍語漢語多主動(dòng)，英文多。英文由be(get)+done構(gòu)成。主動(dòng)變：o——s；v——bedone；by+原主語Themanagersignedthepapers.—Thepapersweresignedbythemanager.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.有時(shí)by不表示動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，而是表示原因、方Atreeisknownbyitsfruit.Heispaidbytheday.we’llputoffthemeetingtothenextHepromisedthathewouldtakecareofthematterassoonaspossible.Don’tputofftilltomorrowwhatyoushoulddotoday.態(tài)特點(diǎn)：可在be動(dòng)詞上體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)；be動(dòng)詞前面可加情態(tài)Sheissupportedbythepeople.Hewaskilledbytheenemy.Jackhasbeenfiredformanytimes.Thecaseisbeinglookedinto.Thejobwillbedonetomorrow. ngthat!Youcouldgethurt!Theseproblemsshouldbehandledassoonas態(tài)作用①避免主語Thewindowwasbroken.Hewasbornin②顯得客觀Acontrastivestudyiscarriedoutonthe③強(qiáng)調(diào)受動(dòng)ThenewChinawasfoundedin④句式銜接Whentheboywascrossingthestreet,hewashitbya助動(dòng)表示時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞：be,have,shall,表示語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞表示語氣的助動(dòng)詞：should,英文只有兩種時(shí)態(tài)不用助動(dòng)詞——一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去?？衫斫鉃槭÷粤薲o,did,把下列句子變?yōu)榉穸ā⒁蓡朓lovedIhavefinishedtheThetheaterisfarawayfromIcanremembereverywordhe情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞：can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),haveto…情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞只有情態(tài)含義，表明說話人對(duì)動(dòng)作的觀點(diǎn)，例如需要、大部分無人稱變化，部分，can，will，haveto，beto有過去式大部分有多個(gè)含義，如can，may等；①說明將來情況，用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞IcanYoumustarrivebefore②對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be”，“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be 動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞”。Hemustbeslee③對(duì)過去情況的推測，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have過去分詞”couldhavedone…本可以做YueFeicouldhavedefeatedtheinvaders.shouldhavedone…本該做Youshouldhavestartedmusthavedone…一定做了Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.mighthavedone…可能做了……Theroomisempty.Hemighthave情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只用于否定、疑問，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞為needtodo。Ineedn’texplain.NeedIIdon’tneedto語虛：主句表示建議、命令、要求等，從句為sb.(should)doItisrequiredthatwe(should)finishontimeevery相關(guān)詞匯：important,urgent,necessary,ordered,advisable,demanded,preferable,proposed,vital,desired, mended,natural,require.Iinsistthatyou(should)takethe相關(guān)詞匯：decide,order,suggest,command,demand, mend,urgeMysuggestionisthatwe(should)keepaneyeonhim.相關(guān)詞匯：proposal,idea,requirement,demand,過去虛：狀語從句中，時(shí)態(tài)比真實(shí)時(shí)間向前推一IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tdoIfIweretodoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassed.Theytalkedandhuggedasiftheywouldnevermeetagain.Shespeaksasthoughsheweresick.倒裝虛：一般可部分倒裝（助動(dòng)詞提前）可表示虛擬，少數(shù)情況可以完全倒WereIyou,Iwouldn’tdoWereItodoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.HadIstudiedharder,Iwouldhavepassed.Mayfortunebewithyou.LonglivetheDoubtthouthestarsarefire.Doubtthatthesundothmove.Doubttruthtobealiar.ButneverdoubtI含蓄條件虛：狀語從句中，時(shí)態(tài)比真實(shí)時(shí)間向前推一Withoutyou,Iwouldnothaveachievedanything.Butforthetest,Iwouldhavegonehome.Givenmoretime,hecoulddone其他虛Tobefrank,Iwouldratheryouwerenotinvolved.Sobeit!IfonlyIknewIt’shightimethatwewenttobed.IwishIweretenyearsyounger.練 (bringup)inthe (breakup)inWheneverIseeher,my (beat)Lookout!The (notgo)unless If (realizedtheimportanceofit), (passthe (havebeen)somanychangesinthepasttenIcan’t (remember)thatItishightimethat (goto第八謂語動(dòng)謂語動(dòng)詞：在句中作謂語，受主語人稱與數(shù)的限非謂語動(dòng)詞：非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中不單獨(dú)作謂語，不受主語限制，可轉(zhuǎn)化為從Themanstandingthereismy一、都“非謂語”了，為什么還是“動(dòng)詞其稱為“non-predicateverbs”，其中“non-predicate”是一個(gè)整體，意思是“非謂IwanttotalktoIwishtobelovedandrespected.Irememberhavingreadaboutit.Heisplayinghard.Havingplentyoftime,wewalked可用狀語修Heisplayinghard.Havingplentyoftime,wewalked非動(dòng)詞性—非謂語動(dòng)詞可以充當(dāng)形容詞、名詞、副①=名Toeatistolive.Seeingisbelieving.Ienjoyreading.②=形容詞AcryingchildcameAwatchedpotneverIcomeheretofindoutthe二、不定ToTobeTobeTohaveTohavebeenTohave IhopetoseeyouTheyseemtobegettingonI’msorrytohavebotheredyousoTheboywashappytohavebeenstayingwithhis不定式可作除謂語外幾乎所有成分Toerrishuman;toforgiveisdivine.（主語Tobecontentwiththelittleistruehappiness.（主語）Weshouldagreetodisagree.（賓語）Themostimportantthingistosavelives.（表語Ifyouteachamantofishandhellfeedhimselfforalifetime.（賓補(bǔ)）Heisthefirsttocome.（定語）IcametoseeifyouareOK.（目的狀語Iwastooyoungtounderstandthis.（結(jié)果狀語不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：通forof引出邏輯主Itisadj.forsbtodosth（強(qiáng)調(diào)事物特征ItisimportantforustolearnItisadj.ofsbtodosth（強(qiáng)調(diào)人的特征Itwaskindofyoutohelp使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞，let，help，hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannot等后面跟不帶to的不定式，但是變?yōu)?，要加Imadehimstudyeighthoursaday.—Hewasmadetostudyeighthoursaday.Isawhimcomeinandsitdown.—Hewasseentocomeinandsitdown.三、動(dòng)詞的-ing和過去分NotBeingNotHavingNotHavingNotbeen動(dòng)詞的- 可作除謂語外幾乎所有成分如果作的是主語賓語等名詞性成分，則動(dòng)詞的-ing宜理解為動(dòng)名詞，其本質(zhì)就相當(dāng)若做的是定語等修飾性成分，宜理解為現(xiàn)在分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞有“主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行”的義Savingishaving.（主語，表語）Itisnousecrying.（主語）Ienjoyplayingfootball.（賓語Heregretsnothavingworkedhardatschool.（賓語）Thedinnerlooksinviting.（表語）Smokingroom（定語Aparrotlearnsbycopyingwhatpeoplesay.（介賓短語）Hesawthechildrenplayingintheyard.（賓補(bǔ)）過去要作—狀、過去“”的Givemesomeplainboiledwater.（定語Notallowedtogoin,hehadtowaitoutside.（狀語Hewasfounddeadoutside.（賓補(bǔ)Thedoorremainedlocked.（表語句中的“ed”究竟是過去分詞，還是動(dòng)詞過去式都是“ed”形式，容易。在鑒別的時(shí)候，需要抓住以下兩點(diǎn)：如果“ed”是分詞，那么句中一定還有別的謂語動(dòng)詞如果“ed”是分詞，那么它表達(dá)含義，句中加上be動(dòng)詞表，意思依然成Hepublishedapaperrecently句中沒有別的動(dòng)詞，published必為謂語動(dòng)詞，且如果加上be動(dòng)詞——“hewaspublished”——他被，意思完全不成立)動(dòng)詞——“apaperwaspublished”，意思完全成立四、分詞作狀如果句子主語是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則用現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語Iamsick.Istayedat→Beingsick,IstayedatIseethepictures.+Ican’thelpthinkingoftheold→Seeingthepictures,Ican’thelpthinkingoftheolddays.Theteacherpattedhishead.Theteacherencouragedhim.→Pattinghishead,theteacherencouragedThekidswerejumandlaughing.Thekidswentintothe→Jumandlaughing,thekidswentintothe如果句子主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，則用過去分詞做狀語Iamworriedaboutit.Idecidetosee→Worriedaboutit,IdecidedtoseeTheschoolwasfoundedin1900.Theschoolisvery→Foundedin1900,theschoolisverySeenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.（狀語）FollowingJim,Ientered.FollowedbyJim,Ientered.五、獨(dú)立語，但其邏輯主語又和句子主語不一致，為了避免，應(yīng)保留原主語。形式為：(with)主語+分詞/形容詞/介詞短語等。Thejobwasdone.Wewent→(With)thejobdone,wewentTheeconomydevelopsveryfast.Morepeoplearestudying→(With)theeconomydeveloveryfast,morepeoplearestudyingHecamein.Abookwasinhis→Hecamein,(with)abookinhisHecamein.Hisnosewasredwith→Hecamein,hisnoseredwithThelittleboylookssad.Hehadsomuchto→Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchtoTheministertoinspecttheuniversity,theisasbusyasa練(give)moreattention,the (do)Imetthe (mention)intheI (youroffer)mesomuchIwould (gobytrain)thangoby看完后，我們?nèi)コ燥?。天氣允許的話，我們?nèi)ス藓爸鸾兄?，粉絲們沖向 隨著全球化不斷進(jìn)步，我 就能體驗(yàn)很多外國美食第九一、介詞的分類與常見簡單介詞：by,to,of,with,in,on,for,against,off,at,from,past,since,till,until,over,opposite,near,up,under,towardsthroughlike,unlike,down,during,except,but,besides,,between,beneath,below,behind,before,after,along,above,across,about,around,among,amidst,next,despite,save,than,worth常見分詞介詞：excepting除barring除……以外，including包括，concerning關(guān)于，considering考慮到，saving除外，respecting關(guān)于，following在……以后，given鑒于常見合成介詞：into進(jìn)入，outside在外，within在內(nèi)，without沒有，throughout遍及貫穿，upon在上，alongside在旁，notwithstanding盡管，常見短語介詞：outof從……中出來，butfor要不是，headof在……之前，accordingto根據(jù)，apartfrom除……以外，alongwith同……一起，becauseof因?yàn)?，asto關(guān)于，asfor就……而言，savefor除了，inplaceof替代，byviewof鑒于，priorto在之前，bymeansof依靠，forwantof因?yàn)槿狈?，forthesakeof為了，bywayof經(jīng)介詞常充當(dāng)以下成分Thisistheanswertothequestion.（定語Themeetingwasheldintheclassroom（地點(diǎn)狀語）at7:00（時(shí)間狀語）.Thestudentsareontheirway（表語）toschool（定語）.Afterthreeday’ssearch,theyfoundthebodyofthevictim（賓補(bǔ)）inthe除名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞以外，少數(shù)介詞也可以加其他詞性形容Theplanisfarfromperfect.Thebridgeisanythingbutsafe.Inshort,I’vetriedmy副IcanseethemountainfromIsn’titapleasuretohaveafriendcomingfromafar?Heshoutedfrombelow.不定Wecoulddonothingbut介詞短TheycamefromacrosstheThetemperaturedroppedtounderzero從Itdependsonwhetheryoutryyourbestor表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、關(guān)于等的介詞用at—時(shí)間點(diǎn)：at7：00,atdinner,atnoon,atfirstin—時(shí)間段：in2019,inthemorningintheflowerofon—具體天：onMonday,onthemorningofthatdayonhearingthisduring—整個(gè)過程中：duringthewar,duringtheyearfor—持續(xù)時(shí)間：I’velearnedEnglishfortenyears.since—過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)：since1978,since50yearsagoto,till,until,by—直到：till8：00，byFridayat—小地點(diǎn)：atthestop,atthetownin—大地點(diǎn)：inChinaon—在上面：onthedesknear—在附近：nearthelakenextto—緊挨著：nexttotheof—病痛：dieofhunger,sickoffrom—橫禍：diefromanaccident,for—心理層面：forfun,forfearwith—外界影響：redwithangerthrough—偶然或消極：throughcuriosity,throughat—小地點(diǎn)：atthestop,atthetownin—大地點(diǎn)：inChinaon—在上面：onthedesknear—在附近：nearthelakenextto—緊挨著：nexttotheof—病痛：dieofhunger,sickofdrinkingfrom—橫禍：diefromanaccident,for—心理層面：forfun,forfearwith—外界影響：redwiththrough—偶然或消極：throughcuriosity,throughInregardto,withregardto,regarding,asregards,concerning,respecting,touching,withrespectto,inrespectto,withreferenceto,about,intermsofof—病痛：dieofhunger,sickofdrinkingfrom—橫禍：diefromanaccident,for—心理層面：forfun,forfearwith—外界影響：redwiththrough—偶然或消極：throughcuriosity,through難點(diǎn)辨①above,on,above在正上方，還可表示在數(shù)值以上，超出on在上面，且相互接觸over在上方，且不under,belowunder不接觸below接觸，還可表示在數(shù)③besides,apartfrom,except,exceptbesides包括前者apartfromexceptexcept前后為同一事物，exceptfor前后為between,among=amongstamid=amidstbetween為兩者之間amongHefeltateaseamongHefoundhimselfamidst二、介詞學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是固定搭請(qǐng)查閱字典，了解總結(jié)第一部分常見介詞的用法第十連詞是用來連接詞、短語、句子的。按照不同的功能，分為并列連詞與從屬連（從屬連詞放到從句中講解）一、并列表示順承、并列或延and：HewascoldandThesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailyneither…nor…：NeitherhenorIamcoming.Heneitherhascalledher,norwillhedoso.notonly…butalso…：Itisnotonlyuseful,butalsoelegant.Notonlydidhesayso,butalsohedidso.aswellas：Heaswellasthreegirlsisgoingtothebothn1andn2：BothTomandJimpassedthe表示選or：TeaorGivemeliberty,orgivemeeither…or…：EitherTomorhisbrothersarecoming.Wehavetoeitheradapttothechangeorfallbehind.表示對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)but/yet:Itisapainstakingbutrewardingexperience.Hepreparedforalongtime,buthedidn’tpass.while/whereas:Wearestudyingwhileothersarenot…but…:Hamletisnotanovel,butaIt’snotthatIdislikethetask,butthatIamunabletodo表示因for:Wemustgetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoso:Iwasverytired,soIstopped二、連接副遞進(jìn)：furthermore,again,besides,additionally,轉(zhuǎn)折：contrarily,however,inversely,conversely,opposiy,并列：likewise,similarly,equally,結(jié)果：therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,總分：generally,overall,練It’sourfirst Idon’tknowyourTakeanumbrellawith youwillgetSticktoyour youwillmakeTheywenttothe theydidn’tseeanyTherewasno hedidnotgiveisthedishpleasanttotheeye,it pleasanttotheIhaveacquiredalotof ,mycircleoffriendswas第十一、五大基本句型及其變肯定SV:Hearrivedat8:00./IcanSVO:HepickedupCantonese./IcandoSVOO:IlefthimaSVOC:Lovemakesoneblind./Paintitblue.SVCHestoodupfrightened.Youarebeautiful.一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)句句子之間必須具備有效銜英語——主謂提攜機(jī)制語挈領(lǐng)，各種關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。HeworkedhardwithacomputerinthelabfortenmonthstocompleteaprojectlastIdon’trememberthatIeverloved愛過沒有漢語——流散型語漢語的句式，主語，謂語都具有多樣性，復(fù)雜性和靈活性一把菜刀鬧。哎，你想死我了不是你死，就是我活差點(diǎn)沒把我摔死vs差點(diǎn)把否定在助動(dòng)詞后Iloveyou./Idon’tloveYouarebeautiful./Youarenotbeautiful.Ihavedonethis./Ihaven’tdonethis.Icandothis./Ican’tdo用否定詞nobody,nothing,little,few,never,neither,hardlyNobodywantstoliveinpollutedareas.Thereishardlyanywaterinthe含蓄否ThebookistooboringformetoThestudentsarefarfrombeingreadyforthetest.Itisanythingbutpolite.IwouldratherdiethanmarryYouarethelastmanI’mwillingto否定表肯Ican’tthankyouenough.Youcan’tbetoocareful.Wecouldn’tbutacceptit.Nothingismorepreciousthanhealth.Heisnotalittlefrightened.部分否定與全部否英文部分否定與漢語思維不同，值得重視Notany/no/Notall/notAll…Noteither/NotBoth…Nobody/Noteverybody/notEvery…NotNotallofuscan eheroes.Everymetalisnotheavy.Allthatglittersisnot否定轉(zhuǎn)我認(rèn)為你說得不對(duì)?！狪don’tthinkyouare疑問①一般疑問句助動(dòng)詞提Helovesher./Doesheloveher?I’mstudying./Areyoustudying?Hehasdonethat./Hashedonethis?Icanhelpyou./Canyouhelpme?殊疑問句若對(duì)主語以外成分提問，用“wh詞+一般疑問句”；若對(duì)主語提問，直接用wh詞替代主語；若對(duì)謂語提問，需要用概括詞Helovesher./Doesheloveher?/Whomdoeshelove?/Wholovesher?I’mstudying./Areyoustudying?/whatareyou ng?/Whoisstudying?Hehasdonethat./Hashedonethis?/Whathashedone?/WhohasdoneIcanhelpyou./Canyouhelpme?/Whatcanyoudoforme?/Whocanhelp義疑問It’saniceday,isn’tYoudon’tloveme,do辭疑問Whodoesn’tknowHaven’tyougotanythingbetterto祈使一般沒有主語，也沒有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用動(dòng)詞即可構(gòu)Don’tListenAnswerthephone,please.Let’sgetdowntobusiness.Don’tlethimusemycomputer.二、成分對(duì)應(yīng)英文詞性與成分對(duì)應(yīng)非常嚴(yán)格，不容有失，故下表必須牢記主要成主n,pron,ng,to謂do,did,賓n,pron,ng,to補(bǔ)adj,n,prepphr,ng,done,to定adj,n,prepphr,ng,done,to狀adv,prepphr,ng,done,to次要成同位語：等同于之前的名詞，由名詞性的詞匯構(gòu)成Mr.Smith,headoftheSchoolofForeignLanguages,is插入語：獨(dú)立成分，用來附加解釋，不影響句子語法，在兩個(gè)逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)中Sureenough,hepassed.Honestly,I’mnotmuchintoit.JackieChanis,ofcourse,agoodSeveralfactors,Ibelieve,canaccountforthematter.Believeitornot,Tomproposedtome.三、特殊強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)thatwho剩余部Tombrokethewindowoftheclassroomyesterday.Itwas that/who…倒分倒否定詞等位于句首：not,seldomlittle,hardlynever,rarely,nowhere,onlyOnlyinthiswaycanweembracearosyfuture.NeverhaveIheardorseensuchaSo表示Helovesfootball,sodoI.Heisfat,soamI.虛擬倒Shoulditnotrain,thecropswould全倒therebe句型的本質(zhì)是：sthbeTherestandsastonebridgeacrossthe表示運(yùn)動(dòng)、方位等副Incamea主系表，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，倒Gonearethedayswhencollegewasjustamatterof引語倒“Ilikeit,”saidthe練Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring第十二章并列句與復(fù)一、并列勘誤：Manyparentsideasandthoughtsareoutdated,andthereforecannotunderstandwhytheirchildrenadmirethestars.賞析：Couragein esfoolhardiness;affectionweakness;thrift二、復(fù)合名詞性從句句；若為if/whether，則引出一般疑問句；若為代詞或副詞，則引出特殊疑問句。語從句連接意成連××陳述√×一般疑問what,which,who,whose,when,where,how,why√√特殊疑問Hesaidit.Helovedthe→Hesaid(that)helovedtheHedidnotsayit.Didhelovethe→HedidnotsayifhelovedtheHedidnotsayit.Whichgirldidhe→Hedidnotsaywhichgirlhe語從句連接意成連××陳述√×一般疑問what,which,who,whose,when,where,how,why√√特殊疑問Hekilledhisbrotherforheritage.Itshocked→Thathekilledhisbrotherforheritageshockedus.Ishealiveornot?Itremainsamystery.→WhetherheisaliveornotremainsaWhatcausedtheaccident?Itisstillunder→Whatcausedtheaccidentisstillunder語從句連接意成連××陳述√×一般疑問what,which,who,whose,when,where,how,why,because,asif,asthough√√特殊疑問句Thereasonisit.Heisillin→Thereasonisthatheisillinhospital.Thisisit.Weshoulddoitfirst.→ThisiswhatweshoulddoMylastquestioniswhetheryouhavelovedme.ItwasmainlybecausehecanendureHelookedasifhewerethe位語從句連接意成連××陳述√×一般疑問what,howwhen,where√√特殊疑問句先行詞為：news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubtthought,hopewords等抽象名Thenewsshockedus.She→Thenewsthatshediedshocked對(duì)比：Thenewsthatshebroughtshocked系代詞：whowhomthat,whose,which,Ihelpedtheman.Themanhaslosthiswallet.Ihelpedthemanwhohaslosthiswallet.Ihatedtheman.Shelovedtheman.Ihatedtheman(whom)sheloved.Ihelpedtheman.Theman’scarwasbroken.Ihelpedthemanwhosecarwasbroken.系副詞：whenwhereThisisthereasonwhyIloveThatwasthetimewhenIfellinlovewithher.Thisisthecity Ivisitedlastyear.Thisisthe Istayedlast狀語從時(shí)間：when,aswhile,since,until,assoonasthemoment,theday,nosooner.than,hardly...when,地點(diǎn)：where,wherever,everywhere,原因：becau