江蘇省南京市、鹽城市2023屆高三第二次模擬考試-英語-Word版含答案

南京市、鹽城市2023屆高三年級第二次模擬考試英語本試卷分選擇題和非選擇題兩部分。滿分120分，考試用時120分鐘。注意事項：第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分20分)做題時，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內容結束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉涂到答題紙上。第一節(jié)(共5小題；每小題1分，滿分5分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.BuyingDVDs.B.RentingDVDs.C.SharingDVDs.2.Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Shewillhelpthemanlater.B.Sheisunwillingtohelptheman.C.Shecan’tbeofanyassistance.3.Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?A.InHenry’shouse. B.Inarestaurant. C.Inahospital.4.WhatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenFredandAnne?A.Bossandsecretary. B.Husbandandwife. C.Teacherandstudent.5.HowdidTomgotoLondon?A.Bycar. B.Byplane. C.Bytrain.第二節(jié)(共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分)聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，并標在試卷的相應位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的做答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatdoesthewomandislike?A.Exhibitions. B.Folkconcerts. C.Popconcerts.7.Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheopera?A.Fantastic. B.Serious. C.Noisy.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Whatisthetopicoftheman’stermpaper?A.Influenceofpresidentialelections.B.Methodsofdiggingforinformation.C.InfluenceofTVonpresidentialelections.9.Whydoesthemancometothegraduateschool’slibrary?A.Toreturnbooks.B.Tosearchforinformation.C.Toapplyforajobasalibrarian.10.Whatcanthemandoaccordingtothelibrarian?A.Usethecomputertosearch.B.Checkouttheoutsidematerials.C.Obtainmaterialsfromaroundtheworld.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Howmuchdoesthemanpayforcarinsuranceamonth?A.$25.B.$50. C.$100.12.Whatisthewoman’spointintheconversation?A.Themanisagreatdriver.B.Sheseldomuseshercar.C.Womenaremorecarefuldrivers.13.Howmanyaccidentshasthewomanbeeninthispastyear?A.Zero. B.Two. C.Five.聽第9段材料，回答第14至16題。14.WhichisthesecondlargestethnicgroupinSanFrancisco?A.TheChinese. B.Thewhites. C.Theblacks.15.WhatistheJapanesepopulationinSanFrancisco?A.12,000. B.120,000. C.800,000.16.Whatdoesthemando?A.Adriver. B.Ateacher. C.Aguide.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?A.Asearchengine.B.Aprogramforteachers.C.Alanguagelearningplatform.18.WhereisLuisvonAhnfrom?A.Switzerland.B.Guatemala.C.CostaRica.19.WhydidLuisvonAhncreateDoulingo?A.Tomakelanguagelearningaffordable.B.Tomakemoneybyplacingadvertisements.C.Toarousepeople’sinterestintranslation.20.HowwasDuolingooriginallyfunded?A.Bybigwebsites.B.Bythegovernment.C.Byschools.第二部分英語知識運用(共兩節(jié)，滿分35分)第一節(jié)單項填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）請認真閱讀下面各題，從題中所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。21.Withprivategroups,thereisafalsesense_______everybodyinthegroupsknowseachotherandhasthesameinterestsinmind.A.where B.that C.what D.why22.––IntheUK,somepeopleequatelifeexperiencewiththenumberofstampsintheirpassports.––That’swhytheyallagreethatthey_______the“travelbug”.A.catch B.caught C.havecaught D.aretocatch23.Isitcommonpracticethatsalesmenreceivea_______of10percentonallsalesmade?A.depositB.receipt C.pensionD.commission24.Thenumberofstay-at-homefathersreachedarecordhighlastyear,newfiguresshow,_______familiessawariseinfemalebreadwinners.A.if B.asC.becauseD.though25.Ourdreamisto_______aWorldCupthatmakesyou,yourgrandchildrenandeveryoneinfootballreallyproud.A.stageB.chairC.foundD.watch26.––Irisisalwayskindand_______tothesufferingofothers.––Nowondershechoosestobeareliefworker.A.allergicB.immune C.relevantD.sensitive27.WehadwantedtosurpriseFatherwithabirthdaygift,butmysister_______byaskinghimwhathewouldlike.A.lickedherlips B.ateherwordsC.spiltthebeans D.pulledhisleg28.Hopefully,thenewmethodwillbeeffective,helpingstudentstogettheircareerplans_______.A.athand B.atwillC.ontrial D.ontrack29.Wearecommittedtocreatingaworldfreefromthehomelessandthehopeless,aworld_______eachandeverycornerisatrueparadise.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.fromwhere30.Yet_______intheprocessofdevelopmentdidtheystoptoconsidertheimpactoftheir“progress”onnature.A.innotime B.atnopointC.aslikelyasnotD.moreoftenthannot31.DuringeachNBAseason,basketballfanscheerontheirfavoriteteamstomake_______through.A.itB.themC.thatD.those32.HewasgreatlyshockedatDonaldTrump’stakingoffice.Neverdidheexpectthatthevoters_______besounreasonable.A.shouldB.couldC.wouldD.might33._______arecord-breakingsevenGoldenGlobes,themusicalLaLaLandsurprisinglydoesnotappealtoChineseviewers. A.Winning B.Won C.Havingwon D.Towin34.Ifthesenewmeasuresdon’twork,we’llhaveto_______ouroldsystem.A.makeupfor B.comeupwith C.breakawayfrom D.fallbackon35.––Whydidn’tyoucomebacklastnight?Iwaitedlong!––_______.Youwereplayinggamesthewholenight.A.Don’tgivemethat B.Don’tloseyourheadC.Don’ttrusttochance D.Don’tdreamawayyourtime第二節(jié)完形填空（共20小題；每小題1分，滿分20分）請認真閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。Orderisthebestmanageroftime.Itillustratesmanysubjects.Thus,obediencetothenaturallawisorder.Virtueisorder.Theworldbeganwithit.36wasoncecommonbeforeitsestablishment.Themerchant,theclerkandthelaborerareallofthesame37,bornwiththesameexpectationsandaffectedbysimilarinfluences.Theyare,itis38,bornindifferentpositions,butit39withthemselveswhethertheyshalllivenoblyorevilly.Theymaynothavetheirchoiceofrichesorpoverty,buttheyhavetheir40ofbeinggoodorevil.Peopleofthehighestposition,41cultureandeducation,haveoftenasgreathardshipsasthecommonpeople.Theyhavetomaketheirincomesgomuchfurther.Theyhaveto42theirsocialstatus.43theirincomesmaybelesssatisfactory,theyaredesperateto44andbringthechildrenupasgentlemen.Hume,afamoushistorian,wasamanofgoodfamilybuthis45wereverysmallwhenhewasyoung.Inhisautobiography,heuseshisowncaseasa(n)46oftheadvantagesoffrugality(節(jié)省).Despiteaconsiderabledebt,hismother,awidow,47metthedifficultiesandeventuallyovercamethem.Thoughherincomewaslessthanthatofmanyhighlypaidmen,sheeducatedherchildrenwellandbroughtthemup48.Humesays,“WhilestudyinginFrance,I49thatplanoflifewhichIhavesteadilyandsuccessfullypursued.Ideterminedtomakea50frugalitysupplyofmyshortageoffortuneandto51myindependence.”Atthirty-sixhethoughthimselfrich.Thesearehisownwords:“Myappointments,withmyfrugality,hadhelpedmereachafortunewhichmademe52.”Goethesays,“Itdoesn’tmatterwithinwhatcircleanhonestmanacts,providedheknowshowto53thatcircle.”“Whatisthebestgovernment?”Goetheasks,“Thatwhichteachesusto54ourselves!Leteveryoneonlydotherightinhisplace,without55himselfabouttheconfusionoftheworld.”A.ChaosB.Offence C.PunishmentD.CondemnationA.originB.race C.natureD.interestA.hopefulB.strange C.vital D.trueA.agreesB.restsC.correspondsD.conflictsA.ideaB.optionC.freedomD.intentionA.indefenceofB.incourseofC.inanticipationofD.inrespectofA.giveup B.dependon C.lookfor D.keepupA.Since B.Though C.Unless D.WhenA.educate B.encourage C.blame D.spoilA.ambitionsB.achievementsC.meansD.contributionsA.assurance B.consequenceC.illustrationD.criterionA.bravelyB.stubbornlyC.sharply D.tentativelyA.faithfully B.plainly C.gratefullyD.virtuouslyA.proposed B.made C.discussed D.approvedA.rigidB.casualC.liberalD.flexibleA.balanceB.restore C.valueD.maintainA.attractive B.proud C.independentD.knowledgeableA.fitin B.movein C.endin D.engageinA.protect B.justify C.govern D.displayA.questioningB.troublingC.scolding D.abandoning第三部分閱讀理解（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）請認真閱讀下列短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。AAvisittotheHarvardMuseumofNaturalHistorycanbethehighlightofadayinlivelyandhistoricHarvardSquare.ThemuseumislocatedonthecampusoftheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.GeneralAdmissionAdults:$12.00

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Personalphotographyisallowed;however,theuseofflashandtripodsisnotpermittedinthegalleries.Commercialphotographyorvideocamerasarenotpermittedwithoutwrittenpermission.56.IftwocollegestudentswithMassachusettsI.D.gotoBostonforavisit,whatistheirlowestpossibleadmissionpricetotheHarvardMuseumofNaturalHistory?A.$6. B.$9. C.$20. D.$24.57.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutvisitingtheHarvardMuseumofNaturalHistory?A.Visitorsarefreetotakephotosofallitsexhibits.B.Visitorsareprohibitedfrommakingphonecalls.C.Visitorscanparkinthestreetaslongastheypay.D.Visitorscanmakeparkingreservationsonweekdays.BGrantWood’sAmericanGothicisapaintingthat’spuzzledgenerationswho’vestoppedtowonderattherealmeaningbehindit.Weallknowit:aserious-lookingcoupleinfrontoftheirgothic-archedwoodenhouse—inastylecalledCarpenter’sGothic,forwhichthepaintingisnamed.Itwaspaintedin1930,whenUSartistswereinspiredtopaintrealistscenesofruralAmericaduringtheDepressioninastylethatbecameknownasRegionalism.Thecoupleareidentifiedeitherasafarmerandhiswife,orasadaughterwithherunsmilingandover-protectivefather.Wood’ssister,Nan,whoposedforthepicture,alwaysinsistedthetwowerefatheranddaughter,perhapsfindingtheagegaptooimproper.Therelationshiphasalwaysremainedinterestinglyconflicting.Unlikehereldercompanion’sfixedstare,thewomanglancesofftotheside.Herexpressionisactuallydifficulttodetermine.Shelookssorrowful,orperhapsuncomfortable,thoughherstraitlacedprimness(拘謹保守的古板)isweakenedbyanescapingcoilofhairatthebackofherneck.Asifholdingguardagainstthoseanticipatedintruders(侵入者)—probably,protectinghisdaughter-wife’svirtue,thoughshedoesn’tseemparticularlyhappyaboutit—themanholdsapitchforkinasoldier-likefashion.Andthatiswhatlendstheworkitsuneasy(不協(xié)調的)comedy.Everythingaboutitisanartfulset-up.Firstofall,Nanneveractuallyposedwiththemaninthepicture,noraretheyinanywayrelated.WoodhadspottedthehouseduringadrivetothetownofEldoninIowa.Itimmediatelygavehimanidea.“Thatideawastofindtwopeoplewho,bytheirstraitlacedcharacters,wouldbesuitableforsuchahome,”helaterexplained.Thecouplewereactuallypaintedseparately,andneithersitterwaspaintedinfrontofthehouse.Thefarmer,asyoumighthavealreadyguessed,isn’tactuallyafarmer,butacertainDrBryonMcKeeby,awealthydentistfromCedarRapids,whereWoodlivedwithhismotherandsister.Thecouple’sclothingtoohasbeencarefullyhandpickedbytheartist.Inaddition,boththeirfaces,Nan’sinparticular,havebeenthinnedandlengthened,ashasthefamousgothicwindowandroof.And,ifyoulookcarefully,youmightevendetectsomethingfunerealaboutthescene,beyondthetombstonefeaturesofthecouple.It’ssuggestedbythewoman’sprimlybuttonedblackdress,andintheman’ssmartblackovercoat.SomethoughttheworkmercilesslylaughedatthelifestyleintheMidwest.Meanwhile,somecriticspraisedthepaintingasacuttingsmall-townsatire(諷刺).StillotherssawthepaintingashonoringtheMidwestanditsstrongvalues.Regardingthepainting’scomictone,Woodhimselfgavecontradictoryaccounts.“Thereissatireinit,”heoncesaid,“butonlyasthereissatireinanyrealisticstatement.”PerhapsitisthisambiguitythathasmadethepaintingthemostsymbolicinUShistory.58.WhatisuncertainaboutAmericanGothic? A.Theidentityofthemodels.B.Thecharacters’relationship. C.Howthepaintinggotitsname.D.Wherethebackgroundhousewas.59.Whatindicatesthewoman’sstraitlacedprimness? A.Herglancingofftotheside. B.Hercarefullybuttonedblackdress. C.Thedeterminationinherexpression. D.Theescapingcoilofhairatthebackofherneck.60.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph? A.Ambiguityisanessentialpartofanygoodpainting. B.Itisbeyonddoubtthatthepaintinghasacomictone. C.ThestatementthatWoodhimselfgaveclarifiesnothing. D.AmericanGothicisthemostcontroversialinUShistory.CLastyearCongressissuedamoralcalltoactionwhenitorderedtheNationalInstitutesofHealthtoreevaluateitsethicaloversight(倫理上的疏忽)ofgovernment-fundedprimate(靈長類)research.Althoughthescientificcommunitywidelyseesnonhumanprimatesasessentialforadvancesinbiomedicine(theyhavecausedmajorgainsinthefightsagainstAIDSandneurologicaldiseasessuchasParkinson’s,forexample),researchersagreemorecanbedonetotreattheanimalsmorehumanelyandconductresearchlesswastefully.Tothatend,theNIHgatheredfamousscientistslastSeptembertodiscussthefutureofprimate-basedresearch—andtheyagreedthatdatasharingisthewayforward.Researcherscouldreduceexperimentsonnonhumanprimatesbystudyingdatathathavealreadybeencollectedtoanswernewquestions,saysDavidO’Connor,apathologistattheUniversityofWisconsin–Madison.O’Connoriswalkingthewalk:hislaboratorystudiestheZikavirusinprimates,andheimmediatelypostsalltheresultsonline.ThegoalistofigureoutwaystofightZikaasquicklyaspossiblewithoutplacinganundueburdenonresearchprimates.TheSeattle-basedAllenInstituteforBrainScience,whichusesrhesusmacaques,smallSouthAsianmonkeys,tostudythemolecularbasisofbraindevelopment,alsomakesallresultspublic.O’Connorsaysthispracticeshouldbemorewidespreadsothat“researcherswhoareusingthisscarcebutvitalresourcecanlearnasmuchaspossiblefromasfewanimalsasnecessary.”Still,heisskepticalthatdatasharingwillcatchonbecauseitwouldrequireachangein“normativebehavior”—science’sstrongcultureofsecrecy,inwhichdataarekeptunderwrapsuntiltheyarepublishedinapeer-reviewedjournal.Onesteptowardfulltransparencyistofollowtheleadofhumanclinicaltrials,saysChristineGrady,abioethicistattheNIH.U.S.lawrequiresmostclinicaltrialstoregisteronlineandmaketheirresultspublic,evenifastudyfailsorisinconclusive.Thisensuresthatotherresearcherscanlearnfromatrialregardlessofitsresults—amovethatcouldalsosafeguardprimatesagainstbeingusedforthesamethingtwice.NancyHaigwood,directoroftheOregonNationalPrimateResearchCenter,alsosaysdatasharingis“thewayofthefuture.”Hercenterhosts4,800primatestostudyavarietyofhumandiseases.ShecurrentlycontributesresultsfromhercentertoO’Connor’sWebsite.“Idon’tseeadrawback,”shesays.“Wehavetosharedatamorequickly.”61.WhatdoesCongressthinkoftheprimateresearch? A.Ithasdoneagreatdealofgoodtoadvancesinbiomedicine. B.Itisahugewasteofmoneytoconductresearchonprimates. C.Primate-basedresearchmustbestoppedformoralreasons. D.Properattentionshouldbegiventotreatingprimateshumanely.62.Theunderlinedphrase“walkingthewalk”inParagraph2showsthatO’Connor_______. A.istheleaderinfightingZikavirusinprimates B.iswalkingawayfromhisownresponsibility C.iscarryingoutwhathehassaidheshoulddo D.istakingatoughroadwhenpostinghisdata63.AccordingtoO’Connor,whatmightpreventscientistsfromsharingtheirdata? A.Thedeep-rootedculturethatdatashouldbekeptsecretuntilpublished. B.Thefactthatscientistsarereluctanttochangetheirwayofresearch. C.Therequirementthatmostclinicaltrialsshouldberegisteredonline. D.Thefearthattheywillbelaughedatifastudyfailsorisinconclusive.64.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage? A.TheMercilessPracticeofPrimateResearch B.ToTreatPrimatesMoreHumanely:Transparency C.ToAbandonExperimentsonPrimates:FinalGoal D.TheBurdenofResearchonNonhumanPrimatesDYou’veprobablyheardsuchreports.Thenumberofcollegestudentsmajoringinthehumanities(人文學科)isdecreasingquickly.Thenewshascausedafloodofhigh-mindedessayscriticizingthedevelopmentasasymbolofAmericandecline.Thebrightsideisthis:Thedestructionofthehumanitiesbythehumanitiesis,finally,comingtoanend.Nomorewillliterature,aspartofanacademiccurriculum,putoutthelightofliterature.Nolongerwillthereadingof,say,“KingLear”orD.H.Lawrence’s“WomeninLove”resultintheannoyingstuffofmultiple-choicequizzes,examessaysandhomeworkassignments.ThediscouragingfactisthatforeverycollegeprofessorwhomadeShakespeareorLawrencecomealivefortheluckyfew,therewerecountlessotherswhomadethereadingofliterarymasterpiecesseemliketwohoursinthedentist’schair.Theremarkablyinsignificantfactthat,ahalf-centuryago,14%oftheundergraduatepopulationmajoredinthehumanities(mostlyinliterature,butalsoinart,philosophy,history,classicsandreligion)asopposedto7%todayhasgivenrisetoseriousreflectionsonthenatureandpurposeofaneducationintheliberalarts.Suchreflectionsalwayscometothesameconclusion:Wearetoldthatthelackofaformaleducation,mostlyinliterature,leadstonumerousharmfulpersonalconditions,suchastheinabilitytothinkcritically,towriteclearly,tobecuriousaboutotherpeopleandplaces,toengagewithgreatliteratureaftergraduation,torecognizetruth,beautyandgoodness.Theseseriousanxietiesaregrand,admirablyvirtuousandvirtuouslyadmirable.Theyarealsoamerefantasy.Thecollegeteachingofliteratureisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Literaturedidnotevenbecomepartoftheuniversitycurriculumuntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Beforethat,whatcametobecalledthehumanitiesconsistedoflearningGreekandLatin,whiletheBiblewasstudiedinchurchasthenecessaryotherhalfofafulleducation.Nooneeverthoughtofteachingnovels,stories,poemsorplaysinaformalcourseofstudy.Theywerepartoftheleisureofeverydaylife.ItwasonlyafterWorldWarIIthatthestudyofliteratureasatypeofwisdom,relevanttoactual,contemporarylife,putdownwidespreadinstitutionalroots.Soldiersreturninghomein1945longedtomakesenseoftheirlivesafterwhattheyhadwitnessedandsurvived.Theabundanteconomyaffordedthemtheopportunityandthetimetodoso.MajoringinEnglishhititspeak,yetitwasthisverypopularityofliteratureintheuniversitythatspelleditsdoom,astheacademicizationofliteraryartwasaccelerated.LiteraturechangedmylifelongbeforeIbegantostudyitincollege.Bookstookmefarfrommyselfintoexperiencesthathadnothingtodowithmylife,yetspoketomylife.Butonceinthecollegeclassroom,thisprecious,alternatelifeinsidemegotthrownbackintothatdimensionofmyexistencethatboredme.Homer,ChekhovandYeatswerereducedtorightandwronganswers,clear-cutthemesandcleverinterpretations.Ifthereisanythingtoworryabout,itshouldbethedisappearanceofwhatusedtobeanimportantpartofeveryhigh-schooleducation:theliteraturesurveycourse,wherebookswerenotacademicallytaughtbutthoroughlyintroduced—anexperienceunaffectedbystupidcommentaryanduselesstesting.Theliteraryclassicsareplacesofquiet,uselessstillnessinaworldthatdespises(鄙視)anyactivitythatisnotprofitableorproductive.Literatureistoosacredtobetaught.Itneedsonlytoberead.Soon,ifallgoeswellandliteratureatlastdisappearsfromtheundergraduatecurriculum—myfingersarecrossed—increasingnumbersofpeoplewillbeabletosaythatreadingtheliterarymasterworksofthepastoutsidethecollegeclassroom,simplyinthecourseofliving,was,infact,theircollegeclassroom.65.Theauthormentions“twohoursinthedentist’schair”inParagraph3toindicatethat_______. A.theaverageliteratureclassincollegeistwohourslong B.readingliteraryworksismadeunbearablebyprofessors C.itactuallydoesnottakelongtoreadtheclassicsofliterature D.collegestudentsdon’tspendmuchtimeonliterarymasterworks66.Thesharpdropinthenumberofmajorsinthehumanities_______. A.hasgivenrisetoquiteashockintheintellectualworld B.promisestheremarkabledestructionofthehumanities C.showsmorepeoplereadliteratureoutsidetheclassroom D.hascausedtheauthortoreflectonthenatureofliterarycreation67.Whichofthefollowingopinionsmaytheauthorhold? A.Thedisappearanceofliteratureshouldbestronglyapplauded. B.Literatureteachingcanimproveourcriticalthinkingability. C.Readingliteraturedoesn’trequirespecializedknowledgeandskills. D.Literatureshouldbetaughtthroughanalyzingdifferentwritingstyles.68.Accordingtotheauthor,theproblemofliteratureteachingliesinthefactthat_______. A.itisarelativelyrecentphenomenonineducation B.literatureteachingisnotprofitableorproductive C.peopleareinterestedinsomethingmorepractical D.itisturnedintoasoullesscompetitionforgrades69.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage? A.Tourgecollegestudentstoreadmoreliteraryclassics. B.Tointroducethepresentsituationofliteratureteaching. C.Tovoicehisopinionontheshrinkageofliteratureteaching. D.Toshowhisseriousconcernforcollegeliteratureteaching.70.Theoveralltoneofthepassageis_______. A.skeptical B.sympatheticC.aggressive D.straightforward第四部分任務型閱讀(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)請認真閱讀下列短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個最恰當的單詞。注意：請將答案寫在答題紙上相應題號的橫線上。每個空格只填一個單詞?！癏ELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”saidPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellers(居民)havea21%higherriskofsufferingfromanxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofsufferingfrommooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedunclear—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(機能性磁共振成像，簡稱fMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrymenwhentheyareunderstress.InDrMeyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheywereboundtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmoreembarrassing,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.Thecitypeople’sgeneralmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheruralcountrymen.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestresscausedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalas(杏仁核)andtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(前扣帶皮層，簡稱pACC).Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.InthecaseofthepACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehispACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhilethepACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobeconnectedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.fMRIallowssuchconnectionstobemeasured.Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,theconnectionswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,theseconnectionsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutoforder.DrMeyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralmoreexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheywerementallyupsanddowns—whileinvestigatorsscoldedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,who