chapter4國外市場進入方式

CHAPTER4

INTERNATIONAL

AIRTRANSPORTATIONLearningObjectivesIdentifythetypesofairtransportationservices.Identifythetypesofaircraftusedininternationalservice.Identifybasicinternationalregulationsregardingairtransport.OutlineIntroductionTypesofAircraftsTypesofServicesInternationalAirtransportRegulationsInternationalAirtransportdocumentsFreightTariffsIntroductionAnnualAirfreighttraffic(inbillionsofFTKs)Top10

InternationalCargoAirlinesAirlineMillionsofFTKsKoreanAir8,225CathayPacificAirways7,722LufthansaCargo6,660SingaporeAirlines6,455EmiratesSkyCargo6,369FedExExpress5,808ChinaAirlines4,903AirFrance4,672Cargolux4,652UPSAirlines4,495

World'sbusiestairportsbycargotrafficRankAirportLocationMetricTonnes1MemphisInternationalAirportUnitedStates3,697,0542HongKongInternationalAirportHongKong3,385,3133ShanghaiPudongInternationalAirportChina2,543,3944IncheonInternationalAirportSouthKorea2,313,0015Paris-CharlesdeGaulleAirportFrance2,054,5156AlaskaTedStevensAnchorageInternationalAirportUnitedStates1,994,6297KentuckyLouisvilleInternationalAirportUnitedStates1,949,5288DubaiInternationalAirportUnitedArabEmirates1,927,5209FrankfurtAirportGermany1,887,68610NaritaInternationalAirportJapan1,851,97211SingaporeChangiAirportSingapore1,660,72412MiamiInternationalAirportUnitedStates1,557,40113LosAngelesInternationalAirportUnitedStates1,509,32614BeijingCapitalInternationalAirportChina1,475,64915TaiwanTaoyuanInternationalAirportChina1,358,304

IntroductionAdvantagesofAirTransportationHighSpeed&QuickServiceNoPhysicalBarrierSafety&AccuracyForcargoesthatare:Withhighvalue-to-weightratioPerishable容易腐爛的;鮮活易腐品Quicklyobsolete廢棄的;過時的RequiredonshortnoticeExpensivetohandleorstore

IntroductionDisadvantagesofAirTransportationHighcostSmallCarryingCapacityUnreliableTypesofAircraftsPassengerAirplanes客機Conventionalairlinersthatcarrycargointheirlowerdeck(belly)Combiairliners客貨兩用機thatcarrycargoonthemaindeckFreighters全貨機ConventionalaircraftsequippedtocarrycargoexclusivelyTypesofAircraftsPassengerAirplanes

Inadditiontopassengerluggage,mostplanescarryairfreight.Internationalcargoservicesonpassengerplanesareoftenunreliablebecauseairlines“bump”freightformorepassengersandtheirluggage.TypesofAircraftsCargobeingloadedinthebellyofaconventionalpassengerplaneTypesofAircraftsCombiAircrafts客貨兩用機Planeswithcargoonthemaindeckaswellasinthehold,travelingalongwithpassengersCombiaircraftsareusedonflightsonwhichthereisnotsufficientpassenger(orcargo)demand.TypesofAircraftsTypesofAircrafts-freightersFreightersSametypeofplaneusedinpassengerserviceexceptthatithasrollerdecktoallowpalletsandcontainerstobepushedintotheaircraftThe"RollerDeck"ofaFreighterAircraftTheWorld'sBiggestFreightersTypesofAircraftsSomeFreightersareloadedthroughtheirnosePricesofdifferenttypesofaircraftsBoeingAirbustype$inMillions737

50～85747228～297767124～169777200～254787146~200type$inMillionsA32055A33080A340125A380280在同類機型報價比較，波音飛機均價較高Boeing767-300FreighterMaximumPayload最大商載:54,840kg(120,900lb)UsableVolume:336mCBM(11,865ft3)MaximumTakeoffWeight最大起飛重量:188,880kg(412,000lb)MaximumLandingWeight最大著陸重量:147,870kg(326000lb).

CAPACITYOFANAIRCRAFTVERSION................FEULCONSUMPTION(TON/PERHR)B747-400......................9.729B747-COMB...................10.237B747-400（freighter).......9.87B747-200（freighter).......10.537Otherindexesthatconstrainthecapacityofanaircraft機型地面承受力(KG/M2)貨艙門尺寸(CM)最大裝載量(M3)B777-200976前貨艙:170*2706塊P1P/P6P板或18個AVE集裝箱976后貨艙:175*18014個AVE箱732散艙:114*9717m3(4082kg)767-200976前貨艙:175*3403塊P1P/P6P集裝板732后貨艙:175*18710個DPE箱732散貨艙:119*9712.0m3(2925kg)767-300732前貨艙:175*3404塊P1P/P6P集裝板732后貨艙:175*18714個DPE箱732散貨艙:119*9712.0m3(2925kg)757732前貨艙:107*10721．6m3（4672kg）后貨艙:140*11224．7m3（7393kg）

TypeofAirfreightServiceScheduledAirfreight(linersservice)班機RegularlyscheduledairtransportationservicesforpassengersorfreightAirlinescanusepassengeraircraftsorfreighterairplanes.TypeofServiceExpressairfreightservices

Fedex,DHL,UPS,TNTDeskToDeskServiceInternationalcargousingexpressserviceisusuallyextremelyurgent:MachineorcomputerpartsneededforcriticalrepairsFreshproduceDocumentFedex’sonedaydeliveryamongmajorAsiancities,“FedexAsiaone”How??Usinghub-and-spokenetworktoachievefastdeliveryamongdifferentcitiesreadmaterialandanswerquestions:

"hub"and"spoke"referto?howdoesitwork?whyhubandspoke?(comparingwithtraditionalpointtopointsystem,whataretheadvantagesofthissystem?)hub-and-spokesystemThehub-and-spokenetwork中心分撥(中樞輻射)isasystemofconnectionsarrangedlikeawheel,inwhichalltrafficmovesalongspokesconnectedtothehubatthecenter.Thesmallnumberofroutesgenerallyleadstomoreefficientuseoftransportationresources.Forexample,aircraftaremorelikelytoflyatfullcapacityComplicatedoperations,suchascargosortingandaccounting,canbecarriedoutatthehub,ratherthanateverynode.AchievefastdeliveryamongdifferentplacesSpokesaresimple,andnewonescanbecreatedeasily.Whatarethedrawbacksofhub-and-spokesystem?Whatarethedrawbacks

ofhub-and-spokesystem?

Cargomustpassthroughthehubbeforereachingitsdestination,requiringlongerjourneysthandirectpoint-to-pointtrips.Thehubconstitutesabottleneckorsinglepointoffailureinthenetwork.Totalcargocapacityofthenetworkislimitedbythehub'scapacity.Changesatthehub,oreveninasingleroute,couldhaveunexpectedconsequencesthroughoutthenetwork.Itmaybedifficultorimpossibletohandleoccasionalperiodsofhighdemandbetweentwospokes.TypeofServiceCharterairfreightservices包機Aircraftsleasedforasinglevoyage(oralimitednumberofvoyages)underawetlease(wheretheaircraftownerprovidestheaircraft,themaintenanceandthecrew)For:Goodsneedtobethereassoonaspossibleandusingaregularlyscheduledairlineflightwouldresultintoomuchdelay.Goodsdonotfitintoaircraftofregularlyscheduledroute.Goodsneedtobedeliveredtoalocationwheretheinfrastructurewillnotsupportaconventionalaircraft.TypeofServiceLeasedCargoAircraftServicesWetlease-aircraftownerprovidestheaircraft,themaintenance,crewandinsurance(ACMI)damplease-AMI(withoutcrew)Drylease–bareaircraftTypeofServiceAirfreightforwarderservicesAirfreightforwarderscontractwithaircarriers,consolidateshipment,bookplaceonflightsandarrangeintermodalsurfacetransportationInternationalRegulationsParisConvention(1919):establishedsovereignty主權(quán)ofacountryoveritsairspaceOpenSkiesAgreement

Anagreementbetweentwoormorecountrieswhereaircarriersfromoneofthecountriesareallowedtoserveatanyoftheothercountries’airportsThereisanincreasinglylargenumberof“openskies”agreements—ninefreedomsoftheairConstraintsfromlandingslotsninefreedomsoftheair航權(quán)First--therighttoflyoveraforeigncountry,withoutlandingthereSecond--therighttorefuelorcarryoutmaintenanceinaforeigncountryonthewaytoanothercountryThird--Thethirdfreedomistherighttocarrypassengersorcargofromone'sowncountrytoanother(thefirstcommercialfreedom)Fourth--Therighttocarrypassengersorcargo\fromanothercountrytoone'sownFifth:Itistherighttocarrypassengersfromone'sowncountrytoasecondcountry,andfromthatcountrytoathirdcountry.Theunofficialsixthfreedomistherighttocarrypassengersorcargofromasecondcountrytoathirdcountrybystoppinginone'sowncountry.Slot航班時刻Slotsaredescribedastheauthorizationofanairlinetousetheairportinfrastructureofaairportforlandingortake-offatspecificedtime.Theoperationsofglobalairlinesarealsorestrictedbythenumberoflandingslotavailableattheairport.Groupassignment4ConductaresearchonaninternationalairlineCompanyintroductionThecompany’spositioninglobalairlinebusinessItsglobaloperationItsglobalcompetitivestrategicTherefore,howdoairlinescompeteglobally?Bycodesharing代號共享Codesharingiswhereoneairlinesellsseatsonanotherairline’saircraftandusesitsownairlinecode(two-lettercodethatidentifiesthecarrierintheGlobalDistributionSystemGDS)andflightnumbers.Thus,XX123,flight123operatedbytheairlineXX,mightalsobesoldbyairlineYYasYY456andbyZZasZZ9876.兩字代碼中文名英文名CA中國國際航空（集團）公司AirChinaMU中國東方航空（集團）公司ChinaEasternAirlinesCZ中國南方航空（集團）公司ChinaSouthernAirlinesMF廈門航空有限公司XiamenAirlinesLtd.3U四川航空股份有限公司SichuanAirlinesFM上海航空公司ShanghaiAirlinesHU海南航空股份有限公司HainanAirlines4G深圳航空公司ShenzhenAirlinesSC山東航空公司ShandongAirlinesItallowsgreateraccesstocitiesthroughagivenairline'snetworkwithouthavingtoofferextraflights,andmakesconnectionssimplerbyallowingsinglebookingsacrossmultipleplanes.Mostmajorairlinestodayhavecodesharingpartnershipswithotherairlinesandcodesharingisakeyfeatureofthemajorairlinealliances.Therefore,howdoairlinescompeteglobally?(cont’)Byformingalliance形成航空聯(lián)盟Anairlineallianceisanagreementbetweentwoormoreairlinestocooperateonasubstantiallevel.ThethreelargestpassengeralliancesaretheStarAlliance,SkyTeamandOneworld.AlliancesalsoformbetweencargoairlinesAlliancesprovideanetworkofconnectivityandconvenienceforinternationalpassengersandinternationalpackages.FreightTariffsFreight=Chargablecargoweight計費重量*freightrate+additionalsHowtocalculatethechargableweight?

A:IdentifytheActualweight實際重量ofthecargo

B:Identifythevolume-weight(ordimensionalweight)體積重量

C:Airlineschargethehighestofthetwoweights.41A:IdentifytheActualweightofthecargo

Foraircargotheweightisroundeduptothenextfullhalfandfullkilo.

e.g:33,20=33,50/33,60=34.00/525,50=525,50

Ifoneconsignmentconsistsofseveralpackingunits,theweightisfirstaddedupandthenrounded!

B:Identifythevolume-weight(ordimensionalweight)體積重量

Bulkinessinaircargois1kg:6000cm3

Volumeweightiscalculatedaccordingtotheformula:

Volumeweight=lengthxwidthxheight(cm)xnumberofpackages

6000C:Asafinalsteptheactualandthecalculatedweightsarecomparedandthehigherweightisusedtocalculatethecargo.43CalculationofchargeableweightCalculatethechargeableweightforthefollowingairshipment:a)Automotivesparepartspackedasfollows:1cartonof25Kg,and70x60x40cm,plus10cartonsof10Kg,and50x30x25cmeach,plus5cartonsof15Kg,and50x30x30cmeach.ANSWER:WEIGHT=200VOLUMEWEIGHT=128CHARGEABLEWEIGHT=20045TheBasicFactsaboutthetariffofaircargotheinternationalaircargotariff(TheAirCargoTariff=TACT運價及規(guī)則手冊)includesthefollowingtariffgroup:

Minimumcargocharges起碼運費Generalcargorates

普通貨物運價

N-Rates(normalrates)upto45.00kg

Q-rates(QuantityRates)asfrom45.00kgSpecificCommodityRates(SCR，C-rate)

特種貨物運價areexceptionalratesapplyingtospecificgoodsoncertainroutesGoodsclassrates(CCR)forspecificgoods等級貨物運價

(liveanimals,valuableshipments:S-rate,newspapers:R-rate).46TYPESOFAFRATESGeneralcargorate(GCR)

Specificcommodityrate(SCR)

Classrates(CCR)SValuablecargoS

LiveanimalsS

HumanremainsR

Newspapers,books,periodicals….R

BaggageshippedascargoR….ReductionrateS…..Surchargerate

CSpecialratesforsomecommoditiesMinN-45kgsQ+45+100+250…47GeneralCargoRate(GCR)

Generalcargoratesapplytothecarriageofcommoditiesthathavenotbeenallocatedaspecificcommodityrateorcommodityclassificationrate.Generalcargoratesconsistofminimumrate(M),

normalrate(N),andlowerchargeinhigherweight(Q).

CAI/FRAEGP/KGM……143N…….10.1045…...7.60100….7.10250….6.60

CAI/NYCEGP/KGM……170N…….11.1045…...10.50100….9.70300….8.50500….8.00

N….-45Kg45…+45Kg100..+100Kg300..+300Kg500..+500Kg航空貨物運價表

城市代碼國家本價大于M價不足45公斤，￥/公斤45公斤以上，￥/公斤100公斤以上，￥/公斤300公斤以上，￥/公斤500公斤以上，￥/公斤1000公斤以上，￥/公斤1500公斤以上，￥/公斤2000公斤以上，￥/公斤CodeCityCountryMNQ45Q100Q300Q500Q1000Q1500Q2000備注FRAFRANKFURTDE320.0045.5737.7533.9333.4230.7128.33FLLFTLAUDERFLUS420.0075.9858.6852.3447.2641.53FNAFREETOWNSL610.0081.9569.67Howmuchtosendacargoof38kgfromBeijingToFRANKFURT?

Howmuchtosendacargoof38kgfromBeijingToFRANKFURT

38kgfallsintoNclassTherefore:Freight=Chargeablecargoweight*freightrate+additional38×45.57=1731.66Howmuchtosendacargoof45kg?45kgfallsintoQclass45×37.75＝1698.75<1731.66???ImportantpricipleforcalculatingGCRfreight:運費＝適用運價×計費重量

however,

whereahigherweightbreakpointinconnectionwithalowerrateresultsinalowertotalcharge,suchhigherbreakpointmaybeusedforcalculation

從低原則：當(dāng)貨物重量接近某一個重量分界點的重量時,將貨物實際重量和對應(yīng)的貨物運價所計算出航空運費與該重量分界點(breakpoint)的重量和對應(yīng)的貨物運價所計算出的航空運費相比較,取其低者.

54SpecificCommodityRate(SCR)

Specificcommodityratesareusuallylowerthangeneralcargoratesandarepublishedforparticularcommoditiesfromaspecifiedpointoforigintoaspecifieddestinationbycertainairline.Theyaresubjecttoaminimumweightrestriction.WhentheclassrateorthegeneralcargorateapplicabletotheconsignmentislowerthantheSpecificCommodityRate,thislowerratecanbeapplied.SCR的計算實例20cartonsoffreshmushroomsaretobedeliveredfromBeijingToOsaka,Japan,（SCRnumber0008),weight360.0kg，thedimensionofeachboxas60×45×25CM，pleasecalculatethefreight.BEIJINGCNBJSY.RENMINBICNYKGSOSAKAJPM230.00N37.51Q45288030050020.6109310018.43219550018.80Answer:Volume：60×45×25CM×20＝1350000VolumeWeight：1350000÷6000/kg＝225kgChargeableWeight：360.0kgApplicableRate：SCR0008/Q30018.80CNY/kgFreight：360.0×18.80＝CNY6768.00Whatifthechargeableweightofmushroomis150kg?ifthechargeableweightofmushroomis150kgThereforewehavetoconsidertwopossibilities:A:useSCR,ApplicableRate：SCR0008/Q30018.80CNY/kgsubjecttoaminimumweightrestrictionsubjecttoaminimumweightrestriction,inthiscase,300kgFreight:18.8*300=5640B:useGCR,Applicablerate:Q4528.13Freight:28.13*150=4219.558CommodityClassificationRate(CCRorClassRate)

Commodityclassificationrates,alsoknownasclassrates,arepublishedforparticularcommoditiesfromaspecifiedpointoforigintoaspecifieddestinationpointandareusuallyshowninSurcharged(S)orReduced(R).ClassRatestakeprecedenceoverGeneralCargoRatesregardlessofcomparisons.SomeexampleofcargothatwithCCR:Reduced:Newspapers,Magazines,Periodicals,Books,Catalogues,TalkingBooksfortheBlind,50%ofnormalGCR

(Nclass)shallapplytotheabovecommoditiesSurcharge:Liveanimal,Jewelry,watches,deadbodies(150%ofnormalGCR)60

IATAtrafficconferenceareas

IATAarea1:Allofthenorth&southAmericancontinentandtheadjacentislands.

IATAarea2:AllEurope(includingtheEuropeanpartoftheRussianFederation),andtheadjacentislands.Africa&middleEast.

IATAarea3:AllofAsiaandtheadjacentislands;excepttheportionincludedinIATAarea2(frommiddleeast).62IATAAREAS–ClassRatesExampleofIATAAREASClassRate.doc63CalculatetheFRTchargesforahorseofweightof160KgneededtobeshippedbyairfromCAI/FRA.

SOLUTION:LiveanimalwithinIATAarea2……………150%NN…..EGP10.10perKg.150%N=10.10x150%=15.15perKgFRTcharges=15.15x160=EGP2430ValuationChargeIftheshipperdoesnotdeclarethevalueforcarriage;incaseoflossofcargothemaximumcompensationtobepaidbycarrieris$20/kg.But,ifhedeclaresthevalueforcarriage,hewillpayextrachargescalledvaluationcharge.

Incaseoflossofcargo,thecarrierwillpaythetotaldeclaredvalue.

Thevaluationchargeiscalculatedasfollows:65ValuationCharge

Whentheshipper's"declaredvalueforcarriage"ontheAirWaybillismorethanUSD20.00(oritsequivalent)perkilogram,avaluationchargeof0.5%oftheshipper'sdeclaredvalueforcarriageEXCEEDINGUSD20.00perkilogram(GrossWeight)willbecharged.Valuationcharge=(Declaredvalue–$20xGrossweight)x0.00566ValuationCharge(examples)Calculatethe