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TranslationFor2007ClassesChapteroneIntroduction1.1RoleofTranslation1)culturalexchange夫語(yǔ)也者所以表觀念也,增加三萬(wàn)五千語(yǔ),即增加三萬(wàn)五千個(gè)觀念也(梁?jiǎn)⒊゛bout35,000ChinesewordscreatedfromBuddhismscripturetranslation

唯心、覺(jué)悟、報(bào)應(yīng)、苦果、真理、實(shí)際、平等、世界、甘露、光明、自在、地獄、清凈、智慧、現(xiàn)在、未來(lái)、剎那

About700wordsborrowedfromJapanese政黨、革命、共產(chǎn)主義、世界觀、唯心論、虛無(wú)主義、偶然、處女作、主筆、素材、腳本、改編Thousandsofwordsfromothersources,esp.fromEnglishscience格致——賽因斯——科學(xué)democracy德謨克來(lái)西——民主parliament巴力門(mén)——議會(huì)e.g.我們歡迎“德謨克來(lái)西”與“賽因思”兩位先生(陳獨(dú)秀)“費(fèi)爾潑賴(lài)”應(yīng)該緩行(魯迅)telephone德律風(fēng)——電話(huà)bourgeoisie布爾喬亞——資產(chǎn)階級(jí)logic邏輯初至我國(guó),譯曰“辨學(xué)”,繼從東籍,改稱(chēng)“論理”;侯官?lài)?yán)氏陋之,復(fù)立“名學(xué)”。(章士釗語(yǔ))

recentborrowingwhitecollar/bluecollar/goldcollar/greycollar/opencollarsummitmeetingthinktanksunriseindustryrightwingout-partyHeisanoldscrew.他吝嗇得像一只啟不動(dòng)的螺絲釘。kangcoolieyamenmahjongkowtowyamensunburnmacroskirt

talkshowmummymosaicyuppieshippiesbuscoolshow2)Chineselanguageevolution

五四新文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言西化中國(guó)文字論其字形,則非拼音而為象形文字之末流,不便于識(shí),不便于寫(xiě);論其字義,則意義含糊,文法極不精密;論其今日在學(xué)問(wèn)上之應(yīng)用,則新理新事新物之名詞,一無(wú)所有;論其過(guò)去之歷史,則千分之九十九為記載孔門(mén)學(xué)說(shuō)及道教妖言之記號(hào)…欲使中國(guó)不亡…而廢記載孔門(mén)學(xué)說(shuō)及道教妖言之漢文,尤為解決之根本之解決。(錢(qián)玄同,1918)就是直用西洋人的款式,文法、詞法、句法、章法、辭枝…一切修辭學(xué)上的方法,造成超乎于現(xiàn)在的國(guó)語(yǔ)、歐化的國(guó)語(yǔ),因而成就一種歐化國(guó)語(yǔ)的文學(xué)。(傅斯年,1919)翻譯——除出能夠介紹原本的內(nèi)容給中國(guó)讀者之外——還有一個(gè)很重要的作用;就是幫助我們創(chuàng)造出新的中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)。中國(guó)的言語(yǔ)(文字)是那樣貧乏,甚至于日常用語(yǔ)都是無(wú)名氏的。中國(guó)的言語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)直沒(méi)有完全脫離所謂“姿勢(shì)語(yǔ)”的程度——普通的日常談話(huà)幾乎離不開(kāi)“手勢(shì)戲”。自然,一切表現(xiàn)細(xì)膩的分別和復(fù)雜關(guān)系的形容詞,動(dòng)詞,前置詞,幾乎沒(méi)有。宗法封建的中世紀(jì)的余孽,還緊緊的束縛中國(guó)人的活的語(yǔ)言…翻譯,的確可以幫助我們?cè)斐鲈S多新的字眼,新的句法,豐富的字匯和細(xì)膩的精密的正確的表現(xiàn)。(瞿秋白,1931)惡性西化(違背漢語(yǔ)的基本審美規(guī)律)那個(gè)從落地的蘋(píng)果悟出萬(wàn)有引力的牛頓這是交通不便的往昔的到浙江省城的唯一的重要的道路。(阿英《鹽城雜信》)后湖便被我喜歡了我絕不原諒任何事先沒(méi)有得到我的同意就擅自引述我的話(huà)的人。改:沒(méi)有得到我的同意就擅自引述我的話(huà),我決不原諒。他被委派了明天上午陪伴那位新來(lái)的醫(yī)生去病房巡視一周的輕松的任務(wù)。改:他委派到了一個(gè)輕松的任務(wù),明天上午陪伴那位新來(lái)的醫(yī)生去病房巡視一周。

longattributive當(dāng)許先生回到家里看見(jiàn)那枝手槍仍然放在他同事送給他的那糖合子里的時(shí)候,他放心了。改:許先生回到家里,看見(jiàn)那枝手槍仍然放在他同事送給他的那糖合子里,他放心了。

Englishstructure對(duì)于這件事,你們還沒(méi)有做出

決定嗎?改:這件事你們還沒(méi)有決定嗎?

截至目前為止,劫機(jī)者仍未有明確表示。改:至今,劫機(jī)者仍未有明確的表示。3)李白是中國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人之一。改:李白是中國(guó)的大詩(shī)人

Conjunctions

當(dāng)你把稿子寫(xiě)好之后,立即用掛號(hào)信寄出。改:稿子寫(xiě)好就用掛號(hào)信寄出。

formalelements你這件新衣服真漂亮,我真喜它。改:你這件新衣服真漂亮,我真喜歡。他這三項(xiàng)建議很有道理,我們不妨考慮它們。改:他這三項(xiàng)建議很有道理,我們不妨考慮一下。Moreexamples(1)作為一個(gè)中國(guó)人,我們?cè)跄懿粣?ài)中國(guó)?(2)你有關(guān)于老吳的消息嗎?(3)關(guān)于這個(gè)人究竟有不有罪的問(wèn)題,誰(shuí)也不敢判斷。(4)杜甫的詩(shī)中存在著濃厚的人民性。(5)旅伴之間總難免會(huì)有摩擦的發(fā)生。(6)這本新書(shū)正被千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的讀者所搶購(gòu)著。(7)獻(xiàn)身于革命的壯烈大業(yè)的他,早已將生死置之度外。(8)男女之間的一見(jiàn)真情,是一種浪漫的最多只能維持三四年的迷戀。(9)你怎么能說(shuō)服他放棄這件事,當(dāng)他的太太不能說(shuō)服他的時(shí)候。(10)那家公司并不重視劉先生在工商界已有了三十多年的經(jīng)歷的這個(gè)事實(shí)。代詞變化他——他、它、她(he,it,she)曹、屬、等、輩(吾輩、爾曹)——們(他們、我們、它們)

構(gòu)詞變化反(反革命)、抗——anti,counter主義(資本主義,浪漫主義)——ism性(科學(xué)性,可讀性、可操作性)—ty,cy,ship,hood,ness家、者、師、員——or,er,cian,ist,or,eer

句法變化并列句——復(fù)合句(關(guān)聯(lián)詞)這樣的譯本,不但在輸入新的內(nèi)容,也在輸入新的表現(xiàn)手法。中國(guó)的文或話(huà),法子實(shí)在不太精密了,……要醫(yī)這病,我以為只好陸續(xù)吃一點(diǎn)苦,裝進(jìn)異樣的句法去,古的,外省外府的,外國(guó)的,后來(lái)便可以占為己有(魯迅)君子懷德,小人懷土;君子懷刑,小人懷德。(論語(yǔ).里仁第四)如果君子考慮道德操守,那么小人就思戀宅土;如果君子考慮法度,那么小人就想著恩惠。Westernizedstylecollocation仔細(xì)觀察、詳細(xì)分析并且認(rèn)真研究問(wèn)題我不能,也不肯忙中偷閑。(冰心《閑情》)像常年干著粉筆黑板營(yíng)生的我們。(《秦牧《海灘拾貝》)Westernstylecompoundsentence我因?yàn)檫€要去教書(shū),所以沒(méi)有許多功夫與你聊天。他雖然得到了這樣的成功,他卻一點(diǎn)也不自滿(mǎn),想到國(guó)外去求深造,不料在第一段旅程上,他做了無(wú)名的犧牲passivevoice李成又被上級(jí)提拔到區(qū)上工作NegativeeffectsonChinese嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、精確,失卻美感云鬢輕籠蟬翼,蛾眉淡拂春山;朱唇綴櫻桃,皓齒排兩行碎玉。蓮步半折小弓弓,一聲嬌滴滴?!毒劳ㄑ浴ご薮t生死冤家》兩彎似蹙非蹙籠煙眉,一雙似喜非喜含情目。態(tài)生兩靨之愁,嬌襲一身之病。淚光點(diǎn)點(diǎn),嬌喘微微。閑靜似嬌花照水,行動(dòng)如弱柳扶風(fēng)。心較比干多一竅,病如西子勝三分。(《紅樓夢(mèng)》)他現(xiàn)在只記得,她的身量并不高大;她的身材輕盈瘦削,只是屬于普通叫作苗條那一派的。他當(dāng)時(shí)看到的就僅如此。她在儀態(tài)方面并沒(méi)有女神石像那樣莊嚴(yán)美麗;而在舉動(dòng)方面卻表現(xiàn)出一種易喜易怒的敏感氣質(zhì)。她的神情活潑、面目生動(dòng)。但是據(jù)一個(gè)畫(huà)家看來(lái),他卻不一定生得整齊或者美麗。(《無(wú)名的裘德》)

Herememberednowthatshewasnotalargefigure,thatshewaslightandslight,ofthetypedubbedelegant.Thatwasaboutallhehadseen.Therewasnothingstatuesqueinher;allwasnervousmotion.Shewasmobile,living,yetapaintermightnothavecalledherhandsomeorbeautiful.漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)含蓄淚眼問(wèn)花花不語(yǔ),亂紅飛過(guò)秋千去。忽見(jiàn)陌頭楊柳色,悔教夫婿見(jiàn)封侯。汴水流,泗水流,流到瓜洲古渡頭,吳山點(diǎn)點(diǎn)愁。思悠悠,恨悠悠,恨到歸時(shí)方始休,月明人倚樓。2)makeknownChinesecultureandachievements4municipalities23provinces5autonomousregions2specialadministrativeregions56ethnicminoritiese.g.Manchupeople風(fēng)騷國(guó)度thelandofliteraryglory文學(xué)情結(jié)literary-minded/preoccupation《詩(shī)經(jīng)》BookofSongs《論語(yǔ)》TheAnalects《楚辭》ElegiesofChu漢樂(lè)府:感于哀樂(lè),緣事而發(fā)expressthejoysandsorrowsoncertainevents上邪!我欲與君相知,長(zhǎng)命無(wú)絕衰。山無(wú)陵,江水為竭,冬雷震震,夏雨雪,天地合,乃敢與君絕。Ohheaven!HowIlongtoknowyou.Liveeverhappilywithyoutilltheendofmylife.Tillmountainsareleveledtotheground.Riversdryup,Thundersreverberatesinwinter,Snowfallsinsummer,Theskyandtheearthbecomeone,OnlythenwillIdaretopartwithyou!

愛(ài)我要加倍,不愛(ài)我沒(méi)所謂,早點(diǎn)來(lái)排隊(duì),否則你沒(méi)座位,愛(ài)我要加倍,又不是沒(méi)人追,如果你真的喜歡我就說(shuō)heyhey《孔雀東南飛》TheBrideofJiaoZhongqingAPairofPeacocksSoutheastFly孔雀東南飛五里一徘徊十三能組素十四能裁衣十五彈箜篌十六誦詩(shī)書(shū)十七為君婦心中??啾疉pairofpeacockssoutheastfly,Eachfiveli,theywhirlandlinger.“AtthirteenIcouldshuttlesply,AtfourteenIlearntotailor,AtfifteenthezitherIplayed;AtsixteenbooksIwouldreciteAtsev’nteenyourwifeIwasmade.Myheartnowsuffersagreatplight!春江花月夜反復(fù)吟唱的主題MoonlitNightbytheRiverinSpring春江潮水連海平,海上明月共潮生。滟滟隨波千萬(wàn)里,何處春江無(wú)明月。(張若虛)Spring’sswellingriversrushtoswellingseas,Agleamingmoonthroughwavesemerges.Alongathousandliofwhirlingeddies,Througheachriver’sripplesmoonlightsurges.inscriptionsonboneandtortoiseshellrectangularsimuwudingritualcauldronHistoryasaMirrorChinesecultureinwesternworldlessknown,cultureintrusion,imbalanceofexchangeChinesecultureandyoungpeoplecultofwesternculture,ignoranceofChinesecultureappreciateChinesecultureculturalmainstreamConfucianism:thewayofmediumharmonywithdiversitiesgoverningofbenevolencereligion:Buddhism,Daoism//dedicationceremony(開(kāi)光典禮),pratipatti(修行),pilgrimagetoaholyland(進(jìn)香)Buddhisthalo;holymirage(佛光)transcendentalmeditation(參禪)prayingforworldpeace(祈禱世界和平)steadystateandpeacefulcivilians國(guó)泰民安selfcultivation修身養(yǎng)性Enjoywhatcomesnaturally安天知命Chinesefood:royaldishes,officialcuisine,ethnicspecialties,eightcategoriesofcuisine,tea(nationaldrink)

Chinesefestival:purebrightnessday,doubleninthfestival,familyreuniondinnerTraditionalChineseartsandcrafts(傳統(tǒng)工藝):cloisonne

Chinesearchitectureandhorticulture:

classicalSuzhougarden,Beijingquadruples(quadruplecourtyards)mountainvillasandwaterresorts(休閑山莊),worldheritagelist(世界遺產(chǎn)名錄)

1.2History

AsearlyastheZhouDynasty,intheninthcenturyBC,therewerespecialgovernmentofficialsinchargeofinterpretingandtranslationwork;theirtitlevariedaccordingtothegroupoflanguagestheycovered周代象(翻譯南方語(yǔ)言者)狄鞮(西方語(yǔ)言者)譯(北方語(yǔ)言者)統(tǒng)稱(chēng)“舌人”(tongueman)舌人,能達(dá)異方之志,象胥之職也1)translationofBuddhistscripturesformorethan800years(EasternHandynasty——NorthernSongdynasty)SanskritintoChinese

子曰:“質(zhì)勝文則野,文勝質(zhì)則史(虛?。N馁|(zhì)彬彬,然后君子”。“文”(ornament)和“質(zhì)”(substance)“文質(zhì)”、“達(dá)旨”、“因循本旨,不加文飾”、“失本”、“因本循旨”、“易曉”Chineselanguage,ideographsVernacular(白話(huà)文)ClassicalChinese(文言文)characterizedbyitshighdensity,oftencomparedtothestyleoftelegramsitsgrammaticalversatility,wherethesamecharactercanfunctionasanoun,verb,adjectiveoradverbitssparinguseoftenseandnumberitstonality,afeaturewhichisparticularlyrelevantinliterarycompositionandhenceinliterarytranslationtranslationforumchieftranslatorXuanZangfamousforhispilgrimagetoIndia(rendered1,300volumes)即須求真,又須喻俗2)missionariesandtranslationinChina(明末清初科技翻譯)Jesuitmissionaries(耶穌會(huì)士)MatteoRicci利瑪竇mathematicsastronomygeographyphysicsFourBooks(GreatLearning,DoctrineoftheMean,ConfuciusAnalects論語(yǔ),Mencius)FiveClassics(BookofSongs,BookofDocuments,BookofRites,BookofChanges,TheSpringandAutumnAnnals)3)FromtheOpiumWartotheMay

4thMovement(五四前期的西學(xué)翻譯)CollegeofLanguages(同文館)TheJiangnanArsenal(江南制造局翻譯館)intellectualsandreformists梁?jiǎn)⒊乱粐?guó)之民,不可不先新一國(guó)之小說(shuō);欲新政治,必新小說(shuō);欲新風(fēng)俗,必新小說(shuō);……乃至欲新人心,欲新人格,必新小說(shuō)嚴(yán)復(fù)ThemainfigureinthefieldofphilosophyandsocialscienceEvolutionandEthics《天演論》Amilestone,polarizedSocialDarwinismSurvivalofthefittest物競(jìng)天擇,適者生存Intheprefacethreedesiderata譯事三難:信、達(dá)、雅。求其信,已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá),雖譯尤不譯也,則達(dá)尚焉。(faithfulness,expressiveness/communicability,elegance)一名之立,旬月踟躕TheWealthofNation《原富》appendedextensivecommentaries,incorporatedhisobservationstohistranslation.林紓ignorantofforeignlanguagesmorethan180fictions‘rewriteman’《巴黎茶花女遺事》可憐一卷茶花女,斷盡支那蕩子腸(嚴(yán)復(fù))或喜或愕,一時(shí)顏色無(wú)定,似書(shū)中之人,即吾親切之戚畹。遭難為悲,得志為喜,則吾身直一傀儡,而著書(shū)者為我牽絲矣。1.3Howtoknowsomethingofeverythingandeverythingofsomething1)well-acquaintedwithChineseculture秦始皇QinShihuang,China’sfirstpresidentQinShiHuang,firstEmperorofQinDynasty259-210B.C三通一平onelevelthreethroughprovisionofwater,power,roadaccessandleveledground2)Goodmasteryoftwolanguages我買(mǎi)了五本書(shū),這五本書(shū)一共花了我七元錢(qián),我拿回家去一看,都是半新半舊的。Iboughtfivebooks?thesefivebookstotallycostmesevenyuan,Itookthemhometosee,allwerehalfnewandhalfold.Iboughtfivebookswhichcostmesevenyuan.WhenItookthembackhome,Ifoundtheywerejusthalfnew.昨天我買(mǎi)了一枝鋼筆,小明借走了,結(jié)果摔壞了。YesterdayIboughtapen.Xiao-mingborrowedit.Andthenitwasbroken.

XiaomingborrowedthepenIboughtyesterday,butunexpectedly,hebrokeit.我們不知不覺(jué)朝公園走去。公園就在人行橋那邊,橋下很深的地方,洶涌的河水流過(guò)。Somehow,ourpathtookustowardtheparkwhichisacrossthefootbridgehighabovetherollingwateroftheriver.3)consult

3)creativeuseoflanguageRubbergiveswaytopressure.橡膠給人讓路(死譯)橡膠屈服于壓力(硬譯)橡膠遇到壓力會(huì)變形(becreative)

Adrycellisdryonlyinthesensethatthereisnoliquidinit.A.干電池是干的,僅在這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),里面沒(méi)有液體。(硬譯)B.因?yàn)槔锩鏇](méi)有液體,所以干電池被說(shuō)成是“干”的。(becreative)教人求真,學(xué)做真人EducatingpeopletoseektruthLearningtobeanuprightandfaithfulpersonTeachingandteachingforsearchingtruthLearningandlearningforbeingarealmanTeaching,fortruthexplorationLearning,towardmoralperfectionTeachtosearchtruthLearntobeatruemanTeaching,tobequalifiedLearning,tobeexcellentChapterTwoComparisonandTranslation2.1Introduction2.1.1Chinese——Covert(隱含)/Parataxis(意合)English——Overt(外顯)/Hypotaxis(形合)1)partofspeech

thegrammaticalversatility,wherethesamecharactercanfunctionasanoun,verb,adjectiveoradverb老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。Youshouldcarefortheoldasyoutreatyourownparents.Youshouldshowyouraffectiontochildrenasyouraiseyourown.春江水暖鴨先知Whenspringcomes(春),aduckisthefirsttofeelthewarmthofwaterofariver(江).市中游俠兒,得佳者籠養(yǎng)之。Someloafersintownbegantokeepgoodcricketsincages

(籠)有華陰令,欲媚上官,以一頭進(jìn),試使斗而才。ButthemagistrateofHuayin,

wishingtocurryfavorwithhissuperior,presentedhimwithacricket,whichprovedtobearemarkableoneafterseveralfights.他忙把那把門(mén)的一把拽住。Hesnatchedthedoorkeeper/themanwhoheldbackthedoor.

Statements

aboutcrime

are

notcriminallanguage;norarestatementsaboutemotionsnecessarilyemotionalaboutemotionallanguage.關(guān)于犯罪的敘述并不是犯罪語(yǔ)言,同理,關(guān)于感情的敘述也并不就是宣泄情感的語(yǔ)言。2)Case(格)你問(wèn)他、罵他、打他他都一聲不吭。Whateveryoudidtohim,heneverutteredaword.

樹(shù)死了,它的根不會(huì)死,把它拔出來(lái),它才死。Whenatreedies,therootisstillliving.Itremainsbeforeitispulledoutoftheearth.

“Youarearealcomedian,”he

said,takingmyhandandlookingmestraightintheeyes.他拿住我的手,盯住我的眼睛看著,說(shuō)道:“你真逗”。我想借你家()客房用一下。IwonderifIcanuseyour

guestroom.3)Tense你哪本書(shū)不看,我就拿哪本。I’lltakewhateverbookyou’renotreading.

4)passivevoiceandactivevoice(語(yǔ)態(tài))這種藥用得相當(dāng)普遍。Themedicineiswidelyused.5)subjunctivemood(語(yǔ)氣)那天你來(lái)個(gè)電話(huà),我就不去了。Ifyouhadphonedmethatday,Iwouldnothavegonetomeetyou

2.1.2covertnessandaestheticaleffect岐王宅前尋常見(jiàn),崔九堂前幾度聞。正是江南好風(fēng)景,落花時(shí)節(jié)又逢君。(杜甫《江南逢李龜年》)我曾經(jīng)在岐王李范的官邸里經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到你這位著名歌唱家李龜年,在崔滌家也聆聽(tīng)過(guò)你的歌聲,現(xiàn)在春光明媚的江南,我們倆又見(jiàn)面了。雨是最尋常的,一下就是兩三天??蓜e惱,看,像花針,像細(xì)絲,密密地斜織著,屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。(朱自清《春》

人不食,十日則死;大寒之隆,不衣亦死?!俄n非子.定法》雨是最尋常的,(它)一下就是兩三天。(不過(guò))(你)可別惱,(你試向外邊)看,(它)(正在下著),(它)像花針,(也)像細(xì)絲,(它)(那么)密密地斜織著,(以至于人家的)屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。(朱自清《春》)如果一個(gè)人不吃東西,那么只用十天,他就會(huì)餓死,同樣,嚴(yán)寒的隆冬,人不穿衣服也會(huì)凍死。Manyauthoritieswhodeplorethetrendtowardpreoccupationwithselfhaveworriesaboutthefuture.HarvardsociologistRiesmansays:“Whenamovementlooksstrongest,thatusuallymeansitisabouttofail.Butbecauseoftheindividualisticnatureofthismovement,itishardtoseehowitwillfail”.因哀嘆“人人為我”的風(fēng)尚,許多權(quán)威人士對(duì)未來(lái)憂(yōu)心忡忡,哈佛社會(huì)學(xué)家說(shuō):“某個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)看似摧枯拉朽,但常意味著將會(huì)一事無(wú)成。只因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)有著利己的特性,人們很難明白怎會(huì)如此這般”。2.2ThinkingPatternsandTranslation2.2.1Chinese——holisticthinkingEnglish——anatomicalthinking泛愛(ài)萬(wàn)物,天地一體也(莊子)

onenessTheobjectiveworldandthesubjectiveworldarecontainedinaunity.

萬(wàn)物負(fù)陰而抱陽(yáng),沖氣以為和。(老子)Themyriadthingsshouldertheyinvaporsandembracetheyang,andthroughthecoalescingofthesevapors,theyattainastateofharmony.觀象制器;觀物取象;近取諸身,遠(yuǎn)取諸物Makethingscertainbycomparingtosomethingelse

事難顯陳,理難言罄,每托物連類(lèi)以形之;郁情欲抒;天機(jī)隨觸,每借物懷以抒之。(沈德潛《說(shuō)詩(shī)碎語(yǔ)》以“象”作為語(yǔ)言與思維轉(zhuǎn)換的媒介,并視為捕捉思想內(nèi)蘊(yùn)的工具,通過(guò)直觀的“象”,尋求寓于其中的“意”。學(xué)不可以已。青,取之于藍(lán),而青于藍(lán);冰,水為之,而寒于水?!髯印秳駥W(xué)篇》依托事象,蘊(yùn)意深遠(yuǎn)

1)將一事物的特征映射到他事物之上娃娃臉,雞冠花,金錢(qián)豹,映山紅,貓頭鷹,鷹鉤鼻,麥浪,爪牙,眼簾,火舌2)尋找兩種事物的相似性或相關(guān)性蛇行,龜縮,鼠竄,蜂擁,魚(yú)貫,蠶食,鯨,牛飲,鳥(niǎo)瞰英語(yǔ)也有類(lèi)似現(xiàn)象pot-bellied,hook-nosed,hen-pecked,almond-eyed,crest-fallenTheroadsnakesamongthemountain.Thatrudemanshoulderedmeasideandgotonthebusaheadofme!Itriedtostophim,butheelbowedmeoutoftheway.

Henoddedhisapproval.Thewomenkissedeachothergood-bye.Thegirlsgiggledtheiragreement.

AnatomicalthinkingInWesternphilosophy,anatomicalthinkingishighlyrespected.Onlyinconflictwithindividualcanentiretyexist.Everyoneshouldhavehisownindividuality.Universalcannotexistwithoutindividualandtheessenceofmatterliesinthegeneralindividual.Aristotle(384B.C.-332B.C.))Ithink,thereforeIam.Descartes(1596-1650)

Englishsyntaxtheformalsyntacticstructurenotthewholenessoftheholisticframebutthesyntacticcompactness.1)Nomenclature(命名)人皮,樹(shù)皮,獸皮,書(shū)皮(categorization)skin,bark,hide,cover金星,木星,水星,火星,土星,天王星,海王星,冥王星Venus,Jupiter,Mercury,Mars,Sarurn,Urahs,Neptune,Pluto2)Structurerepetition鎮(zhèn)子座落在一個(gè)峽谷里,東面是山,西面是山,南面是山,北面也是山。這年頭什么都要送禮,生要送禮,老要送禮,病要送禮,死也要送禮。Nowadaysyou’llhavetosendpresentsonalmosteveryoccasion——presentsforchildbirth,onthebirthdayoftheaged,toshowyourcarewhensomebodyisillorsomehelptomakearrangementforsomebody’sfuneral.我們春天需要太陽(yáng),秋天需要太陽(yáng),冬天需要太陽(yáng),夏天也需要太陽(yáng)。Weneedsunlightalltheyearround.每一種京劇的顏色代表一種性格特征:紅色代表忠勇,白色代表奸詐,黃色代表豪俠,綠色和藍(lán)色代表魯莽,有時(shí)也代表神鬼,黑色代表正直和廉潔,金色和銀色代表天神。(8個(gè)代表)EachcolorofthepaintedfaceinPekingOperarepresentsaparticularpersonalitytrait.Redindicatesloyaltyandcourage,whitecraftinessanddishonesty,yellowvalor;greenandbluerepresentrough-and-readycharactersordemonsandspirits;blackdenotesuprightnessandintegrity.Goldandsilverareexclusivelyforimmortalsandcelestialbeings.2.2.2English——impersonalfocusChinese——personalfocus

Thematterwasdiscussedexpartebypropagandistsonbothsides.雙方宣傳人員對(duì)該事件各執(zhí)片面之詞。

HisnewbookhitsofftheAmericantemperamentwithamazinginsight.

他在新作中對(duì)美國(guó)人的性格的描寫(xiě)可謂洞察秋毫。

Astonishment,apprehension,andevenhorroroppressedher.

她感到心情抑郁,甚至驚恐不安。Itseemsthatthelovesofsomepeoplearebuttheresultofgoodsuppers.

有些人談情說(shuō)愛(ài)似乎是他們酒醉飯飽后的余興。Shortnessoftimehasrequiredtheomissionofsomecountries由于時(shí)間不夠,他無(wú)法訪(fǎng)問(wèn)一些國(guó)家。2.2.3Chinese——activeEnglish——passive我得了感冒Iwashitbyflu.他把整棟房子整修了一番Hehadthewholehouseoverhauled.妹妹又去發(fā)廊做了一次頭發(fā)Mysisterhadherhairdressedagaininthatbeautyshop.2.2.4Chinese——implicatedsubjectEnglish——explicatedsubject搞得我心亂如麻Itmademeupset.只聽(tīng)見(jiàn)陣陣笑聲從青竹叢中的熊貓館傳出來(lái)。LaughterburstoutfromtimetotimefromthePandaHouseamonggreenbamboo.2.2.5Chinese——temporalandspacesequentialEnglish——structurerequired空間搭架,搭起主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),再用連詞等“掛鉤”我們是在五九年出國(guó)的,之后中國(guó)連續(xù)三年遭受自然災(zāi)害,當(dāng)我們得知這個(gè)消息,心情頗為低沉。WehadbeendismayedatthenewsofthenaturalcalamitiesthatfollowedoneanotherforthreeyearsafterweleftChinain1959.Isurprisedthecompanybyrefusingtodrinkthedarkredbeveragepouredoutofaflat-belliedbottledressedinatightfittingstrawjacket.因?yàn)檫@種暗紅色飲料從扁平的瓶子里倒出來(lái)的,瓶子由草衣緊緊包裹,我不肯喝,這使他們吃驚。漢語(yǔ):1)時(shí)序律:先發(fā)生的事先說(shuō),后發(fā)生的事后說(shuō)他五歲時(shí),生了傷寒,變成了聾子。Hebecamedeafatfiveafteranattackoftyphoidfever她剛要往下問(wèn),一看祥子垂頭喪氣的樣子,車(chē)上拉著個(gè)鋪蓋卷,把話(huà)咽了回去。Shebitbacktherestofherquestionatthesightofhiscrestfallenlookandthebeddinginthericksaw.2)空間上的大小律國(guó)家、大小、長(zhǎng)短時(shí)間:年月日地點(diǎn):國(guó)名、省名、市名Arablelandsarefewandlimited;withbutslightexceptionstheprospectisabroadrichmassofgrassandtrees,mantlingminorhillsanddaleswithinthemajor.先是“草和樹(shù)”,后是“山和谷”長(zhǎng)莊稼的地塊數(shù)不多,面積有限,全副景物,除了很小的例外,是大山抱小山,大谷套小谷,然后是小山小谷,再是草或樹(shù)。而在那些小山小谷上蓋著一遍綿連、茂盛的草和樹(shù)。3)因果律:條件——結(jié)果;假設(shè)——可能;讓步——轉(zhuǎn)折;比較——結(jié)果;目的——行為汗流浹背玩物喪志后來(lái)在這棧房里受了種種逼迫,不得不搬離。HeretooImetwithcertainkindsofpressureuntilIhadtomove.Tellusassoonaspossibleincasetheyareunfriendlytoyou.萬(wàn)一他們對(duì)你們不好要盡快告訴我們。U.S.A.hasaveryold-fashionedsystemofmeasurements,thoughitconsidereditselfanadvancedcountry.盡管,但是Translation2.2.6avoidredundancy給以指導(dǎo)giveguidanceto×guide進(jìn)行自由討論engageinfreediscussionof×discussitfreely進(jìn)行改造conductreformof×reform2.2.7transformationofthinkingpatternsOverdustyfoottrailsandmuddycreeks,underhotsunsandcoldrains,throughgreenvalleysandwindywastelands,andGrandmaYaisaid,theyhadtrekkedsouthwardfromMauetania.譯文A:他們走過(guò)塵土飛揚(yáng)的山路和泥濘的小溪,經(jīng)受著烈日暴曬和冷雨澆淋,穿過(guò)青翠蔥郁的山谷和朔風(fēng)怒號(hào)的荒原,雅依沙奶奶說(shuō),他們從毛里塔里亞出發(fā),長(zhǎng)途跋涉,邁向南方。譯文B:雅依沙奶奶說(shuō),他們從毛里塔里亞出發(fā),走過(guò)塵土飛揚(yáng)的山路和泥濘的小溪,經(jīng)受著烈日曝曬和冷雨澆淋,穿過(guò)青翠蔥郁的山谷和朔風(fēng)怒號(hào)的荒原,長(zhǎng)途跋涉,邁向南方。我們是在五九年出國(guó)的,之后中國(guó)連續(xù)三年遭受自然災(zāi)害,當(dāng)我們得知這個(gè)消息,心情頗為低沉。WehadbeendismayedatthenewsofthenaturalcalamitiesthatfollowedoneanotherforthreeyearsafterweleftChinain1959.答不出這個(gè)問(wèn)題,我覺(jué)得很難堪因。Ifeltashamedofnotbeingabletoanswerthequestion.

Aristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanman,bythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.亞里斯多德本可以用一個(gè)十分簡(jiǎn)單的辦法,讓其妻張開(kāi)嘴巴,數(shù)一數(shù)牙齒。這樣就不會(huì)認(rèn)為女人的牙齒比男人少。

Ithinkitenoughthatmyparents,suchastheywere,nevercostmeapang,andtheirson,suchasheis,nevercostthematear.我的父母,雖然碌碌一生,卻從未招致我半點(diǎn)痛苦,而他們的兒子,雖然無(wú)甚作為,也從未惹過(guò)大人落淚,想到這些,足矣。不冒點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),做什么事情都有百分之百的把握,萬(wàn)無(wú)一失,誰(shuí)敢說(shuō)這樣的話(huà)?

Whodarestoclaimthatheis100percentsureofsuccessfromtheoutsetandwithouttakinganyrisks?andIwasagaincrushedbythethoughtthatInowstoodonthesiteofthefirstatomicbombardment,wherethousandsuponthousandsofpeoplehadbeenslaininonesecond,wherethousandsuponthousandsofothershadlingeredontodieinaslowagony.(Hiroshima—theliveliestcityinJapan)此時(shí)此刻我就站在第一顆原子彈爆炸的地方。就是在這里,曾經(jīng)有成千上萬(wàn)的人在原子彈爆炸的一剎那慘遭殺害。另外,還有成千上萬(wàn)的人在這以后長(zhǎng)期痛苦的折磨中慢慢死去。我一想到這里,心里感到惶惶不安。2.3MorphologyandTranslation2.3.1English——morphologicalchangeChinese——lexicalmeansTwomenareofamind.兩人同心協(xié)力。Youkeepaneyeonthatman.對(duì)那個(gè)人你留心點(diǎn)。(4)Handinyourexercise.把練習(xí)交上來(lái)(5)Helookedatmeintheface.他直勾勾地看著我。

In1970,hewasplaced

underhousearrestwhenherefusedtousemassiveforceinsuppressingworkerriotsontheseacoast.1970年由于拒不動(dòng)用大規(guī)模武力鎮(zhèn)壓沿海地區(qū)工人暴亂,他在家中遭到逮捕。

Awisemanwillnotmarrya

womanwhohasattainmentsbutnovirtue.理智的男人是不會(huì)娶有成就,女人味不足的人為妻的??茖W(xué)院派給我們兩位教師。TheAcademyofScienceassignedustwoteachers.他有權(quán)提出申訴。Hecanlodgeacomplaint.昨天班里走了幾個(gè)同學(xué)。Yesterdayseveralstudentsinourclassdroppedoutofschool以前公路兩旁栽過(guò)兩排法國(guó)梧桐。Thereusedtobephoenixtreesalongeachsideoftheroad.2.3.2TranslationE-Ctranslation

morphologicalmarksintolexicalmeaningShehadabalanceatherbanker'swhichwouldhavemadeherbelovedanywhere.

她在銀行里有筆存款,本可以使她令人羨慕。(3)SheknewthatAmeliawouldtellhermother,whowouldprobablytellJoseph她知道艾米準(zhǔn)會(huì)告訴她媽媽。做媽媽的多半又會(huì)說(shuō)給約瑟夫聽(tīng)。

Omission(5)Hecoveredhiseyeswith

hishands.他用手捂住眼睛。Laurawishednowthat

shewasnotholdingthatpieceofbreadandbutter,buttherewasnowheretoput

it

andshecouldn’tpossiblythrow

it

away.這時(shí)勞拉寧愿手里沒(méi)有這塊涂上黃油的面包,拿著又沒(méi)有地方放,又不可能扔掉。NounsubstitutionMedicineisnotasciencebutalearnedprofessiondeeplyrootedinanumberofsciencesandchargedwiththeobligationtoapplythemforman'sbenefit.醫(yī)學(xué)不是一門(mén)獨(dú)立學(xué)科,醫(yī)學(xué)是需要學(xué)問(wèn)的職業(yè),它深深根植于許多學(xué)科之中,醫(yī)學(xué)的責(zé)任是要應(yīng)用科學(xué)知識(shí)造福于人類(lèi)。Exercises(1)Thingsofakindcometogether,peopleofamindfallintothesamegroup.(2)Heshruggedhisshoulders,shookhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing.(3)Beaplacewhatitmay,onegetstolikeit,ifoneliveslonginit.(4)Someofthebiggerfirmsareengagedinresearcheswhichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnaturethatitisapositiveadvantagetothemnottokeepthemsecret(1)物以類(lèi)聚,人以群分。(2)他聳聳肩,搖搖頭,抬起雙眼,一句話(huà)不說(shuō)。(3)無(wú)論在什么樣的地方,只要住久了,總會(huì)喜歡上的。(4)某些大企業(yè)所從事的科學(xué)研究極具普遍性和通識(shí)性,所以不對(duì)這些研究保密對(duì)大企業(yè)具有積極意義。2)C-EtranslationAwareofmorphologicalchange我酒量不大,不過(guò)偶爾也會(huì)喝上一兩杯。I’mnotaheavydrinker,butIliketheoccasionalglassofwine.昨天我買(mǎi)了一枝鋼筆,小明借走了,結(jié)果摔壞了。XiaoMingborrowedthepenIboughtyesterday,butunexpectedlyhebrokeit.

林小姐這天從學(xué)?;貋?lái)就撅起小嘴唇。她摜下書(shū)包,并不照例到鏡臺(tái)前梳頭發(fā)搽粉,卻倒在床上看著帳子出神。ThatdayMissLinreturnedfrom

her

schoolwithherlipspouting.Sheflungdownhersatchelandlaydownonthebedstaringupatthebedcurtain.Usually,shewould

goandsitatthedressingtabletocombherhairandpowder

her

nose.2.4SubjectandTranslation2.4.1English——obligatoryChinese——optional實(shí)在太荒唐It‘sutterlyabsurd.是我不好It’smyfault.熱得我滿(mǎn)頭大汗

I’mallinasweat.又蓋了許多樓堂管所

Manytallbuildings,bigmansions,hotelsandguesthouseswerebuilt.有你的份You’vegotyourshare.2.4.2English——noun/pronoun/gerund/infinitiveassubjectSVstructureChinese——diversifiedformsofsubjectThepolicemenarecarefullysearchingtheroom.(SVO)Thegirlisnowastudentatthiscollege.(SVC)Thedoorwaspaintedyesterday.(SVA)Itrainedsteadilyallday.(SVA)Herboyfriendpresentedheradiamondringatherbirthdayparty.(SVoO)Theymakehimthechairmaneveryyear.(SVOC)我們已經(jīng)蓋了房子Wehavebuiltahouse.房子蓋在西院子Thehousewasbuiltinthewesterncompound.房子我們已經(jīng)蓋好了Wehavebuiltthehouse.住戶(hù)家具都搬進(jìn)屋里了Theownerhasmovedallhisfurnituretothehouse.去年又蓋了一棟新房子Anotherhousewasbuiltlastyear.東院又蓋了一棟房子Anotherhousewasbuiltintheeasterncompound.這些材料只夠蓋一棟房子Withthematerialsonlyonehousecanbeerected.這些材料我們只能蓋一棟房子Wecanbuildnomorethanonehousewiththematerials.我吃了一碗飯Iateabowlofrice.這碗飯我不吃了I’mnotgoingtoeatthisbowlofrice.桌上擱著一碗飯Abowlofriceisonthetable.

鍋里正在蒸飯Riceisbeingsteamedinthecooker.

這點(diǎn)飯夠吃嗎Isthericeenough?

今兒早上吃的什么飯Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfastthismorning?跑跑跳跳助消化Jumpingandrunninghelpyourdigestion.干干凈凈逗人愛(ài)Everybodylovescleanthings.這么快就蓋好了一棟房子Thehousewasbuiltatasuchremarkablespeed.我一人干就可以了It‘senoughformetodoitalone.相互學(xué)習(xí)已蔚然成風(fēng)Tolearneachotherhasbecometheorderoftheday.計(jì)算得快是個(gè)好條件Theabilitytodoquickcalculationisofcourseanadvantage.2.4.3Translation1)equivalence蘇軾是位才華橫溢的文學(xué)家SuShiisawriterwithsuperbtalent.這種藥治感冒特別靈Themedicineisdeathoncolds.財(cái)源有限,開(kāi)銷(xiāo)無(wú)窮

Ourfinancialresourcesarelimitedbutexpenditurelimitless.作弊不算數(shù)。

Playingfouldoesn’tholdyourscore.

坐下來(lái)看不清,站起來(lái)才看得清。

Sitting

obstructsyourview;standingupmakesitbetter.

傾囊相助是一種美德。

Emptyingone’spursetohelppeopleinneedisofcourseavirtue.2)shift

我們的自然科學(xué)還比較落后,要努力向國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)。Beingratherbackwardinnaturalscience,weshouldmakeanefforttolearnfromforeigncountries.

日本人的性格是長(zhǎng)于出擊,你讓他隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,他并不擅長(zhǎng);我們的性格則恰恰相反。

Japanesearecharacterizedbyoffensiveattack,butnotadeptatuseoftactics.Wearejusttheopposite.

我的法語(yǔ)看報(bào)紙很吃力。

Ican’treadnewspaperinFrenchwithoutdifficulty

中國(guó)人的國(guó)民意識(shí)是把追求家庭幸福提到個(gè)人幸福之上,而美國(guó)人似乎與此相反。InChinesenationalideology,thepursuitforhappinessoffamilyiselevatedabovethatofindividuals/personalhappiness.FortheAmericanstheorderseemstobethereverse.3)thelastpartassubject一胎生了三個(gè)女兒。

Threedaughterswerebornatonebirth.吃飯得用筷子。

Chopsticksareusedformeals.對(duì)建筑師來(lái)說(shuō),將正在營(yíng)業(yè)的飯店進(jìn)行翻新實(shí)在是難上加難。

Oneofthegreatestchallengesforanarchitectisarenovationofanoperatinghotel.沿路都是小商店。Smallshopsdottheway.3)SupplementIndialogueA:你去看他了?(Didyouseehim?)B:沒(méi)去。(No,

Ididn’t.)A:為什么?(Justwhy?)B:沒(méi)空,有空再去。(I’vebeentoobusy.

I’llgowhenI

havetime.

Supplementone,people,etc.學(xué)好數(shù)理化,走遍天下都不怕。Withaknowledgeofnaturalscience,

onecangoanywhereintheworld.活到老學(xué)到老。

Oneshouldlearnaslongasonelives.春到田間耕作忙。Withspringlookingon,everyonehasbeenbusyplowingandplanting.

Supplementyou,we老是跟著別人轉(zhuǎn),就不能獨(dú)立行事。Ifyoufollowsomebodyelseallthetime,youcan’tbeabletobeonyourown.求那種人,可謂白費(fèi)勁。不如自己動(dòng)手干。Withthatkindofman,youwillpleadinvain.You’dbetterdoityourself.三天沒(méi)洗澡,一身臭汗。

Wearesmellingofthree-dayoldsweat.4)Inferfromcontext那里的服務(wù)設(shè)施已有改善,可以找到夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的旅店,吃到風(fēng)味食品,坐上空調(diào)旅游車(chē)了。Servicefacilitieshavebeenimproved.Touristscanfindstandardhotelrooms,localChinesefoodandair-conditionedtourbuses.只有等著瞧了。Onlytime

cantell.5)Supplementitassubject冷靜耐心地處理這個(gè)微妙的問(wèn)題是明智的。Itwouldbewisetohandlethisdelicateproblemwithcalmnessandpatience.看到學(xué)生人數(shù)不斷減少,校長(zhǎng)心理很難受。Itpainedtheheadmastertofindthenumberofstudentsshrinking.夏天很難保存食品。Itisdifficulttopreservefoodinsummer.2.4.4TranslationofEnglishnon-personalsubject

Acarefulinspectionwillshowyoutheleaksintheroof.

仔細(xì)檢查會(huì)讓你看到屋頂上的漏隙。(×)Thisticketwillgain

youadmission.這張門(mén)票會(huì)讓你獲得入場(chǎng)。(×)

1)PickuppersonalpronounHisslowness

losthimthechance.

他太遲鈍了,結(jié)果失掉了機(jī)會(huì)。

Athoughtcameintomyhead.

我產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)想法。

Readingthemagazineputmanynewthoughtsintomyhead.

我讀了那本雜志產(chǎn)生了許多新的想法。Whenhereyes

lookedup,theywereverylarge,oddandattractive.

她抬起頭來(lái),眼睛很大,很特別,楚楚動(dòng)人。Thejobkilledmytengoodyears.我做這工作,浪費(fèi)我整整10年的時(shí)間。

Themedicinekilledmypain.

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