初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和練習(xí)題

一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概述語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)共有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Heopenedthedoor.他打開了這扇門。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Thedoorwasopened.這扇門被打開了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)較常見的八種，現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞clean為例列表說(shuō)明：段形態(tài)一二'現(xiàn)在過去將來(lái)一殷ram1iscleaned.are｛中也￡cleanedwereTwillfeecleaned,ShaU進(jìn)行r皿1isbeingcleaned.，arc"wasbangcleaned-were完地rhavebeencleaned^-hashad.beencleanedrwillhavebeencleanedLshallam/is/are+done(過去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.has/havebeendone現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwe'rereadytostart.am/is/arebeingdone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.was/weredone一般過去時(shí)例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.hadbeendone過去完成時(shí)word完美格式例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing.was/werebeingdone過去進(jìn)行時(shí)例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.shall/willbedone一般將來(lái)時(shí)例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.shall/willhavebeendone將來(lái)完成時(shí)例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.2、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式變化：以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和動(dòng)詞invite為例，列表說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式變化：肯定句否定句Iaminvited.He/She/Itisinvited.WefYou/Theyareinvited.Iamnotinvited.He/Sh.e/Itisnotinvited.We/You/Theyarenotinvited.疑問句茴略回答肯定回答否定回答AmIinvitEd?昌IsJsheLinvited?Areyouinvited?Areweinvited?1_they_JYes,youareYes,|she[is.itYes,Jlam.Lwear&Yes,we/youare.Lthey}No,youaren't.產(chǎn)〕No,JsheLisnntLitJNo,jraiiinot.wearen't.No,Jwe/youaren't.Lthey3、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+匕一+過去分詞;其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成，“be+過去分詞”部分不變。如：Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石頭制造。Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那時(shí)桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過去時(shí)）Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問句）三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：1、不知道或沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。word完美格式如：Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear.這座橋是去年建造的。Hewaselectedchairman.他被選為主席。2、當(dāng)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。此時(shí)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由by引導(dǎo)置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，不需要時(shí)可以省略。如：Theroomhasn'tbeencleanedyet.房間還沒有打掃。Thetigerwaskilledbyhim.老虎被他殺死了。3、當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Thewindowwasblownbywind.窗戶被風(fēng)吹開了。Thewholevillagehasbeenwashedawaybytheflood.整個(gè)村莊都被洪水沖走了。4、表示客觀的說(shuō)明常用“Itis+過去分詞”句型。一些表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+匕一+過去分詞+todo5m.”。有：Itissaidthat…據(jù)說(shuō),什isreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為，Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.(=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.)如：ItissaidthatLucyhasgoneabroad.據(jù)說(shuō)露茜已經(jīng)出國(guó)了。Itisbelievedthatheisaspy.(二Heisbelievedtobeaspy.)大家相信他是個(gè)間諜。word完美格式四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換圖示:主動(dòng)句！Th.:larWdmtr巳已被劭句；Atr比 wasplant印them.賓蔽生語(yǔ)匕一過去分詞主語(yǔ)變?yōu)閎y…1、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟：(1)將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)：注意：如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞，需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。如：Tomkilledhim.—HewaskilledbyTom.(2)將動(dòng)詞改為“be+過去分詞”。注意：rbe動(dòng)詞與新主語(yǔ)相一致口工時(shí)態(tài)不變口如：Theyheldameetingyesterday.—Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他們昨天開會(huì)了。(3)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為by…放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。注意：如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞，則應(yīng)由主格變?yōu)橘e格。如：Hesangasong.—Asongwassungbyhim.word完美格式rTheydciftfarg^emu,他們不原諒我口LI皿力比版都即取them.我沒有被他們?cè)徔趂TheyaremakingamodelEhip.他們正在制作一個(gè)輪船模型口iAmodelshipisbeiiigmadebythem.—個(gè)輪船模型正在被他們制作口rWecanchangewaterinto;iu我們能把水變成冰口IWatercanbechangedintoice(Hy11s).水能醺被變成冰口2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)：⑴主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)如果是people,we,you,they,somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”的單詞，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，通常刪去“by…”，但原主語(yǔ)被強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)除外。如：Theysetupthishospitalin1975.fThishospitalwassetupin1975.這所醫(yī)院建于1975年。Onlyhecanfinishthejob.f只有他能完成這項(xiàng)工作。Thejobcanbefinishedonlybyhim.這項(xiàng)工作只能由他來(lái)完成。(2)含有雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。如：Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告訴了我們真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.Thetruthwastold(to)usbyJack.五、動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意的動(dòng)詞多為連系動(dòng)詞，如：look,feel,smell等。下歹動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式：happen,cost,have如：Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.(乂)昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.(\/)Theflowersmells5亞巳巳花這花聞起來(lái)很香。word完美格式Thewatchlooksgood.這表看起來(lái)很好。Thisbooksellswell.這本書暢銷。六、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語(yǔ)通常是物。例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：Thedoorwon'tlock.（指門本身有毛?。㏕hedoorwon'tbelocked.（指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門，指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?這些報(bào)紙是如何弓|出來(lái)的呢？.系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式，但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。.在need，want，require,bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）.這房子需要修理。.形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.（二Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.）.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon,（todo與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。）試比較：I,llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?（此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。）.在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。word完美格式例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.（可看作toworkout省略了forme）..在too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例Thisbookistooexpensive（forme）tobuy..在therebe…句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。例Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）.（用tolose可看成forustolose;用tobelost,誰(shuí)losttime不明確。）.在betodo結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)，被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而，由于古英語(yǔ)的影響，下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?八、介詞in,on,under等十名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞?！皍nder+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有：undercontrol（受控制），undertreatment（在治療中），underrepair（在修理中），underdiscussion（在討論中），underconstruction（在施工中）。例Thebuildingisunderconstruction（isbeingconstructed）.“beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎……勝過……、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyondbelief（令人難以置信），beyondone’sreach（鞭長(zhǎng)莫及），beyondone’scontrol（無(wú)法控制），beyondourhope.我們的成功始料不及。例Therumourisbeyondbelief（=can,tbebelieved）.“above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“（品質(zhì)、行為、能力等）超過……、高于……”。例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise.=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough.“for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“適于……、為著……”。如：forsale（出售），forrent（出租）等。例Thathouseisforsale.（=Thathouseistobesold）.“in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在……過程中或范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：inprint（在印刷中），insight（在視野范圍內(nèi)），等。例Thebookisnotyetinprint.（=isnotyetprinted）“on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在從事……中”。常見的有：onsale（出售），onshow（展出），ontrial（受審）。例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum（=arebeingshowed）.“outof+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；表示“超出……之外”，常見的有：outofcontrol（控制不了），outofsight（超出視線之外），outofone’sreach（夠不著），outoffashion（不流行）等。例Theplanewasoutofcontrol（can'tbecontrolled）.。word完美格式

“within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“在……內(nèi)、不超過例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission一.選擇填空Insomecountries,teawithmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.servedGreatchangesinmyhometownsince1980.A.havebeentakenplace B.tookplaceC.havetakenplace D.weretakenplaceThenewtypeofcarisgoingtointhreeyears.A.turnout B.beturnedoutC.hasturnedoutD.havebeenturnedoutThewomanmurderedherfriendandtoB.sentencing,dieD.sentenced,dieB.sentencing,dieD.sentenced,dieC.sentenced,death一Doyouliketheskirt?-Itsoft.A.isfeeling B.feltC.feels D.isfeltAreyoustillhere?Youwerehereanhourago.Whofor?D.doyouwaitA.areyouwaiting B.didyouwaitC.wereyouwaitingD.doyouwaittoknowProfessorZhang.A.Hesaid B.IsaidC.Heissaid D.Itsays-1wanttositatthetablenearthewindow.-Sorry,already.A.ittook B.ittakesC.itistaking D.ithasbeentakenTheletterthreedaysagoandityesterday.A.hadpost,hadarrived B.wasposted,arrivedC.posted,arrived D.hadbeenposted,wasarrivedHetoldmethatthefinalexaminationnextThursday.A.isgivenB.willbegivenC.wouldhavegivenD.wouldbegivenWaterintoice.D.canbechangedD.oftenputonD.werelettoD.canbechangedD.oftenputonD.werelettoD.isheardD.willbesentforA.puton B.areputon C.wasputonThebirdsflyawaylastSaturday.A.letto B.isletto C.wasletAstrangesoundyesterdayevening.A.washeard B.hears C.heardAbeautifulbikehimbyhisclassmates.A.sentto B.willsenttoC.wassenttoMissChenjusttospeakatthemeeting.A.has…beenasked B.hasbeen…askedC.Havebeen…askedD.have…beenaskedMeatoutinthisshop.Wecannow.A.havebeensold,getnothingB.hasbeensold,getnothingA.havebeensold,getnothingB.hasbeensold,getnothingword完美格式C.hasbeensold,getsome D.havebeensold,getsomeThenewplayintheatrenow.Whydon’tyougoinandseeit?A.isbeingshown B.isshowingC.isshown D.showsCanyoutell?A.whendidithappen B.whenwasithappenedC.whenithappened D.whenitwashappened20.thejobbyLucyorbyJohn?Tellmethetruth,please.A.Has…finished B.Has…beingfinishedC.Is…finish D.Has…beenfinished.用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)填空Whenthefirstman-madesatellite(send)upintospace?Lastyearvegetables(grow)inthegardenbyTomandhe(sell)themhimself.She(help)himwithhishomeworktomorrowevening.Howmanymagazines(canborrow)inyourlibraryeveryweek?John(hear)togoupstairstwohoursago.-Who(save)herfather?-He(save)bythatpoliceman.Thedoctor(sendfor)becausehisgrandpawasill.Mooncakes(make)byhismothereveryyear.yourmother(make)mooncakesforyoueveryyear?Sometoys(buy)asapresentsforthesechildrenlastMonday.paper(make)ofwood?.Correctthesesentences.(改正下列句子)Thishousebuilt100yearsago.Footballplaysinmostcountriesoftheworld.Whydidthelettersendtothe