語(yǔ)法專題6：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題之動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的分類行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)系動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞(be,do,did,does,have,has,had,will,shall,would)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,could,may,might,must,should,need,dare)及物動(dòng)詞vt.(study,visit…)不及物動(dòng)詞vi.(work,listen…)連系動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞感官類(sound,seem,smell…)變化類(become,turn,grow…)持續(xù)類(remain,keep,stay…)動(dòng)詞的作用謂語(yǔ)（時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，語(yǔ)氣）非謂語(yǔ)V-ingV-edtodo動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)（1現(xiàn)在時(shí)）

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every…,sometimes,always，often

at…,onSunday

Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)及格言中。

Theearthmovesaroundthesun.

Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.Pridegoesbeforeafall.(do/does)3)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Iliveinavillainthecentreofthiscity.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.知識(shí)擴(kuò)展：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)1）下列動(dòng)詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstart?Itstartsintenminutes.2）在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。

WhenBillcomes,askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.3）在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。

Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式1.表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。

Thewaterisboiling.2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必在進(jìn)行。

Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.

(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)3.表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。

Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.4.與always,constantly,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。

Youarealwayschangingyourmind.(am/is/aredoing)專四題操練：Monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrossthisopensea,which___thePacific,andwemetnostorms.A．wascalled

B．iscalled

C．hadbeencalled

D．hasbeencalled2.I_____ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplay B.haveplayedC.playedD.playBD3.SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasn'tstoppedringing.People___toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.

A.phone

B.willphone

C.werephoningD.arephoning4.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_____sorapidly.A.ischanging B.haschanged C.willhavechanged D.willchangeDA5.MyparentshavepromisedtocometoseemebeforeI____forAfrica.A.haveleftB.leaveC.leftD.willleave6.Ilookforwardtoahousethat____myself.isbelongingtoB.isofC.belongstoD.hasbelongedto7.--Oh,dear,Iforgottheairtickets.--You__something.AhaveleftBarealwaysleavingCareleavingDalwaysleft

BCB現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（has/havedone）（1）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。通常與just，already,before,yet,never,ever等連用。例如：

①Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.②Haveyoueverriddenahorse?③Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.

④I’vejustlostmysciencebook.（2）表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和for,since,sofar,inthelast/past…等連用。①Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.②ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.③Theyhavelivedheresince1990.注意：這種用法必須與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，如live，study，等，不能與短暫性動(dòng)詞連用，如come,die,marry,

等，但短暫性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.

Ihaven'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.√（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作，從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。例如：

I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）Itisthefirst/secondtime…that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.

但I(xiàn)twasthefirst/secondtime…that…用過(guò)去完成時(shí)

Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisisthe+最高級(jí)+n.+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(has/havebeendoing)1)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)終止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行著。如：--HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?--IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears.(動(dòng)作可能延續(xù))--Whyareyousodirty?--I'vebeenplayingfootball.(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù))2)與短暫性動(dòng)詞連用表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)（指斷斷續(xù)續(xù)而非一直不停）Someonehasbeenknockingatthedoor.ShehasbeenphoningJimeverynightforthepasttwoweeks.怎樣區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。

（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)havebeendoing強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的持續(xù)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身,直接結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)havedone則是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或取得的成就，強(qiáng)調(diào)最終結(jié)果。a.Myhandsareverydirty.I’vebeenpaintingthehouse.b.Ihavepaintedthehousegreen.Thehousewaswhite,butnowit’sgreen.

（2）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作極有可能延續(xù)下去，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不一定。如：a.I’vebeencleaningthehousebutIstillhaven’tfinished.b.I’vecleanedthehouse,butIstillhaven’tfinished.(×)

（3）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。如：Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately？（a）Haveyoumetherlately？（b）（a）句有“經(jīng)常相會(huì)”之意，（b）句則沒(méi)有。（4）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果，沒(méi)有什么感情色彩可言。如：Ihavebeenwantingtomeetyouforlong.（a）Ihavelongwantedtomeetyou．（b）RecentlyMaryhasbeendoingherworkregularly.(a)

RecentlyMaryhasdoneherworkregularly．（b）1._____mysisterthreetimestodaybutherlinewasalwaysbusy.

A.I’dphoned B.I’vebeenphoning

C.I’vephoned D.Iwasphoning2.---Youhaven’tbeentoBeijing,haveyou?---_____.HowIwishtogothere!A.Yes,Ihave B.Yes,Ihaven’t C.No,Ihave D.No,Ihaven’tCD3.---Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.---Iamtired.I_____thelivingroomallday.A.painted B.hadpainted C.havebeenpainting D.havepainted4.Nowthatsheisoutofjob,Lucy______goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.

A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.considered D.isgoingtoconsiderCB5.---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.

A.even,came

B.already,havecome

C.ever,come

D.ever,havecome6. They___ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe___onitasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.A.hadbeenworking;arestillworkingB.hadworked;werestillworkingC.havebeenworking;haveworkedD.haveworked;arestillworkingDA英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)（2過(guò)去時(shí)）一般過(guò)去時(shí)形式1）在過(guò)去具體時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。

Wheredidyougojustnow?IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Heusedtoactlikethat.（did）一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之比較1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在還在繼續(xù)。Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.2）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

Ilostmywallet.IhavelostmyIDcard,soIhavetoapplyforanewone.3）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?！蛞话氵^(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?！蚬餐臅r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately等。

◎現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。1.---Nancyisnotcomingtonight.---Butshe_____!A.promises B.promised C.willpromiseD.hadpromised2.Myuncle_____untilhewasforty-five.A.married B.didn’tmarry C.wasnotmarrying D.wouldmarry3.

—Bettypromisedmetocomeroundtokeepyoucompanytoday.

—Butshe_______.I’vebeenaloneallday.won't B.hadn't C.hasn't D.doesn't

BBC4.

SalesofCDs___sincetheearly1990s,whenpeople

___toenjoytheadvantagesofthisnewtechnology.greatlyincreased,begin

B.areincreasing,hadbegun

C.havegreatlyincreased,havebegun

D.havegreatlyincreased,beganD5.WhenIwasatcollegeI_____threeforeignlanguages,butI_____allexceptforafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgotten B.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgottenB過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式1）表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。Iwashavingbreakfastat7:30thismorning.2）描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。Mybrotherfellwhenhewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.3)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at…thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,when,while（was/weredoing）過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式1、概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。

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那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在2、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法：

1）過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或者某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.

(haddone)2）過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或者持續(xù)下去。

By11pm,hehadworkedfor12hours.

3）在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.4）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"

Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn’t.5)在hardly…when…,nosooner…than…,scarcely…when...句式中主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去式Ihadnosoonerenteredtheclassroomthanthebellrang.1.---Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?---I’msorryI____anythingaboutit.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.A.wasn’tsaying B.don’tsay C.won’tsay D.didn’tsay2.I_____totakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.

A.hopeB.havehoped C.hadhopedD.hoped

DC3.Asshe__thenewspaper,Granny__asleep.A.read…wasfallingB.wasreading…fellC.wasreading…wasfallingD.read…fell4.Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe______,withoutundressing.waslayingB.waslyingC.hadlaidD.hadlied說(shuō)明：lie--lay—lainlie--lied—liedlay--laid--laidBB5.Thelittlegirl____herheartoutbecauseshe____hertoybearandbelievedshewasn’tevergoingtofindit.hadcried,lost B.cried,hadlostC.hascried,haslost D.cries,haslost6.--Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.--Oh!Ithoughtthey__withoutme.went

B.aregoing

C.havegone

D.hadgoneBD7.Nosooner__thanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.A.hadthewordsbeenspokenB.thewordshadspokenC.thewordshadbeenspokenD.hadthewordsspokenA英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)（3將來(lái)時(shí)）一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall用于第一人稱，will用于各人稱WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示將來(lái)。

a.主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.

c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表示按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。

WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto+不定式，意為即將，馬上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，常用在有when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的主句中。5）位移性動(dòng)詞（come,go,leave,stay,arrive…）用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)IamspendingmyholidayinNingxiathissummer.

Iwasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.☆begoingto/will的用法之比較：1）begoingto表示根據(jù)跡象主觀判斷將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，will表示客觀上將來(lái)勢(shì)必發(fā)生的事情Heisseriouslyill.Heisgoingtodie.Hewillbetwentyyearsold.2）begoingto含有“計(jì)劃，打算”的意思，而will則沒(méi)有這個(gè)意思Sheisgoingtolendusherbook.Hewillbehereinhalfanhour.3）表示臨時(shí)決定馬上要做的動(dòng)作（多半是聽(tīng)了對(duì)方的話語(yǔ)后所作出的反應(yīng)），用will。--Thetelephoneisringing.--Iwillanswerit.

時(shí)間現(xiàn)在過(guò)去那時(shí)所預(yù)見(jiàn)的情況過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一、基本概念：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是立足于過(guò)去某時(shí)，從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看即將發(fā)生的事情。

1)Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim.2)Mybrothertoldmehewouldn’tbelieveJackanymore.二、基本形式：

would／should＋動(dòng)詞原形(其中would用于各種人稱，should常用于第一人稱Theyweresurethattheywouldwinthefinalvictory．Hedidn'texpectthatweshould（would）allbethere．三、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的一些其它表達(dá)形式：

1．was／were＋goingto＋動(dòng)詞原形Hesaidhewasgoingtotry．2．was／were＋to＋動(dòng)詞原形

TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay．3．was／wereabout＋動(dòng)詞原形Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain．4．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（一般多為動(dòng)作概念較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)詞，如go，come，leave，start，open，begin等）也可用于表示將來(lái)。

Ididn'tknowwhentheywerecomingagain．考例精練：

1.—Alice,whydidn'tyoucomeyesterday？

—I____，butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did2.I'vewonaholidayfortwoweekstoFlorida.I___mymom.A.takeB.havetakenC.amtakingD.willhavetaken

CC3.Ifaman_____succeed,hemustworkashardashecan.A.will B.istoC.isgoingtoD.should4.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____officesoon.A.leaves B.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft5.---You’veleftthelighton.---Oh,soIhave.___andturnitoff.A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoingBAB將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)形式a)表在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoGuangzhou.Whatwillyoubedoingateighttomorrowmorning?(will/shallbedoing)b)表示將來(lái)被客觀情況所決定的動(dòng)作或者按照安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Theleaveswillbefallingsoon.I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.將來(lái)完成時(shí)(willhavedone)