動(dòng)詞不定式講解、專項(xiàng)練習(xí)及答案

初中英語語法（動(dòng)詞不定式）.不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形（如towrite）所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成儂如上tobewriting，tohavewritten），也有被動(dòng)態(tài)（如tobewritten），所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外，沒有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。.不定式的用法1）不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago..Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge.在上述情況下，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語（形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替），而將不定式放到后面。如：1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通?？梢酝ㄟ^forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview.2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容詞（如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等）作表語時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語：1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.2）不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見的有：afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem..Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway..Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.動(dòng)詞+疑問代（副）詞+不定式：這類動(dòng)詞常見的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard初中英語語法總結(jié)，remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常見的疑問代（副）詞有：what,when,where,which,how,whether等。.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart..Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞（如find,think,consider,feel等）+it+形容詞+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o,clock.3）不定式做表語一種情況為主語是不定式（表示條件）；表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）：.Toseeistobelieve..Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.另一種情況為主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名詞為中心的短語，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式表語對(duì)主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用：；例如：.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture..Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice..WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience.4）不定式作定語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型：第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語。例如：.Therewasreallynothingtofear..Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread.如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith..Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout..Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento..Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon.第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如：.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect..Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending.第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish等。例如：.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher.havenowishtoquarrelwithyou.3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5）不定式作狀語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語：.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea..Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark..Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark.作目的狀語：.Sheraisedhervoicetobeheardbetter.2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter..WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam..WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam.作結(jié)果狀語：.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians..TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians..Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone..Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone.不帶to的不定式的使用動(dòng)詞不定式通常帶to,但在有些搭配中不帶to,在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：在can/could,/may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,need,dare等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。2)在表示感覺意義的動(dòng)詞，如see初中英語語法總結(jié)，feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后，或是表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞，如have,let,make等后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如：oftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes.但是，當(dāng)這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to不定式。例如：.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard．.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions.3)在動(dòng)詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如：.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后初中英語語法總結(jié)，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight.2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehavior.5)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：.Theyletgooftherope.他們松開了繩子。.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。3.I'veheardtellofhim.我聽說過他。4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents.由于生源不足，一些教職員工被解雇了。6）在介詞but初中英語語法總結(jié)初中英語語法總結(jié)，except之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必須帶to,表示“不得不初中英語語法總結(jié)，只能“。例如：.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm..Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender..Thespywasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein.4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短語是固定搭配，不帶to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.如果是下面一個(gè)固定搭配，就帶to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7）緊跟在why或whynot之后的動(dòng)詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who,what,which,whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.4.不定式的完成式和進(jìn)行式1）構(gòu)成完成式：to+havedone進(jìn)行式：to+bedoing2）用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)作之前初中英語語法總結(jié)，那么不定式就要用其完成式。進(jìn)行式：如果主要謂語動(dòng)作（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，那么不定式就要用其進(jìn)行式。例如：1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline..TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica..Whenyoucalledmelastnight, Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer..不定式的被動(dòng)形式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：.Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished..Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain.6.不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的標(biāo)志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain.2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout.單項(xiàng)選擇theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterB.TowaterC.WateringD.WateredThepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.providedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetPleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow,smeeting—I,vegottoomuchwork.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocomingWelookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfoundAfterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewentonhowmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplainedTotesteggs,theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey,rebad,iftheysinkthey,regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputtingPleaseremembertheplantswhileI,maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwateringwine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.MakeI,veneverbeensopoorabletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbeIdon,tknowwhethertostayinteachingoranotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.trygetI,llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout一Idon,twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseenInfact,shewasthefirstwomantosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelectedI,dlikeovertheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flying B.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflyingI'mlearningacake.Canyouexplainone?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,makingWhomwouldyouratherwithyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogoC.havegoneD.hastogoThehusbandadvisedtothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhimuptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”'Tdprefer,thankyou."A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can,tIwouldmend