化學(xué)專業(yè)英語競賽

化學(xué)專業(yè)英語一、無機(jī)化學(xué)1.periodictable元素周期表element元素metal金屬 nonmetal 非金屬 transitionmetal 過渡金屬group/family族period周期block區(qū)2.electronconfigurationelectronshell 電子層alkalimetal堿金屬alkalineearthmetal堿土金屬chalcogen氮族元素halogen 鹵素noblegas稀有氣體lanthanide鑭系元素actinide 錒系元素s-blocks區(qū)（H、He、堿金屬'堿土金屬）p-blockp區(qū)（IIIA?VIIA族、稀有氣體（He除外））d-blockd區(qū)（過渡金屬）f-blockf區(qū)（鑭系元素、錒系元素）電子排布，電子構(gòu)型shell （電子）層 subshell（電子）亞層atomicorbitalmolecule原子軌道分子structure 結(jié)構(gòu)molecular 分子的atom原子atomicnucleus原子核electron 電子electroncloud電子云ion離子anion/左n.aian/陰離子cation/'k^t.ai.sn/陽離子quantumnumber量子數(shù)principalquantumnumberazimuthalquantumnumbermagneticquantumnumberspinquantumnumber主量子數(shù)（principalquantumnumberazimuthalquantumnumbermagneticquantumnumberspinquantumnumber主量子數(shù)（n）角量子數(shù)（1）磁量子數(shù)（m）自旋量子數(shù)（s或m）1Wn0WlWn-1-IWmWl±1/2Pauliexclusionprinciple（泡利不相容原理）：Twoelectronscannotoccupythesamequantumstatewithinaquantumsystemsimultaneously.Hund,sprinciple/Hund,srule（洪特規(guī)則）：Iftwoorbitalsofequalenergyareavailable,electronswilloccupythemsinglybeforefillingtheminpairs.chemicalbond化學(xué)鍵ionicbond離子鍵 ionizationenergy電離能electronaffinity 電子親和能ionicpolarization離子極化dipole 偶極covalentbond 共價鍵metallicbond 金屬鍵（=metallicbonding）intermolecularforce分子間作用力vanderWaalsforce范德華力Lewisstructure路易斯結(jié)構(gòu)lonepairs 孤電子對，孤對電子valenceelectron價電子singlebond 單鍵multiplebond多重鍵（doublebond雙鍵，triplebond三鍵）chemicalreaction化學(xué)反應(yīng)四種基本反應(yīng)類型（fourbasictypes）：combinationreaction化合反應(yīng) C+O2=C02

decompositionreaction分解反應(yīng) Cu(OH)2=CuO+H2Odisplacementreaction(singledisplacementreaction)置換反應(yīng) Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cumetathesisreaction(doubledisplacementreaction)復(fù)分解反應(yīng)AgNO3+NH4I=NH4NO35+AgI1precipitation沉淀(作用)precipitate沉淀物其它反應(yīng)：reduction-oxidationreaction(=redoxreaction)氧化還原反應(yīng)oxidation氧化 reduction還原combustion燃燒(寸^口睡)stoichiometry/.stoiki'nmztri/化學(xué)計(jì)量 stoichiometricration 化學(xué)計(jì)量比reactivityseriesofmetals/activityseriesofmetals金屬活動性順序standardelectrodepotential 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢(符號E。)chemicalstabilityacid-basereaction化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性酸堿（中和）反應(yīng)chemicalstabilityacid-basereaction化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性酸堿（中和）反應(yīng)conjugatedacid共軛酸Lewisacid 路易斯酸Br0nstedacid Br0nsted酉食conjugatedbaseLewisbaseBr0nstedbase共軛堿路易斯堿Br0nsted堿solvation

hydrationsolvation

hydration7.solution溶液solute溶質(zhì)solvent溶劑concentration濃度concentrated濃的dilute稀的molality質(zhì)量摩爾濃度（mol溶質(zhì)/kg溶劑）molefraction摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)massfraction質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)massconcentration質(zhì)量濃度(kg/m3)osmoticpressure滲透壓molarconcentration摩爾濃度(mol/L)solubility溶解度solubilityproduct溶度積(Ks)soluble可溶的slightlysoluble微溶的insoluble難溶的，不溶的溶劑化作用solvate溶劑合物（如CaCl2-C2H5OH）水合作用 hydrate水合物（如CuSO4-5H2O）hemihydrate半水合物monohydrate一水合物dihydrate二水合物(tri-3,tetra-4,penta-5,hexa-6,hepta-7,octa-8,nona-9,deca-10,undeca-11,dodeca-12)8.compound(=chemicalcompound)化合物inorganiccompound無機(jī)化合物organiccompound有機(jī)化合物nomenclature/ns'menkl3tfb(r)/命名法empiricalformula實(shí)驗(yàn)式，簡式chemicalformulastructuralformula化學(xué)式結(jié)構(gòu)式 molecularformula分子式macromolecule 高分子coordinationcomplex配合物，絡(luò)合物polymer聚合物9.無機(jī)化合物命名法元素最低價（負(fù)）低價（正）次?較低價，亞?一般價態(tài)最高價，高?【O】oxygenoxide【Cl】chlorinehydrochloricadj.chloridehypochlorousadjhypochloritechlorousadj.chloritechloricadj.chlorateperchloricadj.perchlorate【MnJmanganesemanganousadj.manganitemanganicadj(+3)manganate(6價)permanganate【Fe】ironferrousadj.(+2)ferrite(+3)ferricadj.(+3)ferrate(+6)【Se】seleniumhydroselenicadj.selenideselenousadj.seleniteselenicadj.selenate

元素名以ium（或um）結(jié)尾的，去掉后綴，某化物加ide,如硫化鈉sodiumsulfide。次某酸鹽加hypoite,如次氯酸鈉sodiumhypochlorite。亞某酸鹽加ite，如亞硒酸鈉，sodiumselenite。正常價態(tài)的加ate，如磷酸銨ammoniumphosphate。高某酸鹽（+7和+8價）加perate，如高氯酸鉀potassiumperchlorateo形成的酸用相應(yīng)的形容詞性的詞+acid,如高氯酸perchloricacid,碳酸carbonicacid。離子用名詞詞性的詞+ion,如硝酸根離子nitrateion（變價金屬離子可用形容詞性的，如亞鐵離子ferrousion）。IUPAC命名法用羅馬數(shù)字標(biāo)注價態(tài)，如氯化鐵iron（III）chlorideo10.其它nuclearreaction 核反應(yīng)radiation 輻射，放射nuclide 核素allotrope 同素異形體amphotericcompound兩性化合物radioactivedecayisotopeallotropyproticsolvent放射性的 radioactivity衰變 criticalmass同位素同素異形現(xiàn)象isomer質(zhì)子溶劑 aproticsolvent放射性臨界質(zhì)量同分異構(gòu)體非質(zhì)子溶劑二、有機(jī)化學(xué)1.alkane 烷烴methane 甲烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丙烷（烷烴按詞頭+ane,5碳及以上的烷烴按數(shù)詞前綴+ane,前綴見一、5）saturatedhydrocarbons飽和烴 alkyl烷基aromatic芳香烴的 aliphatic脂肪烴的opticalisomer光學(xué)異構(gòu)體 chirality/kai'r田liti/手性asymmetricmolecule不對稱分子butanecycloalkane丁烷環(huán)烷烴2.unsaturatedhydrocarbons不飽和烴alkene 烯烴(后綴ene)ethylene 乙烯(=ethene)butene 丁烯acetylene 乙快(=?山丫比)1-butyne 1-丁快(=6a-1-丫尤)propadiene 丙二烯(=allene)additionreaction 力口成反應(yīng)functionalgroup官能團(tuán)ozonolysis 臭氧化反應(yīng)(ozone臭氧)cycloaddition環(huán)加成反應(yīng)alkyne(后綴yne)propylene (=propene) 丙烯pentene 戊烯propyne 丙快2-pentyne (=pent-2-yne) 2-戊快1,3-butadiene(=buta-1,3-diene)1,3-丁二烯substitutionreaction 取代反應(yīng)substituentgroup 取代基hydroboration-oxidationreaction硼氫化-氧化反應(yīng)free-radicaladdition 自由基加成反應(yīng)3.haloakane鹵代烷烴eliminationreaction消除反應(yīng)organometalliccompounds金屬有機(jī)化合物Grignardreagent格氏試劑allylchloride烯丙基氯electrophilicaddition親電加成反應(yīng)nucleophilicaddition親核加成反應(yīng)4.aromatichydrocarbon芳香烴(=arene)aromaticity芳香性benzene苯phenyl苯基benzyl芐基，苯甲基PAH(=Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons)多環(huán)芳烴naphthalene萘phenanthrene^菲anthracene蒽benzyne苯快aryne芳快toluene甲苯(=methylbenzene)xylene(o-,m-,p-)二甲苯（鄰、間、對）cumene異內(nèi)苯(=isopropylbenzene)styrene(=vinylbenzene)苯乙烯

5.groupscontainingoxygen含氧基團(tuán)alcohol醇methanol甲醇ketone酮acetone丙酮aldehyde醛acetaldehyde乙醛acylchloride酰氯carboxylate（羧酸）鹽ester（羧酸）酯peroxide過氧化物ether醚a(bǔ)nhydride酸酐formicacid甲酸ethylformate甲酸乙酯aceticacid乙酸ethylacetate乙酸乙酯6.groupscontainingnitrogen含氮基團(tuán)amide酰胺amine 胺ammine（無機(jī)）氨配體primaryamine伯胺secondaryamine仲胺tertiaryamine/'t3:Jbridmi:n/叔胺quaternaryammoniumcompound季銨鹽imine亞胺azide疊氮化物azocompound偶氮化物azobenzene偶氮苯diazoniumcompound重氮鹽azocoupling重氮偶合（反應(yīng)）azodye偶氮染料nitrate硝酸鹽，硝酸酯nitrile腈isonitrile異睛acetonitrile乙睛oxime肟(R1R2C=NOH)nitrite亞硝酸鹽，亞硝酸酯nitrocompound硝基化合物nitrosocompound亞硝基化合物7.groupscontainingsulfur含硫化合物thiol硫醇ethanethiol乙硫醇sulfide（無機(jī)）硫化物，（有機(jī)）硫醚disulfide二硫化物sulfoxide亞颯(R1R2s=O)sulfone颯(R1R2s(=O)2)sulfonicacid磺酸sulfonate苯磺酸鹽thiocyanate硫氰酸鹽，硫氰酸酯8.heterocycliccompound雜環(huán)化合物NitrogenOxygenSulfur5-memberedring(Saturated)四氫吠喃tetrahydropyran(THF)5-memberedring(Unsaturated)oNHpyrrole毗咯Qfuran吠喃Qthiophene噻吩6-memberedring(Saturated)Hpiperidine哌啶

三、物理化學(xué)1.stateofmatter物態(tài)solid固體 liquid 液體phasediagram相圖 triplepoint 三相點(diǎn)temperature溫度 pressure 壓力crystal（=crystallinesolid） 晶體melting熔化 sublimation 升華boiling沸騰 evaporation 蒸發(fā)saturatedsolution飽和溶液super-saturatedsolution過飽和溶液gas 氣體 plasma等離子體criticalpoint臨界點(diǎn)degreeoffreedom 自由度amorphoussolid非晶體，無定形體freezing 凝固 condensation液化deposition 凝華 crystallization結(jié)晶unsaturatedsolution未飽和溶液Supersaturation過飽和（狀態(tài)）2.crystalstructure晶體結(jié)構(gòu)spacelattice晶格，空間點(diǎn)陣coordinationnumber配位數(shù)unitcell 晶胞 alloy 合金crystalsystem晶系3.chemicalthermodynamics化學(xué)熱力學(xué)internalenergy 內(nèi)能（U）Helmholtzfreeenergy亥姆霍茲自由能（A）enthalpy 焓（H）Zerothlawofthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)第零定律）：idealgas 理想氣體Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯自由能（G）entropy 熵（S）Iftwosystemsareinthermalequilibriumwithathirdsystem,theyareinthermalequilibriumwitheachother.Thislawhelpsdefinethenotionoftemperature.Firstlawofthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)第一定律）：Whenenergypasses,aswork,asheat,orwithmatter,intooroutfromasystem,thesystem'sinternalenergychangesinaccordwiththelawofconservationofenergy.Equivalently,perpetualmotionmachinesofthefirstkindareimpossible.Secondlawofthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)第二定律）：Inanaturalthermodynamicprocess,thesumoftheentropiesoftheinteractingthermodynamicsystemsincreases.Equivalently,perpetualmotionmachinesofthesecondkindareimpossible.Thirdlawofthermodynamics（熱力學(xué)第三定律）：Theentropyofasystemapproachesaconstantvalueasthetemperatureapproachesabsolutezero.Withtheexceptionofnon-crystallinesolids（glasses）theentropyofasystematabsolutezeroistypicallyclosetozero,andisequaltothelogarithmoftheproductofthequantumgroundstates.4.chemicalkinetics化學(xué)動力學(xué)chemicalequilibrium化學(xué)平衡reactionmechanism反應(yīng)機(jī)理reactiveintermediate活性中間體catalysis 催化作用heterogeneouscatalysis多相催化，非均相催化autocatalysis 自催化catalystpoison 催化劑毒物dynamicequilibrium動態(tài)平衡activatedcomplex 活化配合物，活化絡(luò)合物catalyst（縮寫cat.）催化劑enzyme 酶homogeneouscatalysis均相催化inhibitor 抑制劑reactionrate 反應(yīng)速率，化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率

elementaryreactionrate-determiningstep基元反應(yīng)速率控制步驟（=rate-limitingstepfreeradical(=radical))(縮寫區(qū)口5)自由基5.electrochemistry電化學(xué)anode陽極cathode陰極halfreaction半反應(yīng)electrochemicalcell電化學(xué)電池，電化電池electrolysis電解electrode電極electrodepotential電極電勢6.colloidchemistry膠體化學(xué)colloid膠體dispersion分散系gel凝膠sol溶膠aerogel氣凝膠aerosol氣溶膠emulsion乳濁液suspension懸濁液7.surfacechemistry表面化學(xué)interface界面phaseboundary相界面surfactant表面活性齊I」（合成詞，surfaceactiveagents）zwitterionic兩性離子的nonionic非離子型的surfacetension表面張力contactangle接觸角四、分析化學(xué)1.analysis分析qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析chemicalan