英美概況名詞解釋-史上最全哦

====Word行業(yè)資料分享--可編輯版本--雙擊可刪====源-于-網(wǎng)-絡-收-集英國部分1.TheThamesRiver2.TheHighLanders3.TheBritishCommonwealth英聯(lián)邦4.Cockney倫敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.TheMaritimeClimate海洋性氣候7.TheEnglishChannel8.TheChunnel英吉利海峽隧道9.“peasoup”fogs倫敦霧10.Britishisles11.Stonehenge:巨石陣12.Thomasbecket:托馬斯13.GeoffreyChaucer14.Joanofarc:圣女貞德15.lollards:羅拉德派16.ThePuritans清教徒17.JuliusCaesar18.TheHardrian'sWall哈德連長城19.Heptarchy七王國21.Witan賢人會議22.AlfredtheGreat豆瓣23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服24.ThebattleofHastings25.TheDanelaw施行丹麥法的地區(qū)26.NormanConquest諾曼征服27.DomesdayBook英國國王1806年頒的土地調(diào)查清冊28.TheBlackDeath黑死病29.thedivinerightsofkings君權神授30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(考過)31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙無敵艦隊32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命33.TheGunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案34.BloodMary血腥瑪麗35.rottenboroughs衰敗選區(qū)36.MrsPankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女權的主要倡導者之一。37.theleagueofnations國際聯(lián)盟38.theblitz閃電戰(zhàn)39.thebeatles甲克蟲樂隊40.Thatcherism撒切爾主義41.balanceofpayments收支平衡42.johnMaynardKeynes43.visibletradeandinvisibletrade44.Europeanunion歐盟45.Monetaristpolicies(貨幣主義政策)46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工會法47.Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)48.Britishdisease英國病49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制50.PrivyCouncil樞密院51.Commonlaw公共法52.thestateopeningofparliament53.TheCivillist英國王室費(考過)54.thecivilservice公務員(考過)55.lifepeer終身貴族56.acquittal無罪裁決57.cross-examination58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭59.probation緩刑60.capitalpunishment死刑61.themetropolitanpoliceforce62.TheNationalHealthService英國國民保健制度63.nationalinsurance社會保險64.generalpractitioner(GP)65.socialworker66.thesalvationarmy67.Comprehensiveschools68.Reuters路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公費保證的學校70.eleven-plus(升學考試)71.BBC72.Rupertmurdoch73.thebritishmuseum74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDayIreland(愛爾蘭)美國部分1.AmerigoVespucci2.theMississippi3.Hispanics4.WASPS5.babyboom6.thegreatlakes7.Ellisisland8."thegreatcompromise"9.theEmancipationProclamation10.notaxtationwithoutrepresentation11.theChineseExclutionAct12.Indenturedservants13.bostonteaparty(考過)14.continentaldivide15.federalists16.thegettysburgaddress17.thekukluxklan18.muckrakers黑幕揭發(fā)者19.intolerantnationalism20.theredscare21.theprogressivemovement22.overload23.TheNewDeal24.thetrumandoctrine25.themarshallplan26.thesmithact27.thecivilrightsactof196428.thepovertyline29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32checksandbalances33.winner-take-all34.thefreeenterprisesystem35.thefederalsystem36.separationofpowers37.privateschool38.schooldistrict39.globaleducation40.poorrichard'salmanac41.transcendentalism42.jazz43.knickerbockersera44.father'sday45.mother'sday46.congressionalmedalofhonor47.UNICEF48.GreatCanyon49.NewEngland50.HispanicAmericans51.Chicanos52.PuertoRicans53.FederalistPapers54.TheFirstContinentalCongress55.ManifestDestiny56.TheBlackThursday57.NewFrontier58.PortHuronStatement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.AmericanCornBelt62。AmericanCornBelt63。ThreegiantsinAmericanautomobileindustry64.ElectoralCollege65USpresidentialinauguration66communitycollege67newbasics68Knickerbockers69LeavesofGrass70HarlemRenaissance71Halloween72independenceDay英國概況名詞解釋(全部版)1.TheThamesRiverTheThamesRiveristhesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritain.Itis336KMlong,risinginsouthwestEnglandandflowingthroughEnglandandoutintotheNorthSea.Itflowsratherslowly,whichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation.2.TheHighLandersTheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.Theymainlylivebyfarmingsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.3.TheBritishCommonwealth英聯(lián)邦TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachmembernation.Atpresentthereare50memberscountieswhitinthecommonwealth(1991).是曾為英國殖民地，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)獨立構成的自由聯(lián)合體。4.Cockney倫敦佬AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon5.Eisteddfodaufestivalsofsonganddanceandpoetrycelebratedbythewelshthroughtheyear.Bythiswaythewelshkeepthewelshlanguageandwelshculturealive.6.TheMaritimeClimate海洋性氣候Thetypeofclimatewhenwinterismild,nottoocoldandsummeriscool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.7.TheEnglishChannelAChannelthatseparatesBritainfromtherestofFranceisquitenarrow.Achanneltunnelunderthischannelwasbuiltin1994tojointhetwocountriestogether.8.TheChunnel英吉利海峽隧道In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.9.“peasoup”fogs倫敦霧thefamous“peasoup”fogswerethickheavyyellowfogsofLondonandothercitiesseldomoccuranymore.厚的\重的\黃色的霧氣10.BritishislesTheBritishIslesismadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.11.Stonehenge:巨石陣ItisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesonSalisburyPlain,Wiltshire,regardedasoneofthemostimportantmonuments紀念碑ofitskindinEurope,andverypopularwithvisitors.12.Thomasbecket:托馬斯hewasEnglishchurchmanandstatesman.hebecameChancellorofEnglandunderHenryIIin1155.hewasappointedArchibishopofCanterburyin1162.13.GeoffreyChaucerHewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb墳墓.BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.14.Joanofarc:圣女貞德shewasanationalheroineofFranceduringthehundredyear’swar,shesuccessfullyledthefrancetodrivetheEnglishoutoffrance.15.lollards:羅拉德派theywerepoorpriestsandtravelingpreacherswhowerejohnwyclif’sfollowers.theyplayedanimportantroleinthementalpreparationsforthepeasantuprisingof1381.theypreachingtheequalityofmenbeforegod.16.ThePuritans清教徒ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.17.JuliusCaesarHewasagreatRomangeneral.In55BCand54BC,heinvadedBritaintwice.BecauseoftheresistenceoftheBritishpeople,hewithdrewwithhostagesandprisoners.That'sthebeginningoftheRomaninvasion.帶著人質(zhì)和俘虜撤退。18.TheHardrian'sWall哈德連長城ItwasoneoftwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.由羅馬人修建，把皮克特人擋在已征服的地區(qū)之外。19.Heptarchy七王國DuringtheAnglo-Saxon'stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishPeopletoChristianity.Hewasverysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility.HewasthefirstarchbishopofCanterbury.教皇，格里高力一世派圣奧古斯丁到英格蘭去使英格蘭人皈依基督教。21.Witan賢人會議Witanwasthecouncilormeetingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.22.AlfredtheGreat豆瓣AlfredwasastrongkingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas"ThefatheroftheBritishnavy".HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Healsotranslatedbooksandestablishedschools.Allthisearnedhimthetitle"AlfredtheGreat".23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct.1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.建立了封建制度24.ThebattleofHastingsIn1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday'sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.哈羅德被威廉擊敗。25.TheDanelaw施行丹麥法的地區(qū)Bythemiddleoftheninthcentury,theVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessexwhosecapitalwasWinchester.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(-"theDanelaw"),whileAlfredwouldruletherest.協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而阿爾弗雷德統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。26.NormanConquest諾曼征服TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.27.DomesdayBook英國國王1806年頒的土地調(diào)查清冊ItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.28.TheBlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.29.thedivinerightsofkings君權神授thetheorythatakingruleswiththeauthorityofgod.30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(考過)thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙無敵艦隊thefleetsenttoinvadeEnglandbyPhilipIIofspainin1588.32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.33.TheGunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgun-powderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellow-conspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.34.TheBlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.35.rottenboroughs衰敗選區(qū)aparliamentaryconstituencywhichpossessedtherighttoelectmembersofparliamenteventhoughitspopulationhaddwindledorwasnonexistent.議會選民區(qū)都有權利去選舉議會的成員即使它的人口已經(jīng)下降或是不存在。36.MrsPankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女權的主要倡導者之一。britishsuffragette,shefoundedthewomen’ssocialandpoliticalunion,shediedamonthbeforewomengainedfullvotingequalitywithmen.37.theleagueofnations國際聯(lián)盟aninternationalorganizationof1920—1946setupafterthefirstworldwartopromoteinternationalcooperationandtoachieveinternationalpeaceandsecurity.38.theblitz閃電戰(zhàn)anairattack,particularlytheLondonblitzof1940—1941.theworldisfromthegerman“blitzkrieg”39.thebeatles甲克蟲樂隊oneofbritain’smostinfluentialpopgroups,firstperformingin1959inLiverpool.40.Thatcherism撒切爾主義Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.包括國有工業(yè)私有化，用貨幣政策控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會，加強市場力量在經(jīng)濟中的作用，強調(diào)法律與秩序。41.balanceofpayments收支平衡itisthedifferencebetweenthemoneyfromexportsandthecostofimports.42.johnMaynardKeyneshewasaninfluentialbritisheconomist.Keynesmaintainedthatgovernmentsshouldusefiscalpolicytostabilizetheeconomy.用財政使經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定.</P<p>43.visibletradeandinvisibletradevisibletradeistradeofgoodssuchasmachineswhileinvisibletradeistradeofservicessuchasbankingandtourism.44.Europeanunion歐盟ECstandsforEuropeancommunity.ECisnowcalledEuropeanunion(EU).itisanorganizationof15westernEuropeancountriesthatpromotescooperationamongitsmembers.45.Monetaristpolicies(貨幣主義政策)SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory(傳統(tǒng)的凱恩斯理論)wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.增加供應，減少需求來打擊通貨膨脹。一方面，減少稅收增加經(jīng)濟活力；另一方面，增加利率減少貨幣支出。46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工會法Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingittosupportstrikeaction.使工會合法化，并給其財政保障。這意味著從法律上而言，為福利募集資金與為罷工募集資金毫無二至。47.Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)Thenewfarminghasbeencalled“agribusiness”,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm48.Britishdisease英國病Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.50.PrivyCouncil樞密院AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.51.Commonlaw公共法thetraditionalunwrittenlawofEngland,basedoncustomandthedecisionsofjudgesoveraperiodofyearsratherthanonwrittenlawspassedbyparliament.英國的不成文法，以法官的判斷和習慣為依據(jù)，而不以議會的成文法為依據(jù)。52.thestateopeningofparliamenttheofficialopeningofanewsessionofparliament,usuallyattheendofOctoberorbeginningofNovember,orafterageneralelection.53.TheCivillist英國王室費(考過)anannualallowance,approvedbyparliament,madetothesovereignandmembersoftheroyalfamilyfortheexpenseinvolvedincarryingouttheirpublicduties.議會每年一次的津貼補助對君主和皇家成員在行使公共職務時的花費。54.thecivilservice公務員(考過)thebodyofstateofficialsthathelpsthegovernment.55.lifepeer終身貴族apersonwhoisgivenapeerage貴族地位thatisnothandedoftohisorherdescendants,usuallyasarewardforpublicservice.56.acquittal無罪裁決acquittalbroadlymeansthattheindividualisreleasedordischargedwithoutanyfurtherprosecutionforthesameactortransaction.是意味著被指控者無罪開釋，并再也不可就這件特定罪行被指控。57.cross-examinationthequestioningofawitness,byapartyorlawyerotherthantheonewhocalledthewitness,concerningmattersaboutwhichthewitnesshastestifiedduringdirectexamination.58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timebation緩刑aschemewherebyacriminaloffenderisplacedunderthesupervisionofaprobationofficerforaperiodofbetweensixmonths(12monthsinscotland)andthreeyears.6個月到三年之間。60.capitalpunishment死刑theexecutionofacriminalbyhanging.capitalpunishmentalsoknownasthedeathpenalty.61.themetropolitanpoliceforcethepoliceforceresponsibleforLondon,withitsheadquartersatnewScotlandyard.62.TheNationalHealthService英國國民保健制度ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.63.nationalinsurance社會保險thesumleviedonallworkingpeoplebythestateasaninsuranceagainstsicknessandunemployment.64.generalpractitioner(GP)adoctorwhoisnotaspecialistbutwhohasamedicalpracticeinwhichhetreatsallillness.65.socialworkerapersonemployedbyalocalauthorityoravoluntaryorganizationtogivepracticalaidandadvicetopeopleinneed.66.thesalvationarmyaworld-wideChristianorganizationfoundedbyWilliambooth,in1865.itgivingpracticalaidandspiritualcomforttothepoorandneedy.救世軍。67.ComprehensiveschoolsComprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.68.Reuters路透社是世界前三大的多媒體新聞通訊社，提供各類新聞和金融數(shù)據(jù)，在128個國家運行。路透提供新聞報導給報刊、電視臺等各式媒體，并向來以迅速、準確享譽國際。另一方面，路透提供工具和平臺，例如股價和外幣匯率，讓交易員可以分析金融數(shù)據(jù)和管理交易風險；同時路透的系統(tǒng)讓客戶可以經(jīng)由因特網(wǎng)完成買賣，取代電話或是紐約證券交易所的買賣大廳等人工交易方式，它的電子交易服務串連了金融社群。路透社是最早的通訊社，也是目前英國最大的通訊社和西方四大通訊社之一。Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公費保證的學校theyarestateschoolsoutsidelocaleducationauthoritycontrol.therearenotuitionfeesattheseschools.由國家學校以外的當?shù)亟逃龣C構控制，在這些學校是免費的。70.eleven-plusanexaminationformerlyusedtoselectschoolpupilsatabout,theageof11foranappropriatesecondaryeducation.一種考試對11歲孩子選擇適當?shù)闹械冉逃?1.BBCthebritishbroadcastingcorporation,theUKorganizationresponsibleformakingantransmittingofitsowntelevisionandradioprograms.72.Rupertmurdochaustralian-bornusnewspaperpublisher.hebecameauscitizenin1985.73.thebritishmuseumthenationalmuseumofarchaeologyandethnographyinBloomsbury,London.考古學和人種學。74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDayThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.Ireland(愛爾蘭)1、peaceagreementonnorthernireland2、republicofIreland—therepublcofirelandisanindependentcountrysituatedinwesternEurope.itoccupiesfour-fifthsoftheislandofIreland.itscapitalisDublin.therepublicofIrelandisalsoknownasEireinIrish.3、IrishCatholicism—irelandisoneofthemostcatholiccountriesofEurope.Catholicismisanintegralandpervasiveinflunceonnationallife.today93.1%oftheirishpopulationareRomanCatholics.abouthalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.愛爾蘭裔。4、Easterurprisingof1916—theeasterurprisingtookplaceinApril1916.agroupofnationalistsseizedtheDublingeneralpostofficeanddeclaredtheindependenceofIreland.afteraweekoffighting,therebellionwassuppressedbythebritisharmyandmostofitsleaderexecuted.5、Anglo-irishtreaty—from1918—1921therewasfightingbetweentheirishrepublicanarmyandthebritishgovernment.in1921thebritishsignedtheAnglo-irishtreaty.thebritishgovernmentagreedtoorganizeapartitionofireland.thesouthernpartofirelandgaindominionstatusastheirishfreestate,whilethenorthernpartwouldremainapartoftheUnitedkingdom.6、Fiannafail----itisthelargestpoliticalpartyinIreland.itshistoricprinciplesareneutrality,promotionofGaelicandstrongsupportforaunitedireland.itsneweconomicpolicesincludesupportfortheEC,ahighleverofpublicexpendituretoreduceunemploymentandfullemployment.7、FineGael----oneofthetwomajorpartiesinireland.itchangeditsimagefromaconservativepartytoasociallyprogressivepartysincethe1960s.itadvocatesaprogramofexpandedsocialservices,butislessinfavourofpromotingGaelicthanfiannafailis.8、JamesJoyce----themostwell–knownirishwriterofthe20thcentury.hismainworksincludeDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistAsAYoungManandUlysses.hisinnovationsinlanguageandstylehavedeeplyinfluenced20thcenturywriting.9、Irishoririshgaelic---itisacelticlanguage.10、UlyssesisJamesJoyce’smasterpiece.杰作ThenoveldescribestheeventsofonedayinthelivesofseveralpeopleinDublinandexplorestheirsub-consciousminds.小說描述了都柏林的幾個人在一天里的事情，探索了他們的潛意識思想。11、IrishFamine---IrishFaminereferstothewidespreadstarvationofIrishpeasantrywhichfollowedtheeffectsofpotatocropfailureinthemid-19thcentury.ItwasoneofthereasonsthatIrelandsufferedalotofthelossofpopulation.12、IrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)---TheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isananti-Britishmilitaryforceestablishedintheearly20thcentury.SincetheIrishCivilWar,IRAhasremainedaforcetobereckonedwith對付inIrishpolitics.InrecentdecadesIRAcontinuestodemandthattheRepublicofIrelandshouldbeunitedwiththesixcountriesthatfromNorthernIreland.美國部分1.AmerigoVespucci---AmerigoVespucci,anavigator,provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafter.2.theMississippi---themississippihasbeencalled"fatherofwaters"or"oldmanriver",themississippianditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.itisthemostimportantriverintheworld.它與它的支流流經(jīng)世界上最富饒的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)之一。3.Hispanics---itstandsforthespanish-speakingpopulationoftheunitedstates.thesepeoplemainlycenterinnewmexico,californiaandtexas.therearethreemajorhispanicgroupshistoricallyhavingthegreatinfluenceontheus.theyarechicanos,thepuertoricansandthecuban-americans.4.WASPS---WASPSarethemainstreamamericans,referingtothewhiteAnglo-saxonprotestants.5.babyboom--babyboomreferstothehigherbirthratebetween1946and1964.6.thegreatlakes---thegreatlakesarethemostimportantlakesintheunitedstates.theyarelakesuperior,lakemichigan,lakehuron,lakeEireandlakeontario.7.Ellisisland---Ellisislandwasanimportantimmigrationreceptionspotinthe1890andattheturnofthecentury.8."thegreatcompromise"---"thegreatcompromise"ofjuly16,givingeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate'spopulation."大妥協(xié)",即參議院中各州有相同的選舉權,而眾議院代表應按各洲人口比例產(chǎn)生.9.theEmancipationProclamation---duringthecivilwar,lincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheunionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.解放宣言,由林肯頒布,為了得到國內(nèi)外對聯(lián)邦的支持.解放宣言給了所有奴隸以自由.10.notaxtationwithoutrepresentation---thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecisionmaking,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxes.沒有代表權不交稅，就是說他們?nèi)绻麑χ趁竦氐氖聞諞Q策沒有代表權，他們將沒有義務繳納稅金。11.theChineseExclutionAct---itwaspassedbytheu.scongressinmay1882,itstoppedchineseimmigrationfortenyears.排華法案在1882年5月由美國國會通過，它10年內(nèi)禁止中國移民入境。12.Indenturedservants---indentureservantsrefertosomeimmigrantswhohastoworkforafixedtermfortheirmasterstorepaythecross-atlanticfareanddebts.契約傭工，指一些移民必須要在一個限定的時期里為他們的雇主工作來償還他們橫渡大西洋的費用和債務。13.bostonteaparty(考過)---in1773,whenshipsofteareachedbostonandthegovernorwasdetermindtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,severaldozenbostonresidentsdressedasindiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.thiscametobeknownasthe"bostonteaparty".波士頓傾茶事件，1773年，當滿載茶葉的船只到達波士頓時，總督大人決定看看，以確保茶葉卸載時得到合法保護，晚上，幾個波士頓居民化裝成印度人來到船上仍掉了價值75，000的茶葉。這就是著名的波士頓傾茶事件。14.continentaldivide---itisanimaginarylinethatseparatesstreamsthatflowintothepacificoceanfromthosethatflowintotheatlantic.那是一條難以想象的線，將流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流劃分開來。15.federalists---theywerethosewhodemandedastrongnationalsystemandwholaterstrugglehardfortheratificationoftheconsititution.聯(lián)邦制擁護者就是指那些要求建立堅固的國家體系，之后又為憲法的通過全力奮斗的人。16.thegettysburgaddress---itreferstotheshortspeechpresidentlincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatgettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperish死亡fromtheearth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在陣亡將士墓落成儀式上發(fā)表的一個簡短的演說</P<p>17.thekukluxklantehkkkwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin186