《鍋爐原理》課件PPT-01 緒論brief introduction

Chapter1Introduction

第一章緒論第一節(jié)鍋爐設備的作用、構造和工作原理1.1TheFunction,ConfigurationandworkingprocessofBoiler第二節(jié)鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype第三節(jié)鍋爐分類1.3Boilerclassification第四節(jié)鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex第五節(jié)工業(yè)鍋爐房設備的組成1.5Industrialboilerroomsystem第六節(jié)鍋爐發(fā)展簡史1.6ThegeneraldevelopingsituationofboilerEnergysource:ElectricpowerIndustry:chemical,paper,Energysaving:heatrecoveryEnvironmentalprotection:de-SO2,de-NOxMonticelloSteamElectricStationMartinLakeSteamElectricStation860MWTaxes,USAmericanmap1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理Energyconversioninapowerplant

火電廠中能量轉換過程Steamgenerator(Boiler)SteamturbineGenerator鍋爐：化學能－熱能汽輪機：熱能－機械能發(fā)電機：機械能－電能1.火力發(fā)電廠生產(chǎn)過程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant鍋爐系統(tǒng)(西交大)Energyconversioninapowerplant

火電廠中能量轉換過程Let’swatchaflashArizonaStateUniversity1.火力發(fā)電廠生產(chǎn)過程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)什么是鍋爐?Aboilerisadeviceforheatingwaterandgeneratingsteamaboveatmosphericpressure. 生產(chǎn)蒸汽或熱水的換熱設備Workingfluid(waterorotherfluid)inaclosedvesselisheated.Theheatedorvaporizedfluidexitstheboilerforuseinvariousprocessesorheatingapplications.

工質在封閉容器中加熱，并供給各種熱用戶What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)Theboilerconsistsofacompartmentwherethefuelisburnedandacompartmentwherewatercanbeevaporatedintosteamforavarietyofapplication. 鍋爐包括鍋和爐兩部分：爐子燃燒，鍋用于加熱工質Steamerisaclosedvesselwithhightemperature,highpressure

汽鍋是一種高溫高壓設備Furnaces:firingdifferentfuels:Fossilfuels(coal,oil,naturalgas),biomass,etal.

可供爐內燃燒的燃料有：化石燃料(煤、油、天然氣)、生物質等1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理thermodynamicsSimplekettleboiler2.ThefunctionofBoiler鍋爐的作用PrimaryfunctionistoconvertchemicalornuclearenergyboundinthefueltoheatandproduceHigh-T,High-Psteam.

使燃料在爐內燃燒放熱，并將鍋內工質由水加熱成具有足夠數(shù)量和質量(T,P,純凈度)的過熱蒸汽，供汽輪機使用。Primaryamongtheseareelectricpowergenerationandindustrialprocessheating主要用途發(fā)電和工業(yè)加熱.Energysource:electricpower能源：電力Industry:chemical,paper工業(yè)：化學、造紙Energysaving:heatrecovery節(jié)能：余熱利用Environmentalprotection:De-SO2,De-NOx

環(huán)保ChemicalenergyThermalenergySteam1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理3.Boilershape鍋爐的型式Inordertoaccomplishthesedifferenttasks,differenttypesofboilersweredeveloped:開發(fā)了不同型式的鍋爐Smallpackageboiler(fig.1-1):factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.快裝鍋爐750t/d

mass-firedrefusepowerboiler(fig.1-4)廢物鍋爐Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity(fig.1-2)高參數(shù)發(fā)電鍋爐Thelargefield-erectedutilityboiler(Fig.3)散裝鍋爐Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler(fig.1-5)循環(huán)流化床鍋爐PCStockerCFBC1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理Fig.1-1Smallpackageboiler快裝鍋爐

factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity電站鍋爐Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity電站鍋爐Fig.1-3Largefield-erectedcoal-firedutilityboilerFig.1-4750t/dmass-firedrefusepowerboilerFig.1-5Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Fig.6Bubbledfluidized-bedcombustionboiler

鼓泡流化床鍋爐LurgiCFBboiler魯奇型循環(huán)流化床1、爐膛furnace2、旋風分離器cyclone3、過熱器superheater4、外置式換熱器externalexchanger5、煤倉coalsilo6、返料裝置Ashrecycle7、石灰石進料口limestoneinlet8、灰冷卻器ashcooler9、省煤器economizer10、空氣預熱airheater11、除塵器dustcollector12、引風機IDfan13、尾部煙道gasduct14、汽包steamdrum4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結構1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Vesselswithwaterandsteam,whichincluding: 汽鍋：盛水及蒸汽的容器，包括：SteamDrum汽包(鍋筒)Downcomer下降管Header聯(lián)箱Water-cooledWall水冷壁Superheater過熱器Reheater再熱器Economizer省煤器…

Boiler4pipes鍋爐四管1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結構1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Furnace:Combustionsystem--fuelcombustionandreleaseheat,whichincluding: 爐子：提供燃料燃燒，同時放出大量熱的設備Burners燃燒器Furnace爐膛Airducts風道Airheaters空氣預熱器4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結構1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Safeauxiliary

安全附件Waterlevelindicators:toshowtheoperatortheleveloffluidintheboiler,awatergaugeorwatercolumnisprovided.

水位計：測量汽包中水位Pressuregauge:toshowthepressureinvessels.

壓力表：測量壓力Safetyvalve:usedtorelievepressureandpreventpossibleexplosionofaboiler.

安全閥：釋放壓力，保證安全1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結構2)

BoilerAuxiliarysystem鍋爐輔助系統(tǒng)Fuelsupplyingsystem燃料供應系統(tǒng)Coalpulverizationsystem煤粉制備系統(tǒng)Feedwatersystem給水系統(tǒng)Draftsystem通風系統(tǒng)Ashhandlingandcollectingsystem除灰除塵系統(tǒng)Water-steampipelinesystem汽水管道系統(tǒng)Measurementandcontrollingsystem測量和控制系統(tǒng)1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration3)BoilerAuxiliary輔助裝置Boilerenclosures,casing,insulationandstairs金屬鋼架及平臺扶梯Boilersetting鍋爐爐墻Boilerenclosures外殼Casing護板Insulation絕熱保溫Stairs樓梯Platform平臺Buckstay

金屬鋼架Support支承SHL10型鏈條鍋爐外觀1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理5.

Boilerworkingprocess鍋爐的工作過程Processoffuelcombustion,whichproduceshightemperaturefluegas,dischargeashes(BAandFA).

燃料的燃燒過程,燃料在爐內燃燒生成高溫煙氣，并排出灰渣的過程Processofheatreleasefromfuelgastoworkingmedia(waterorsteam) 煙氣向工質的放熱過程Processofwaterheatedandevaporated 水的加熱與汽化過程A和B：燃燒系統(tǒng)的工作過程C：汽水系統(tǒng)的工作過程5.

Boilerworkingprocess鍋爐的工作過程Combustionprocessoffuels燃料的燃燒過程Thecombinationofthecombustiblefuelelementsandcompoundsinthefuelwithalloxygenrequires:Temperatures

highenoughtoignitetheconstituents,Mixingorturbulencetoprovideintimateoxygen-fuelcontact,Sufficienttimetocompletetheprocess.在一定的燃燒燒設備內，良好燃燒應具備的條件：高溫環(huán)境空氣與燃料的良好混合足夠的停留時間3T1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理§1-1鍋爐的基本結構及工作原理

1.1BoilerConfigurationandworkingprocess6.Systemarrangement燃煤電站系統(tǒng)布置Productionofelectricity

發(fā)電Thesupplyofprocesssteam

供熱Fig.1-9

showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility 現(xiàn)代燃煤電廠系統(tǒng)布置Fig.1-10identifiesthemajorsubsystem,whichincluding: 燃煤電廠子系統(tǒng)包括：Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料處理系統(tǒng)Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽鍋爐和燃燒Environmentalprotection環(huán)境保護Turbine-generator蒸汽輪機Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排熱（含冷卻塔）cogenerationcombination熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)pp.1-5Fig.1-9showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility

現(xiàn)代燃煤電廠系統(tǒng)布置Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料處理系統(tǒng)Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽鍋爐和燃燒系統(tǒng)Turbine-generator蒸汽輪機Watertreatment水處理Environmentalprotection環(huán)境保護DeNOx(LowNOxburner,fuelreburning,SCR,etc.)FlueGasDesulphurization,FGD脫硫Particulatecollector(ElectroStaticPrecipitorsESP,Baghouse,fabricfilter,etc)除塵Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排熱(含冷卻塔)Substationtransformer電力傳輸pp.1-5Fig.1-10Themajorsubsystemofcoal-firedpowerplant

燃煤電廠子系統(tǒng)圖1-2themajorsubsystemofaPCboiler

煤粉鍋爐及其輔助系統(tǒng)示意圖Notshow:Turbine-generator1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Coalcombustionsubsystem燃煤系統(tǒng)原煤倉燃燒器制粉系統(tǒng)煤閘門鏈條爐排給煤機爐膛煤粉爐鏈條爐流化床爐磨煤機CoalsiloBurnerPulverizerCoalgateGrateCoalfeederFurnacePCBoilerStockerFBCPulverizer7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Airsupplyingsubsystem送風系統(tǒng)送風機高溫級空氣預熱器熱風道風室布風板爐膛低溫級空氣預熱器ForceddraftfanHightempAirpreheaterDuctsAirroomDistributorFurnaceLowerTempairheater1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Fluegasflowsubsystem引風系統(tǒng)爐膛中高溫煙氣高溫過熱器低溫過熱器省煤器空氣預熱器除塵器煙囪凝渣管引風機脫硫HighTfluegasHTsuperheaterLTsuperheaterEconomizerAirheaterESPStackScreenIDfanDeSO2radiationradiation+convectionconvectionconvectionWater-cooledwall1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(1)原水凝結水泵化學水處理軟水除鹽水低壓加熱器除氧器高壓加熱器省煤器汽包給水泵RawwaterPumpWatertreatment軟水除鹽水LPheaterDeaeratorHPheaterEconomizerSteamdrumPump1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結構及工作原理§1-1鍋爐的基本結構及工作原理

1.1Boilerconfigurationandworkingprocess7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(2)SaturatedSTDowncomerHeaderWater-cooledwallSteam-WaterConnectingTubes

SteamdrumSeparationSH/Application補給水飽和蒸汽下降管下降管集箱水冷壁管上集箱汽水連接管汽鍋汽水分離過熱和應用補給水Make-upwaterNextpage§1-1鍋爐的基本結構及工作原理

1.1BoilerconfigurationandworkingprocessWater-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(2)1.

Boilercapacity鍋爐容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilercapacity:steamflowrateperhourproducedbysteamboiler(t/h). 蒸發(fā)量：蒸汽鍋爐每小時所生產(chǎn)的蒸汽流量。Nominalcapacity(Boilerratedload,BRL)

(t/h) 額定蒸發(fā)量：蒸汽鍋爐在額定蒸汽壓力、額定蒸汽溫度、額定給水溫度、燃用設計燃料和保證的鍋爐效率條件下所規(guī)定的蒸發(fā)量。Boilerspecifiesevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteampressure,nominalsteamtemperature,nominalfeedwatertemperature,burningdesignfuelandguaranteeofboilerefficiency.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.

Boilercapacity鍋爐容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilermaximumcontinuousrating(BMCR) 鍋爐最大連續(xù)蒸發(fā)量：在額定蒸汽參數(shù)、額定給水溫度和燃用設計煤種時，長期連續(xù)運行時所能達到的最大連續(xù)蒸發(fā)量(t/h)。Boilermaximumcontinuousrating:Boilerevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteamparameter,nominalfeedwatertemperatureandburningdesignfuelandlong-termcontinuousoperation.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號2.

Nominalsteamparameters鍋爐額定蒸汽參數(shù)額定蒸汽壓力和額定蒸汽溫度的總稱。額定蒸汽壓力

Nominalsteampressure,P(MPa,Psi)蒸汽鍋爐在規(guī)定的給水壓力和負荷范圍內，長期連續(xù)運行時，應保證的鍋爐主汽閥出口處的蒸汽壓力(absolutepressure

絕對壓力)Boilersshouldguaranteethemainsteamvalvepressureattherangeofspecifiedfeedwaterpressureandload.額定蒸汽溫度Nominalsteamtemperature,T(℃,F)蒸汽鍋爐在規(guī)定的負荷范圍內，額定蒸汽壓力和額定給水溫度下，長期連續(xù)運行時應保證的鍋爐主汽閥出口處的蒸汽溫度。

1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號Industrialboilerswhichproducesaturatedsteam,andjustindicatethesaturatedsteampressure.

工業(yè)鍋爐：生產(chǎn)飽和蒸汽，參數(shù)只標鍋爐出口的飽和蒸汽壓力。

Powerstationboilerswhichproducesuperheatedsteam,andshowthetemperatureandpressureofsuperheatedsteam. 電站鍋爐：過熱器出口的過熱蒸汽壓力和過熱蒸汽溫度。1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號3.

Feedwatertemperature給水溫度Thetemperatureattheeconomizerinlet給水在省煤器入口處的溫度tgs,(℃,F),表1-1我國電站鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)及容量系列ParametersBMCR(t/h)Electricitypower(MW)P(MPa)T(oC)FWT(oC)2.5低壓4001052033.9中壓450145~15535,656,12165~175130259.9高壓540205~225220,41050,10013.8超高壓540/540220~250420,670125,20016.8亞臨界540/540250~280102530017.5亞臨界540/540260~2901025,2008300,60025超臨界545/545260~2901000,2650300,8001.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號4.Boilertypes鍋爐型號的表示方法1)Industrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐由三部分組成：Boilerproper/combustionequipment/capacity本體/燃燒設備/蒸發(fā)量Steamparameters蒸汽參數(shù)Fuel/designnumber燃料/設計次數(shù) Forexample:SHL10-1.3/350-W2型鍋爐2)Powerstationboiler電站鍋爐至今沒有標準化，同一型號，結構可能不同。由三部分組成:Manufacturer生產(chǎn)廠家Steamparameters蒸汽參數(shù)Designnumber設計次數(shù) Forexample:BG-75/3.8-1;

SG-670/13.7-540/540-2型鍋爐1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1)Industrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐型號的表示方法SHL10-1.25/350-WIISHL10-1.3/350-W2型鍋爐2)Hotwaterboiler熱水鍋爐型號的表示方法QXW2.8-1.25/90/70-AII1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號3)powerstation

boiler電站鍋爐型號的表示方法DG-670/13.7-540/540-5SG-670/13.7-540/540-2HG-1021/18.2-540/540-YM41.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類1.bycombustionmethod按燃燒方式分類Gratefiringboiler層燃爐Travelinggrateboiler鏈條爐排爐Spreaderstokerfiredboiler

拋煤機鏈條爐排爐Shakinggrateboiler振動爐排爐Suspensionfiringboiler室燃爐Pulverizedcoalfiredboiler煤粉鍋爐Coal-waterslurryfiredboiler水煤漿鍋爐Oilfiredboiler燃油鍋爐Gasfiredboiler燃氣鍋爐Fluidizedbedcombustionboiler流化床Bubbledfluidizedbedcombustionboiler鼓泡流化床鍋爐Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustionboiler循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Pressurizefluidizedbedcombustionboiler增壓流化床鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類2.Bysteamparameter按蒸汽參數(shù)Atmosphericpressurehotwaterboiler常壓熱水鍋爐:P=0

Lowpressureboiler低壓鍋爐：P<2.5MPaMediumpressureboiler中壓鍋爐:P=2.9~4.9MPa,3.8MPa,450℃。Highpressureboiler高壓鍋爐:P=7.8~10.8MPa,9.8MPa,540℃。Superhighpressureboiler超高壓鍋爐:P=11.8~14.7MPa,13.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Subcriticalpressureboiler亞臨界壓力鍋爐:p=15.7~19.6MPa,最常用的蒸汽參數(shù)為16.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Supercriticalpressureboiler超臨界壓力鍋爐:P>22.1MPa,常用的蒸汽參數(shù)為23.5~26.5MPa，538~543℃/538~566℃。Ultrasupercriticalboiler超超臨界鍋爐:P≥24.2~28MPa，過熱汽溫和再熱汽溫≥580~600℃。3.byapplicationfieldIndustrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐Powerstationboiler電站鍋爐Hotwaterboiler熱水鍋爐Domesticboiler生活鍋爐Marineboiler船用鍋爐4.ByassembledtypePackageboiler快裝鍋爐Shop-assembledboiler組裝鍋爐Field-assembledboiler散裝鍋爐220噸高壓電站煤粉鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類5.ByWatercirculationNaturalcirculationboiler自然循環(huán)鍋爐Forcedcirculationboiler強制循環(huán)鍋爐Once-throughboiler直流鍋爐Combinedcirculationboiler復合循環(huán)鍋爐Lowcirculationboiler低倍率循環(huán)鍋爐6.ByheattransfermethodShellboiler鍋殼式鍋爐Firetubeboiler火管鍋爐Water-firetubeshellboiler水火管鍋殼式鍋爐Watertubeboiler水管鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類7.ByfueltypesSolid-fuelfiredboiler固體燃料鍋爐Liquid-fuelfiredboiler液體燃料鍋爐Gas-fuelfiredboiler氣體燃料鍋爐Exhaustheatboiler(heatrecoveryboiler)余熱鍋爐Electricboiler電熱鍋爐Solarboiler太陽能鍋爐Nuclearboiler核能鍋爐Biomassfiredboiler生物質鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類8.BypressureofcombustionchamberPressurefiredboiler微正壓鍋爐Superchargedboiler增壓鍋爐9.Byash-dischargemethodBoilerwithdry-ashfurnace固態(tài)排渣鍋爐Boilerwithslag-tapfurnace液態(tài)排渣鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類10.OthertypesMultifunctionboiler(steamandhotwater)汽水兩用鍋爐Coiltubeboiler盤管式鍋爐Vacuumphase-changeboiler真空相變鍋爐Organicheattransfermaterialheater有機載熱體爐Horizontalinternal-combustionboiler臥式內燃鍋爐Cornertubeboiler角管式鍋爐Verticalboiler立式鍋爐Low-capacityboiler小型鍋爐Cast-ironboiler鑄鐵鍋爐Universal-pressureboiler通用壓力鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標經(jīng)濟技術指標Economictechnicaltargetsofboiler鍋爐的效率：指鍋爐輸出熱量（即有效利用熱量）占輸入鍋爐熱量的百分數(shù),

Boilerefficiency:thepercentageofboileroutputheat(theeffectiveheat)tothetotalinputheat.鍋爐耗電率：生成一噸蒸汽所耗用的電量,kW·h/t

Boilerelectricalconsumptionrate:Boilersconsumeelectricalpowerforproducingonetonofsteam.鍋爐鋼材耗用率：鍋爐單位蒸發(fā)量所耗用的鋼材噸數(shù)。t/h

Boilersteelconsumptionrate:tonofsteelforunitcapacity.

鍋爐容量越小、參數(shù)越高，鋼材耗用率大。1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標安全技術指標Safetytechnicaltargetsofboiler連續(xù)運行小時數(shù)continuousoperatinghours事故率accidentrate可用率availabilityrate利用率utilizationrate額定容量利用率nominalcapacityutilizationrate1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標1.

Boilerefficiency鍋爐效率Thepercentageofboilerheatoutput(effectivequantityofheat)tothetotalheatinput.現(xiàn)代大型電站鍋爐的熱效率都在90%以上。工業(yè)鍋爐熱效率為50%～80%1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標2.

Boilerefficiency(netefficiency)鍋爐凈效率Boilernetefficiency:thepercentageofeffectivequantityofheatdeductingtheheatforsteamandelectricityusedbyitself

tototal

inputheatoffuels.鍋爐凈熱效率：鍋爐輸出有效利用熱量扣除鍋爐自耗汽和自用電后與輸入鍋爐總熱量的百分比。B:燃料消耗量Qzy:鍋爐自用熱b:電廠發(fā)電標準煤耗量∑P:電廠輔助設備實際消耗功率1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標3.

Boilersafetyindex鍋爐安全性指標1)Boilercontinuousoperatinghour

鍋爐連續(xù)運行小時數(shù)兩次被迫停爐進行檢修之間的運行小時數(shù)。2)Boileravailabilityrate

鍋爐可用率鍋爐總運行小時數(shù)及總備用小時數(shù)之和，與該統(tǒng)計期間總小時數(shù)的百分比1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟指標3.

Boilersafetyindex鍋爐安全性指標3)Boileraccidentrate鍋爐事故率在統(tǒng)計期間，鍋爐總停爐小時數(shù)與總運行小時數(shù)和總事故停爐小時數(shù)之和的百分比。目前，我國大中型電站的連續(xù)運行小時數(shù)在5000h以上，事故率為1％，平均可用率90％?！?-5工業(yè)鍋爐房設備的組成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemHeatsourcesBoilerroom鍋爐房熱源:BoilerproperAuxiliaryequipments§1-5工業(yè)鍋爐房設備的組成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemBoilerproper鍋爐本體Steamdrum汽鍋Superheater蒸汽過熱器Economizer省煤器Airheater空氣預熱器Furnace爐子Auxiliaryequipments輔助設備Fuelsupplying/ashdischarged燃料供應、排渣及除塵設備Draftequipments通風設備Watertreatmentandsupplyingsystem給水設備MeasurementandControlsystem儀表控制設備Theearlyuseofsteam200B.C.,古希臘叫Hero的人發(fā)明了一種供宮廷欣賞的設備，后來成為最早使用蒸汽產(chǎn)生動力的裝置。In200BC，aGreeknamedHerodesignedasimplemachinethatusedsteamasapowersource.Hebeganwithacauldronofwater,placedaboveanopenair.Asthefireheatedthecauldron,thecauldronshelltransferredtheheattothewater.Whenthewaterreachedtheboilingpointof212F,itchangedformandturnedintosteam.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史TheearlyuseofsteamThomasSavery’sengine:thefirstcommerciallysuccessfullysteamturbine.ThomasNewcomen’sbeanengine:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史鍋爐技術的發(fā)展與工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的需要和科學技術的進步緊密相關。鍋爐沿著兩個方向發(fā)展：Fire-tubeboiler:在圓筒形鍋爐的基礎上，在鍋筒內部增加受熱面，形成煙管鍋爐系列Water-tubeboiler:在圓筒形鍋筒外部增加受熱面，形成水管鍋爐系列水管鍋爐是鍋爐發(fā)展的一大飛躍。1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史Fire-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史Water-tubeboiler:IncreaseheattransferareaoutsidethedrumStraighttubeInclinedstraighttubeBenttube1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史Water-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史當時產(chǎn)生蒸汽的鍋爐為圓筒形，筒外加熱1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史ThefirstrealadvancementinboilerdesigncameaboutwiththeinventionofthePlainCylinderBoiler.

Itwasasimpledesignandeasilyconstructed.Asitsnameimplies,thePlainCylinderBoilerisalongmetalcylinderwithconical(round)endssethorizontallyinabrickwork.

Someoftheseboilerswere40feetlong.

Thecylinderwashalffilledwithwaterandafireignitedinfurnaceatoneend.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史TheCornishBoilermadeseveraldesignchanges.First,thefurnacewasplacedinsideametaltubemeasuringthreefeetormoreindiameter(fromsidetoside).

Andthistubewasplacedinsidetheboiler.

Havingallthathotmetalinsidetheboilergreatlyincreasedtheamountofheattransferredtothewater.Atthefrontoftheboilerthehotgassesweredirecteddownwardintoflue#3andtraveledaftbeneaththeboilertothechimney.

1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史

Engineersanddesignersofsteamboilershadlongunderstoodtherelationshipbetweentheamountofheatgeneratedinafurnaceandtheabilityofwatertoabsorbthatheat.

Basically,thelargerwatersurfaceexposedtotheheatthemoreheatistransferredtothewater.Anumberofrelativelysmall(31/2inchdiameter)metaltubespasshorizontallythroughthewatercylinderandactflues.

These“firetubes”werearrangedabovethefurnaces,butbelowthewatersurface.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡史Sofarinthisshorthistoryofthesteamboilerwehavelookedathowthehorizontalboilerdeveloped.

ButhereImusttakeasidetrackandexplainsomethingaboutthevertical(upright)boilersworked.Thewatertankorboilerisaverticaltanknotahorizontalcylinde