《鍋爐原理》課件PPT-01 緒論brief introduction

Chapter1Introduction

第一章緒論第一節(jié)鍋爐設(shè)備的作用、構(gòu)造和工作原理1.1TheFunction,ConfigurationandworkingprocessofBoiler第二節(jié)鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype第三節(jié)鍋爐分類1.3Boilerclassification第四節(jié)鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex第五節(jié)工業(yè)鍋爐房設(shè)備的組成1.5Industrialboilerroomsystem第六節(jié)鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史1.6ThegeneraldevelopingsituationofboilerEnergysource:ElectricpowerIndustry:chemical,paper,Energysaving:heatrecoveryEnvironmentalprotection:de-SO2,de-NOxMonticelloSteamElectricStationMartinLakeSteamElectricStation860MWTaxes,USAmericanmap1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理Energyconversioninapowerplant

火電廠中能量轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程Steamgenerator(Boiler)SteamturbineGenerator鍋爐：化學(xué)能－熱能汽輪機(jī)：熱能－機(jī)械能發(fā)電機(jī)：機(jī)械能－電能1.火力發(fā)電廠生產(chǎn)過(guò)程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant鍋爐系統(tǒng)(西交大)Energyconversioninapowerplant

火電廠中能量轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程Let’swatchaflashArizonaStateUniversity1.火力發(fā)電廠生產(chǎn)過(guò)程

Theworkingprocessofapowerplant1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)什么是鍋爐?Aboilerisadeviceforheatingwaterandgeneratingsteamaboveatmosphericpressure. 生產(chǎn)蒸汽或熱水的換熱設(shè)備Workingfluid(waterorotherfluid)inaclosedvesselisheated.Theheatedorvaporizedfluidexitstheboilerforuseinvariousprocessesorheatingapplications.

工質(zhì)在封閉容器中加熱，并供給各種熱用戶What’stheBoiler(Steamgenerators)Theboilerconsistsofacompartmentwherethefuelisburnedandacompartmentwherewatercanbeevaporatedintosteamforavarietyofapplication. 鍋爐包括鍋和爐兩部分：爐子燃燒，鍋用于加熱工質(zhì)Steamerisaclosedvesselwithhightemperature,highpressure

汽鍋是一種高溫高壓設(shè)備Furnaces:firingdifferentfuels:Fossilfuels(coal,oil,naturalgas),biomass,etal.

可供爐內(nèi)燃燒的燃料有：化石燃料(煤、油、天然氣)、生物質(zhì)等1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理thermodynamicsSimplekettleboiler2.ThefunctionofBoiler鍋爐的作用PrimaryfunctionistoconvertchemicalornuclearenergyboundinthefueltoheatandproduceHigh-T,High-Psteam.

使燃料在爐內(nèi)燃燒放熱，并將鍋內(nèi)工質(zhì)由水加熱成具有足夠數(shù)量和質(zhì)量(T,P,純凈度)的過(guò)熱蒸汽，供汽輪機(jī)使用。Primaryamongtheseareelectricpowergenerationandindustrialprocessheating主要用途發(fā)電和工業(yè)加熱.Energysource:electricpower能源：電力Industry:chemical,paper工業(yè)：化學(xué)、造紙Energysaving:heatrecovery節(jié)能：余熱利用Environmentalprotection:De-SO2,De-NOx

環(huán)保ChemicalenergyThermalenergySteam1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理3.Boilershape鍋爐的型式Inordertoaccomplishthesedifferenttasks,differenttypesofboilersweredeveloped:開(kāi)發(fā)了不同型式的鍋爐Smallpackageboiler(fig.1-1):factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.快裝鍋爐750t/d

mass-firedrefusepowerboiler(fig.1-4)廢物鍋爐Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity(fig.1-2)高參數(shù)發(fā)電鍋爐Thelargefield-erectedutilityboiler(Fig.3)散裝鍋爐Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler(fig.1-5)循環(huán)流化床鍋爐PCStockerCFBC1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理Fig.1-1Smallpackageboiler快裝鍋爐

factory-assembled,fullyautomatedgas-firedboiler,whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital.Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity電站鍋爐Fig.1-2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity電站鍋爐Fig.1-3Largefield-erectedcoal-firedutilityboilerFig.1-4750t/dmass-firedrefusepowerboilerFig.1-5Circulatingfluidized-bedcombustionboiler循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Fig.6Bubbledfluidized-bedcombustionboiler

鼓泡流化床鍋爐LurgiCFBboiler魯奇型循環(huán)流化床1、爐膛furnace2、旋風(fēng)分離器cyclone3、過(guò)熱器superheater4、外置式換熱器externalexchanger5、煤倉(cāng)coalsilo6、返料裝置Ashrecycle7、石灰石進(jìn)料口limestoneinlet8、灰冷卻器ashcooler9、省煤器economizer10、空氣預(yù)熱airheater11、除塵器dustcollector12、引風(fēng)機(jī)IDfan13、尾部煙道gasduct14、汽包steamdrum4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結(jié)構(gòu)1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Vesselswithwaterandsteam,whichincluding: 汽鍋：盛水及蒸汽的容器，包括：SteamDrum汽包(鍋筒)Downcomer下降管Header聯(lián)箱Water-cooledWall水冷壁Superheater過(guò)熱器Reheater再熱器Economizer省煤器…

Boiler4pipes鍋爐四管1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結(jié)構(gòu)1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Furnace:Combustionsystem--fuelcombustionandreleaseheat,whichincluding: 爐子：提供燃料燃燒，同時(shí)放出大量熱的設(shè)備Burners燃燒器Furnace爐膛Airducts風(fēng)道Airheaters空氣預(yù)熱器4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結(jié)構(gòu)1)

Boilerproper鍋爐本體Safeauxiliary

安全附件Waterlevelindicators:toshowtheoperatortheleveloffluidintheboiler,awatergaugeorwatercolumnisprovided.

水位計(jì)：測(cè)量汽包中水位Pressuregauge:toshowthepressureinvessels.

壓力表：測(cè)量壓力Safetyvalve:usedtorelievepressureandpreventpossibleexplosionofaboiler.

安全閥：釋放壓力，保證安全1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration鍋爐基本結(jié)構(gòu)2)

BoilerAuxiliarysystem鍋爐輔助系統(tǒng)Fuelsupplyingsystem燃料供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)Coalpulverizationsystem煤粉制備系統(tǒng)Feedwatersystem給水系統(tǒng)Draftsystem通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Ashhandlingandcollectingsystem除灰除塵系統(tǒng)Water-steampipelinesystem汽水管道系統(tǒng)Measurementandcontrollingsystem測(cè)量和控制系統(tǒng)1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理4.Boilerconfiguration3)BoilerAuxiliary輔助裝置Boilerenclosures,casing,insulationandstairs金屬鋼架及平臺(tái)扶梯Boilersetting鍋爐爐墻Boilerenclosures外殼Casing護(hù)板Insulation絕熱保溫Stairs樓梯Platform平臺(tái)Buckstay

金屬鋼架Support支承SHL10型鏈條鍋爐外觀1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理5.

Boilerworkingprocess鍋爐的工作過(guò)程Processoffuelcombustion,whichproduceshightemperaturefluegas,dischargeashes(BAandFA).

燃料的燃燒過(guò)程,燃料在爐內(nèi)燃燒生成高溫?zé)煔猓⑴懦龌以倪^(guò)程Processofheatreleasefromfuelgastoworkingmedia(waterorsteam) 煙氣向工質(zhì)的放熱過(guò)程Processofwaterheatedandevaporated 水的加熱與汽化過(guò)程A和B：燃燒系統(tǒng)的工作過(guò)程C：汽水系統(tǒng)的工作過(guò)程5.

Boilerworkingprocess鍋爐的工作過(guò)程Combustionprocessoffuels燃料的燃燒過(guò)程Thecombinationofthecombustiblefuelelementsandcompoundsinthefuelwithalloxygenrequires:Temperatures

highenoughtoignitetheconstituents,Mixingorturbulencetoprovideintimateoxygen-fuelcontact,Sufficienttimetocompletetheprocess.在一定的燃燒燒設(shè)備內(nèi)，良好燃燒應(yīng)具備的條件：高溫環(huán)境空氣與燃料的良好混合足夠的停留時(shí)間3T1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理§1-1鍋爐的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

1.1BoilerConfigurationandworkingprocess6.Systemarrangement燃煤電站系統(tǒng)布置Productionofelectricity

發(fā)電Thesupplyofprocesssteam

供熱Fig.1-9

showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility 現(xiàn)代燃煤電廠系統(tǒng)布置Fig.1-10identifiesthemajorsubsystem,whichincluding: 燃煤電廠子系統(tǒng)包括：Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料處理系統(tǒng)Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽鍋爐和燃燒Environmentalprotection環(huán)境保護(hù)Turbine-generator蒸汽輪機(jī)Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排熱（含冷卻塔）cogenerationcombination熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)pp.1-5Fig.1-9showsamoderncoal-firedpowergeneratingfacility

現(xiàn)代燃煤電廠系統(tǒng)布置Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料處理系統(tǒng)Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽鍋爐和燃燒系統(tǒng)Turbine-generator蒸汽輪機(jī)Watertreatment水處理Environmentalprotection環(huán)境保護(hù)DeNOx(LowNOxburner,fuelreburning,SCR,etc.)FlueGasDesulphurization,FGD脫硫Particulatecollector(ElectroStaticPrecipitorsESP,Baghouse,fabricfilter,etc)除塵Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排熱(含冷卻塔)Substationtransformer電力傳輸pp.1-5Fig.1-10Themajorsubsystemofcoal-firedpowerplant

燃煤電廠子系統(tǒng)圖1-2themajorsubsystemofaPCboiler

煤粉鍋爐及其輔助系統(tǒng)示意圖Notshow:Turbine-generator1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Coalcombustionsubsystem燃煤系統(tǒng)原煤倉(cāng)燃燒器制粉系統(tǒng)煤閘門(mén)鏈條爐排給煤機(jī)爐膛煤粉爐鏈條爐流化床爐磨煤機(jī)CoalsiloBurnerPulverizerCoalgateGrateCoalfeederFurnacePCBoilerStockerFBCPulverizer7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Airsupplyingsubsystem送風(fēng)系統(tǒng)送風(fēng)機(jī)高溫級(jí)空氣預(yù)熱器熱風(fēng)道風(fēng)室布風(fēng)板爐膛低溫級(jí)空氣預(yù)熱器ForceddraftfanHightempAirpreheaterDuctsAirroomDistributorFurnaceLowerTempairheater1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Fluegasflowsubsystem引風(fēng)系統(tǒng)爐膛中高溫?zé)煔飧邷剡^(guò)熱器低溫過(guò)熱器省煤器空氣預(yù)熱器除塵器煙囪凝渣管引風(fēng)機(jī)脫硫HighTfluegasHTsuperheaterLTsuperheaterEconomizerAirheaterESPStackScreenIDfanDeSO2radiationradiation+convectionconvectionconvectionWater-cooledwall1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(1)原水凝結(jié)水泵化學(xué)水處理軟水除鹽水低壓加熱器除氧器高壓加熱器省煤器汽包給水泵RawwaterPumpWatertreatment軟水除鹽水LPheaterDeaeratorHPheaterEconomizerSteamdrumPump1.1Function,ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler

§1-1鍋爐的作用、結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理§1-1鍋爐的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

1.1Boilerconfigurationandworkingprocess7.

schematicofboilersubsystems鍋爐各子系統(tǒng)流程Water-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(2)SaturatedSTDowncomerHeaderWater-cooledwallSteam-WaterConnectingTubes

SteamdrumSeparationSH/Application補(bǔ)給水飽和蒸汽下降管下降管集箱水冷壁管上集箱汽水連接管汽鍋汽水分離過(guò)熱和應(yīng)用補(bǔ)給水Make-upwaterNextpage§1-1鍋爐的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

1.1BoilerconfigurationandworkingprocessWater-steam

subsystem水汽系統(tǒng)(2)1.

Boilercapacity鍋爐容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilercapacity:steamflowrateperhourproducedbysteamboiler(t/h). 蒸發(fā)量：蒸汽鍋爐每小時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的蒸汽流量。Nominalcapacity(Boilerratedload,BRL)

(t/h) 額定蒸發(fā)量：蒸汽鍋爐在額定蒸汽壓力、額定蒸汽溫度、額定給水溫度、燃用設(shè)計(jì)燃料和保證的鍋爐效率條件下所規(guī)定的蒸發(fā)量。Boilerspecifiesevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteampressure,nominalsteamtemperature,nominalfeedwatertemperature,burningdesignfuelandguaranteeofboilerefficiency.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.

Boilercapacity鍋爐容量(出力),De(t/h,kg/s)Boilermaximumcontinuousrating(BMCR) 鍋爐最大連續(xù)蒸發(fā)量：在額定蒸汽參數(shù)、額定給水溫度和燃用設(shè)計(jì)煤種時(shí)，長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)所能達(dá)到的最大連續(xù)蒸發(fā)量(t/h)。Boilermaximumcontinuousrating:Boilerevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteamparameter,nominalfeedwatertemperatureandburningdesignfuelandlong-termcontinuousoperation.1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.2Boilerperformanceparameters&boilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)2.

Nominalsteamparameters鍋爐額定蒸汽參數(shù)額定蒸汽壓力和額定蒸汽溫度的總稱。額定蒸汽壓力

Nominalsteampressure,P(MPa,Psi)蒸汽鍋爐在規(guī)定的給水壓力和負(fù)荷范圍內(nèi)，長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)，應(yīng)保證的鍋爐主汽閥出口處的蒸汽壓力(absolutepressure

絕對(duì)壓力)Boilersshouldguaranteethemainsteamvalvepressureattherangeofspecifiedfeedwaterpressureandload.額定蒸汽溫度Nominalsteamtemperature,T(℃,F)蒸汽鍋爐在規(guī)定的負(fù)荷范圍內(nèi)，額定蒸汽壓力和額定給水溫度下，長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)應(yīng)保證的鍋爐主汽閥出口處的蒸汽溫度。

1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)Industrialboilerswhichproducesaturatedsteam,andjustindicatethesaturatedsteampressure.

工業(yè)鍋爐：生產(chǎn)飽和蒸汽，參數(shù)只標(biāo)鍋爐出口的飽和蒸汽壓力。

Powerstationboilerswhichproducesuperheatedsteam,andshowthetemperatureandpressureofsuperheatedsteam. 電站鍋爐：過(guò)熱器出口的過(guò)熱蒸汽壓力和過(guò)熱蒸汽溫度。1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)3.

Feedwatertemperature給水溫度Thetemperatureattheeconomizerinlet給水在省煤器入口處的溫度tgs,(℃,F),表1-1我國(guó)電站鍋爐蒸汽參數(shù)及容量系列ParametersBMCR(t/h)Electricitypower(MW)P(MPa)T(oC)FWT(oC)2.5低壓4001052033.9中壓450145~15535,656,12165~175130259.9高壓540205~225220,41050,10013.8超高壓540/540220~250420,670125,20016.8亞臨界540/540250~280102530017.5亞臨界540/540260~2901025,2008300,60025超臨界545/545260~2901000,2650300,8001.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)4.Boilertypes鍋爐型號(hào)的表示方法1)Industrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐由三部分組成：Boilerproper/combustionequipment/capacity本體/燃燒設(shè)備/蒸發(fā)量Steamparameters蒸汽參數(shù)Fuel/designnumber燃料/設(shè)計(jì)次數(shù) Forexample:SHL10-1.3/350-W2型鍋爐2)Powerstationboiler電站鍋爐至今沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，同一型號(hào)，結(jié)構(gòu)可能不同。由三部分組成:Manufacturer生產(chǎn)廠家Steamparameters蒸汽參數(shù)Designnumber設(shè)計(jì)次數(shù) Forexample:BG-75/3.8-1;

SG-670/13.7-540/540-2型鍋爐1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1)Industrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐型號(hào)的表示方法SHL10-1.25/350-WIISHL10-1.3/350-W2型鍋爐2)Hotwaterboiler熱水鍋爐型號(hào)的表示方法QXW2.8-1.25/90/70-AII1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)3)powerstation

boiler電站鍋爐型號(hào)的表示方法DG-670/13.7-540/540-5SG-670/13.7-540/540-2HG-1021/18.2-540/540-YM41.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype

§1-2鍋爐的主要特性參數(shù)及型號(hào)1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類1.bycombustionmethod按燃燒方式分類Gratefiringboiler層燃爐Travelinggrateboiler鏈條爐排爐Spreaderstokerfiredboiler

拋煤機(jī)鏈條爐排爐Shakinggrateboiler振動(dòng)爐排爐Suspensionfiringboiler室燃爐Pulverizedcoalfiredboiler煤粉鍋爐Coal-waterslurryfiredboiler水煤漿鍋爐Oilfiredboiler燃油鍋爐Gasfiredboiler燃?xì)忮仩tFluidizedbedcombustionboiler流化床Bubbledfluidizedbedcombustionboiler鼓泡流化床鍋爐Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustionboiler循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Pressurizefluidizedbedcombustionboiler增壓流化床鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類2.Bysteamparameter按蒸汽參數(shù)Atmosphericpressurehotwaterboiler常壓熱水鍋爐:P=0

Lowpressureboiler低壓鍋爐：P<2.5MPaMediumpressureboiler中壓鍋爐:P=2.9~4.9MPa,3.8MPa,450℃。Highpressureboiler高壓鍋爐:P=7.8~10.8MPa,9.8MPa,540℃。Superhighpressureboiler超高壓鍋爐:P=11.8~14.7MPa,13.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Subcriticalpressureboiler亞臨界壓力鍋爐:p=15.7~19.6MPa,最常用的蒸汽參數(shù)為16.7MPa/538℃/538℃。Supercriticalpressureboiler超臨界壓力鍋爐:P>22.1MPa,常用的蒸汽參數(shù)為23.5~26.5MPa，538~543℃/538~566℃。Ultrasupercriticalboiler超超臨界鍋爐:P≥24.2~28MPa，過(guò)熱汽溫和再熱汽溫≥580~600℃。3.byapplicationfieldIndustrialboiler工業(yè)鍋爐Powerstationboiler電站鍋爐Hotwaterboiler熱水鍋爐Domesticboiler生活鍋爐Marineboiler船用鍋爐4.ByassembledtypePackageboiler快裝鍋爐Shop-assembledboiler組裝鍋爐Field-assembledboiler散裝鍋爐220噸高壓電站煤粉鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類5.ByWatercirculationNaturalcirculationboiler自然循環(huán)鍋爐Forcedcirculationboiler強(qiáng)制循環(huán)鍋爐Once-throughboiler直流鍋爐Combinedcirculationboiler復(fù)合循環(huán)鍋爐Lowcirculationboiler低倍率循環(huán)鍋爐6.ByheattransfermethodShellboiler鍋殼式鍋爐Firetubeboiler火管鍋爐Water-firetubeshellboiler水火管鍋殼式鍋爐Watertubeboiler水管鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類7.ByfueltypesSolid-fuelfiredboiler固體燃料鍋爐Liquid-fuelfiredboiler液體燃料鍋爐Gas-fuelfiredboiler氣體燃料鍋爐Exhaustheatboiler(heatrecoveryboiler)余熱鍋爐Electricboiler電熱鍋爐Solarboiler太陽(yáng)能鍋爐Nuclearboiler核能鍋爐Biomassfiredboiler生物質(zhì)鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類8.BypressureofcombustionchamberPressurefiredboiler微正壓鍋爐Superchargedboiler增壓鍋爐9.Byash-dischargemethodBoilerwithdry-ashfurnace固態(tài)排渣鍋爐Boilerwithslag-tapfurnace液態(tài)排渣鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類10.OthertypesMultifunctionboiler(steamandhotwater)汽水兩用鍋爐Coiltubeboiler盤(pán)管式鍋爐Vacuumphase-changeboiler真空相變鍋爐Organicheattransfermaterialheater有機(jī)載熱體爐Horizontalinternal-combustionboiler臥式內(nèi)燃鍋爐Cornertubeboiler角管式鍋爐Verticalboiler立式鍋爐Low-capacityboiler小型鍋爐Cast-ironboiler鑄鐵鍋爐Universal-pressureboiler通用壓力鍋爐1.3BoilerClassification

§1-3鍋爐的分類1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)指標(biāo)Economictechnicaltargetsofboiler鍋爐的效率：指鍋爐輸出熱量（即有效利用熱量）占輸入鍋爐熱量的百分?jǐn)?shù),

Boilerefficiency:thepercentageofboileroutputheat(theeffectiveheat)tothetotalinputheat.鍋爐耗電率：生成一噸蒸汽所耗用的電量,kW·h/t

Boilerelectricalconsumptionrate:Boilersconsumeelectricalpowerforproducingonetonofsteam.鍋爐鋼材耗用率：鍋爐單位蒸發(fā)量所耗用的鋼材噸數(shù)。t/h

Boilersteelconsumptionrate:tonofsteelforunitcapacity.

鍋爐容量越小、參數(shù)越高，鋼材耗用率大。1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)安全技術(shù)指標(biāo)Safetytechnicaltargetsofboiler連續(xù)運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)continuousoperatinghours事故率accidentrate可用率availabilityrate利用率utilizationrate額定容量利用率nominalcapacityutilizationrate1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)1.

Boilerefficiency鍋爐效率Thepercentageofboilerheatoutput(effectivequantityofheat)tothetotalheatinput.現(xiàn)代大型電站鍋爐的熱效率都在90%以上。工業(yè)鍋爐熱效率為50%～80%1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)2.

Boilerefficiency(netefficiency)鍋爐凈效率Boilernetefficiency:thepercentageofeffectivequantityofheatdeductingtheheatforsteamandelectricityusedbyitself

tototal

inputheatoffuels.鍋爐凈熱效率：鍋爐輸出有效利用熱量扣除鍋爐自耗汽和自用電后與輸入鍋爐總熱量的百分比。B:燃料消耗量Qzy:鍋爐自用熱b:電廠發(fā)電標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤耗量∑P:電廠輔助設(shè)備實(shí)際消耗功率1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)3.

Boilersafetyindex鍋爐安全性指標(biāo)1)Boilercontinuousoperatinghour

鍋爐連續(xù)運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)兩次被迫停爐進(jìn)行檢修之間的運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)。2)Boileravailabilityrate

鍋爐可用率鍋爐總運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)及總備用小時(shí)數(shù)之和，與該統(tǒng)計(jì)期間總小時(shí)數(shù)的百分比1.4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex§1-4鍋爐的安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)3.

Boilersafetyindex鍋爐安全性指標(biāo)3)Boileraccidentrate鍋爐事故率在統(tǒng)計(jì)期間，鍋爐總停爐小時(shí)數(shù)與總運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)和總事故停爐小時(shí)數(shù)之和的百分比。目前，我國(guó)大中型電站的連續(xù)運(yùn)行小時(shí)數(shù)在5000h以上，事故率為1％，平均可用率90％?！?-5工業(yè)鍋爐房設(shè)備的組成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemHeatsourcesBoilerroom鍋爐房熱源:BoilerproperAuxiliaryequipments§1-5工業(yè)鍋爐房設(shè)備的組成

1.5IndustrialboilerroomsystemBoilerproper鍋爐本體Steamdrum汽鍋Superheater蒸汽過(guò)熱器Economizer省煤器Airheater空氣預(yù)熱器Furnace爐子Auxiliaryequipments輔助設(shè)備Fuelsupplying/ashdischarged燃料供應(yīng)、排渣及除塵設(shè)備Draftequipments通風(fēng)設(shè)備Watertreatmentandsupplyingsystem給水設(shè)備MeasurementandControlsystem儀表控制設(shè)備Theearlyuseofsteam200B.C.,古希臘叫Hero的人發(fā)明了一種供宮廷欣賞的設(shè)備，后來(lái)成為最早使用蒸汽產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力的裝置。In200BC，aGreeknamedHerodesignedasimplemachinethatusedsteamasapowersource.Hebeganwithacauldronofwater,placedaboveanopenair.Asthefireheatedthecauldron,thecauldronshelltransferredtheheattothewater.Whenthewaterreachedtheboilingpointof212F,itchangedformandturnedintosteam.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史TheearlyuseofsteamThomasSavery’sengine:thefirstcommerciallysuccessfullysteamturbine.ThomasNewcomen’sbeanengine:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史鍋爐技術(shù)的發(fā)展與工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的需要和科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步緊密相關(guān)。鍋爐沿著兩個(gè)方向發(fā)展：Fire-tubeboiler:在圓筒形鍋爐的基礎(chǔ)上，在鍋筒內(nèi)部增加受熱面，形成煙管鍋爐系列Water-tubeboiler:在圓筒形鍋筒外部增加受熱面，形成水管鍋爐系列水管鍋爐是鍋爐發(fā)展的一大飛躍。1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史Fire-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史Water-tubeboiler:IncreaseheattransferareaoutsidethedrumStraighttubeInclinedstraighttubeBenttube1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史Water-tubeboiler:1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史當(dāng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生蒸汽的鍋爐為圓筒形，筒外加熱1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史ThefirstrealadvancementinboilerdesigncameaboutwiththeinventionofthePlainCylinderBoiler.

Itwasasimpledesignandeasilyconstructed.Asitsnameimplies,thePlainCylinderBoilerisalongmetalcylinderwithconical(round)endssethorizontallyinabrickwork.

Someoftheseboilerswere40feetlong.

Thecylinderwashalffilledwithwaterandafireignitedinfurnaceatoneend.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史TheCornishBoilermadeseveraldesignchanges.First,thefurnacewasplacedinsideametaltubemeasuringthreefeetormoreindiameter(fromsidetoside).

Andthistubewasplacedinsidetheboiler.

Havingallthathotmetalinsidetheboilergreatlyincreasedtheamountofheattransferredtothewater.Atthefrontoftheboilerthehotgassesweredirecteddownwardintoflue#3andtraveledaftbeneaththeboilertothechimney.

1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史

Engineersanddesignersofsteamboilershadlongunderstoodtherelationshipbetweentheamountofheatgeneratedinafurnaceandtheabilityofwatertoabsorbthatheat.

Basically,thelargerwatersurfaceexposedtotheheatthemoreheatistransferredtothewater.Anumberofrelativelysmall(31/2inchdiameter)metaltubespasshorizontallythroughthewatercylinderandactflues.

These“firetubes”werearrangedabovethefurnaces,butbelowthewatersurface.1.6Briefdeveloping

situationofboiler§1-6鍋爐發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史Sofarinthisshorthistoryofthesteamboilerwehavelookedathowthehorizontalboilerdeveloped.

ButhereImusttakeasidetrackandexplainsomethingaboutthevertical(upright)boilersworked.Thewatertankorboilerisaverticaltanknotahorizontalcylinde