英漢語言對比-習(xí)題·+答案

英語對Syntheticvs.AnalyticAnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.syntheticlanguages(合語)?Howtheycharacterized?AccordingtoWebsterNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,Asyntheticlanguageis“Characterizedfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”2.analytical（分析語）?HowaretheyAccordingtoTheRandomHouseCollegeDictionaryAnanalyticlanguageis“Characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthaninflectedforms”.3.Englishlanguageflexibleorder語序WhyisitnotsoinBecausewordorderismoreconnectedwiththeformalchanges.Iftheformchangeismoreflexible,thewordorderismoreflexible.Chineselanguageisananalyticlanguage,thewordordercannotbechangeatrandom,inwhichtherelationshipbetweenthewordsarecloselyrelatedwithwordorderandfunctionwords.4.istheusualwordorderEnglishWhatnineofinsentences?TheusualorderinEnglishsentenceSubject-Object.TheninetypesofinversioninEnglishsentencesinclude:interrogativeinversion,imperativeinversion,exclamatoryinversion,hypotheticalinversion,balanceinversion,linkinversion,signpostinversion,negativemetricalinversion.1.are—Cinformalwords（形式詞?Englishlanguageisfeaturedinitsabundantfunctionwords,ofwhichisarticle.Articlesarefrequentemployed.useanarticleornot,anduseadefiniteoneoranindefiniteone,makesdifferenceexpressionofmeaning.AuxiliaryaremorefrequentlyusedinChinese.Chineselanguagecontainsauxiliaryfortense,structuralandmood.Thislastcategoryisespeciallyuniqueinthelanguagefortherichnessdelineationofemotions,liketheletters呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢，others.6.manyofformalwords（形式詞）arethereEnglishlanguage?2.Therefivetypesofformalwords,is:article,includinga,an,andpreposition,likeon,in,to,for,as,at,of,from,across,etc.;auxiliaryverb,likewill,do,have;coordinator,includingand,but,or;subordinator,likeunless,after,for,dueto,etc.7.（聲調(diào)語言）Chinesetonecanbeusedindicatingchangeofmeaningandnotsuitableforexpressingthecertainty,completeness,independenceorfinality.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.1.綜合語的特征是經(jīng)常性系統(tǒng)性的運用曲折形式來表現(xiàn)語法關(guān)系為特征的語言，分析語的特征是分析語的特征是相對頻繁地使用功能詞，助詞和改變詞序來表達(dá)句法關(guān)系，而不用曲折形式來表達(dá)。12.

英語有形態(tài)變化，詞序比漢語靈活，但相對固定。13.

英語屬于綜合分析語言

語言。

形態(tài)變化、詞序和虛詞是表達(dá)語法意義的三大手段。形態(tài)變化就是詞的形式變化括構(gòu)詞形態(tài)和構(gòu)形形態(tài)。現(xiàn)代英語的變化主要包括性數(shù)格時語態(tài)語氣、比較級、人稱、詞性等變化。漢語的數(shù)量助詞有們，動態(tài)助詞有著、了和過等。漢語結(jié)構(gòu)助詞的、地、得類似于應(yīng)用英語形態(tài)變化，但缺乏普遍性。英漢語在主謂賓的排列上都是主-動表）順序。漢語的定語一般放在名詞的后面，英語的定語一般放在名詞的前面。漢語沒有形態(tài)變化用或不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞詞有定語從句，名詞之前定語的長度不宜太長。漢語的實踐順序和邏輯順序是按照由先到后、由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實到結(jié)論的順序。英語的虛詞包括冠詞、介詞、助動詞、并列連接詞、和從屬連接詞。漢語的虛詞包括介詞、助詞和連詞。英語的語音系統(tǒng)由元音、輔音、重讀和語調(diào)組成。漢語的語音系統(tǒng)由聲母、韻母和聲調(diào)組成Ⅲ.TranslatebetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionofomissionstrategy.yourtranslation27.中國人也好，外國人也好，死人也好，活人也好，對的就是對的，不對的就是不對的。isrightisright,andwhatiswrongiswrong,nomatteraChineseorforeigner,deadoraliveheis.她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成為一個大明星。ambitionisbiggerthanhersister.Shewantstobeasuperstar.在當(dāng)今中國，人人都在練功夫，功夫課也成為中國中部地區(qū)一些中學(xué)的必修課。InpresentChina,allthepeoplearepracticingChinesekongfu,whichhasbecomeacompulsorycourseinsomemiddleschoolsinthecentralpartofChina.上學(xué)的，上學(xué)了；下海的，下海了。wenttocollege,andsomegotintobusiness.這是一部美國的熱門影片。isahotAmericanfilm.周恩來舉止優(yōu)雅，待人體貼。Enlaiiselegantandconsiderate.33.如蒙早日寄來樣品和報價，我方將不勝感激。ityoucansendusthesampleandquotationearly.我們大家都看出他能說會道。ofusfoundhimeloquent.這筆資金注入給這個城市帶來活力capitalwillinvigoratethecity.驕傲使人落后。keepsonefromprogress.一把大火把整個村子燒成了白地firehasturnedthewholevillageintoaruin.我們必須阻止陌生人靠近。mustkeepthestrangersaway.這種結(jié)果真讓我郁悶。resultreallydepressedme.該型汽車速度快，效率高，行動靈活。newcarsarefast,andhandy.新疆產(chǎn)地毯圖案新穎，色調(diào)雅致備受青睞ThecarpetsmadeinXinjiangarebeautifulandmagnificenttheirandelegantcolors.AccordingtoJohn,mycousin,Londonwasmostbeautifulthen.InthreehourswereachedWashingtonmonument,ourdestinationChineseunderstandablyspokewithproudoftheirachievementsinthelastdecade.IaskedhimtoteachmeFrench.Iinvitedhimforadinneratmyhome.Theearthquakereducedallthehousesintopieces.根據(jù)我表哥約翰的說法，這個時候倫敦最漂亮。三小時后，我們達(dá)到了目的地華盛頓紀(jì)念館。中國人對過去十年取得的成就感到自豪，這是可以理解的。我要他教我法語。我邀請他到我家吃飯。地震把所有房屋變成了廢墟。Chapter2AnswerQuestionsDirections:theQuestionswithifnecessary.1.Englishiscalledcompact（聚集）whileChinesediffuse流散）one?ThisisbecauseEnglishlanguagehasrigidrulesonsentencestructurecenteredsubject-predicate；sentencesaredeveloped-predicatestructures.2.isthestructureinsentence?ThesimplestEnglishsentenceconsistsofonlyasubjectandapredicate,basedonwhichmanycomponentsareattachedorderived.Andtheverbiscore,thenumberofnounsattachabletotheverbiscalledtheverb’svalence.AsChineselanguageoninternalthemeinsteadexternalrepresentation,ChinesesentencescanhardlybeclassifiedaccordingverbvariationlikeEnglishsentencesare.3.manythereinSVP,SVO,SVOO,SVOC4.InwhichEnglishcanDeclarative,interrogative,imperativeexclamative.5.InwhichcanthecompactnessofbeA)toaddmodifiers;toextendelementsinthebasicsentencea)grammaticalconcord;b)notionalconcord;c）principleproximity6.Whichthepredicates?Itcanverbs,nouns,oradjectives;canoneverbmorethanoneverbsornorverbs;canonewordorwordphrases.Nounsand（包括代詞7.theregularofThemesentences;transitivesentence;relativesentences;exclamativesentence;existentialsentence;ownershipsentence;descriptivesentence;andexplicativesentence8.WhytheremanyinChinese?GivesomeInsummary,sentencesarecharacterizedthreeuncertainties—Uncertaintyofsubject;uncertaintyofpredicate;uncertaintyintherelationbetweensubjectandpredicate.9.Chineseembodied?Chinesesentencevariationisembodiedbylargenumberofambiguoussentencesandfullsentenceminorsentences.example:他欠你的錢；是前天發(fā)的電報；房間干干凈凈。9.HowdoyouunderstandquotationtheofJespersenpointsout,analysismeanssuppleness,andsynthesismeansregidity;inanalyticlanguageyouhavethepowerofkaleidoscopicallyarrangingandrearrangingelementsthatinsyntheticformsareinrigidconnexion.Ⅱ.FillinDirections:Fillintheblankswithbestyoufoundinthetextbook.11.英語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞性短語和動詞性短語組成。1.英語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸結(jié)為五種基本句型即主語+謂語主語+動詞+表語主語+動詞賓語、主語動詞+直接賓語間接賓語和主語+動詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語。13.英語基本句型的變式有陳述句變疑問句定句變否定句和主動句變被動句。2.英語基本句型的擴(kuò)展可以通過增加修飾語和擴(kuò)展基本句型的成分進(jìn)行。15.英語句子不流散的原則是一致原則，包括語法一致、意義一致和就近一致。ⅢbetweenE/CLanguagesDirections:sentencesintotargetPayattentionsubjectyourTrytoyourbrief.16.Theofhisgavebigsurprise.妻子突然回家，使他感到很吃驚。17.Ithatyouclosedoorwhen離開時請順手關(guān)門。18.Hewhopollutes誰污染誰負(fù)責(zé)。19.Thetownwasbya暴風(fēng)雨襲擊了這個村莊。20.shouldbegiventoviolatorsoflaws.違法者應(yīng)受到懲罰。21.這種自行車價廉物美，在中東很暢銷。ThisbicycleischeapfineandsellswellinMiddleEast.22.中國地大物博人口眾多，中國人過去也常常以此自豪。Chinesepeoplewereproudoftheircountrywithvastterritoryandabundantresourcesandgreatpopulationthepast.23.教高年級的翻譯課，我不是很有經(jīng)驗。Iamagreenhandteachingtranslationfortheseniorstudents.24.婚姻的事，年輕人自己做主了。Theyoungmenwilldecideforthemselvesfortheirmarriage25.女兒的心事，做娘的清楚得很。Motherarefullyconsciousworriesinherdaughter26.這件事我還被蒙在鼓里呢。Iamstillinthedarkforthismatter.27.錢，我來想辦法。Asformoney,Iwilltryborrow.28.改革的目的是為了發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。Theaimofreformistodevelopproductiveforce.29.她很喜歡中國畫。ShelikesChinesepainting.30.他點點頭，意思是他聽見了，但沒表示同意或不同意。Henodded,indicatingheheardwhatyousaid,butshownosignofagreementnot.31.我們深信，我方的產(chǎn)品會受到歐洲市場的歡迎。WefirmlybelievethatourproductwillbewelcomedinEuropeanmarket.32.

我很榮幸今天有機(jī)會參加這個派對。Itisagreathonorformetoparticipateinsuchapartytoday.33.一個外表和談吐都很美國化的中年人，坐到了車?yán)?。AyoungmanwhotalksandlikeAmericanenteredthecar.34.吃苦在前，享受在后。Tobearhardshipyouenjoycomforts.6

Chapter3ⅠAnswerQuestions1.isthedefinitionhypotaxis（形合）Hypotacticisdefinedthedependentsubordinateconstructionrelationshiporrelationshipclauseswithconnectives,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome2.isthedefinitionparataxis（意合）?Paratacticisdefinedasthearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:rainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.3.isrelative?Whatconjunction?theirRelativeincludesrelativepronoun,relativeadverb,conjunctivepronounandconjunctivesuchaswho,that,which,when,howetc.Itisusedtoconnectmainclausewiththeattributiveclause,theobjectclause,thesubjectclauseandthepredicativeclause.Conjunctionincludescoordinatingconjunctionandsubordinatingconjunction,suchasand,but,so,however,untilso…thatandetc.Itisusedconnectwords,phrases,clausesoradverbialclauses.4.thefunctionsPrepositionisusedtoshowtherelationofanounsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinasentence.PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting5.theadvantagesofhypotaxisinopinion?HypotaxisfrequentlyoccursinEnglishsentence-making.Hypotaxisstressestheovertcohesionandthesentenceformwhichisstructuralcompletenessandmeaning-overt.6.doesusecovertcoherence?ItisbecauseinChinesearefewhypotacticmeans.Chinese,asalanguagedifferentfromEnglish,dosecontainthosefrequently-usedrelativepronouns,relativeadverbs,conjunctivepronounsandconjunctiveadverbsinEnglish.Moreover,Chineseprepositionsinasmallnumbertoabout30,andhasnoformchangeslikeEnglish.7.theinorganization?Chineselanguagestresstheparatacticmeansthanthehypotacticmeans.Thegrammaticalmeaningandlogicconnectionbetweenlanguagepartsarealwayssensedinthewords8.ofparataxisareinChineselanguage?MeansofparataxisusedinChineseinclude(i)sentenceorder,(ii)repetition,parallelism,antithesis,andcontrastandon,(iii)contractedsentence,(iv)fourcharacterstructure.9.toturnEnglishintoinofandstructure?AstothetranslationofEnglishintoChinese,onlyaftertheanalysisoftheformandstructureofthesentencescanthemeaningandfunctionbeclearlyjudged.10.Whatareinhypotacticstructure?Therearefourcharacteristicsinhypotacticstructure:(i)emphasisovertcohesion,(ii)emphasisonsentenceform,(iii)emphasisonstructuralcompleteness,(iv)emphasisonrevealingmeaningthroughform.Ⅱ.Fillin11.

漢語意法采取的手包括

語序、

反復(fù)排比、對偶

和照等。

英譯漢，往往要先析句子結(jié)構(gòu)、形式，才能確定子的功能、義。英語的合手段包括關(guān)系詞和連接詞、介詞和其它連接手段。關(guān)系詞括關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。英語常綜合應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞、連接詞、介詞和其它連接手段把各種分連接起來構(gòu)筑成短句子，表一定的法