Unit 3 英漢文化與商務(wù)翻譯

Unit3英漢文化與商務(wù)翻譯Tylor’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.PeterNewmark’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthewayoflifeanditsmanifestationsthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.Cultureandlanguage“Nolanguagecanexistunlessitissteepedinthecontextofculture,andnoculturecanexistwhichdoesnothaveatitscenter,thestructureofnaturallanguage”(Sapir-Whorf).沒有一種語言不是植根于某種具體的文化之中的；也沒有一種文化不是以某種自然語言的結(jié)構(gòu)為其中心的。AJudaskissHideone’slightunderabushelCastpearlsbeforeswineYoucan’tmakebrickswithoutstraw.謀事在人，成事在天阿彌陀佛文化與宗教不同的英漢動、植物形象dog鳳凰龍：龍鳳呈祥羊：三羊開泰雄雞蝙蝠“歲寒三友”：松、竹、梅Cultureshock顏色詞的文化差異數(shù)字的文化差異相應(yīng)的翻譯策路Domestication:targetlanguagecultureorientedForeignization:sourcelanguagecultureoriented真是“天有不測風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福”?！癟ruly,‘Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.’…..”(Yang)“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.’”(Hawkes)Nobusinesstoosmall,noproblemtoobig.（IBM）沒有不做的小生意，沒有解決不了的大問題。Askformore.（百事流行鞋）渴望無限Intelligenceeverywhere.(摩托羅拉)智慧演繹，無處不在。Feelthenewspace.(三星電子)感受新境界Unit4英漢詞語對比與翻譯DictionBy“diction”wemeantheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishwordsintoChinese,astheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Tensionisbuildingup.

形勢緊張起來。張力在增大。電壓在增加。壓力在增強。

……Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.

Eachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword.

1)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.2)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.

4)Ayoungmancametothepoliceofficewithastory.5)Theoldman’slifestoryisoneofthesaddest.6)LastDec.thePostfirstreportedthatprobeswerebeingmadeineachofthosecities,butofficialsrefusedtoconfirmthestory.7)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.

1)這場戰(zhàn)爭將成為這一代人的最重大的事件。

2）現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了。

3）有些沒讓參加那次會議的記者把內(nèi)情捅出去了。

4）一個年輕人來到警署報案。

5）這個老人一生的遭遇算是最慘的了。

6）去年12月，《郵報》首先報道偵查工作已在那些城市里進行，但官員們拒絕證實這條消息。

7）報道中對他的渲染減少了，不久就從美國電視上銷聲匿跡了。I.CorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel

Fromtheaboveillustrationswemaycometorealizethatinmostcasesthereisnoexistingpatternforsentencetranslation,noraretherefixedrulesforwordtransformation.Generallyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:

1.Word-for-wordCorrespondence

Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.Forexample:

MarxismaspirinatypicalpneumoniaAPECCarbondioxide馬克思主義阿斯匹林非典型肺炎亞太經(jīng)合組織二氧化碳2.OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning

Thisisacommoncaseintranslation.Forexample:wife:

妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、拙荊、內(nèi)人……potato:

馬鈴薯、洋芋、土豆、山藥蛋……3.OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaningsThisisalsoverycommonintranslation.Forexample:cousin:

堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……president:

總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、社長、校長……4.EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother

Inthiscase,acertainwordmaybetreateddifferentlyaccordingtovariouscircumstancesorcollocations.Forexample:

SaySpeakTalktell說講談訴

5.WordsWithoutEquivalents

Inthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexample:

telecommuters:

在家辦公的上班族

woopie:

well-offolderpeople

clock-watcher:

老是看鐘等下班的人

whitegoods/browngoods

CulturalconnotationofawordPink-collarGold-collarGray-collarSteel-collarOpen-collarAmericanPlanContinentalPlanEuropeanPlanpp.53-58BuyAmerican(Act)AdministratorVs.secretaryLonelinessindustrySuburbaninhabitants商務(wù)語篇中的詞義特點一、商務(wù)英語詞匯的專業(yè)性和規(guī)范性F.O.B.(FreeonBoard)離岸價格C.I.F.(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)到岸價格C&F(CostandFreight)離岸加運費價格B/L(BillofLading)提貨單Claim,ifany,mustbemadewithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,afterwhichnoclaimswillbeentertained.如果發(fā)生索賠，必須于貨到目的地后30天內(nèi)提出，過期不予受理。Sincemanyrepeatordersfromourregularcustomersarerushingin,promptshipmentcannotbeguaranteedafterthemiddleofthismonth.由于經(jīng)常來往客戶的續(xù)訂貨單大量涌來，本月中旬之后，我們很難保證即期交貨。Thisagreementandanyrightsorobligationhereunderarenottransferableorassignablebyonepartytothisagreementwithouttheconsentoftheotherpartyhereto.本協(xié)議以及本協(xié)議所規(guī)定的權(quán)力或義務(wù)不經(jīng)另一方同意不得擅自轉(zhuǎn)讓。二、商務(wù)英語詞匯的一詞多義現(xiàn)象Inanoverheatedmarket,theaveragebuyerisoftenbetteroffonthesidelines.在市場過熱的情況下，普通消費者大可坐享商家競爭的漁利。Averageisoftwokinds:generalaverageandparticularaverage.海損有兩種，一種是共同海損，另一種是單獨海損。Inamarket-basedsystemsuchastheU.S.,hostileacquisitionsarepossiblethroughproxycontestsandtenderoffers.在美國這樣的以市場為主導(dǎo)的經(jīng)濟體制下，惡意并購很可能通過代理商競爭和假裝好意的惡意收購來實現(xiàn)。Inthewest,recruitmentsforexecutivepositionsarethroughproxiesordirectlyinthemarketplacethroughtenderoffers.在西方國家行政主管的招聘通常通過（獵頭公司等）代理進行，或通過廣告直接從市場上招聘。Moreexamples:pg:60-61商務(wù)詞匯的翻譯技巧一、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Wehavedecidedtoplaceatrialorderforthefollowingonthetermsstatedinyourletter.根據(jù)來函條款，我公司決定試訂下列貨物。Theproductsofourfactoryarechiefly

characterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.我廠產(chǎn)品的主要特點是工藝精湛，經(jīng)久耐用。二、增補法1.增補同義詞Boththebuyerandthesellerarebusyatnegotiationsofbusiness,contractanddraft.Largecompaniesshouldderiveenormoussurvivaladvantagefromtherichnessoftheirresources,thereachoftheireconomicandpoliticalinfluence,thebreathoftheirexperience,andthedepthoftheirinformationaboutcustomersandemployees.大型企業(yè)資源豐富，經(jīng)濟實力雄厚，政治影響深遠，見多識廣，洞悉顧客愿望，了解雇員要求，理應(yīng)享有巨大的生存優(yōu)勢。2.增補范疇詞Unlesstheseissuesareaddressedasamatterofurgency,theconsequentdemotivation

ofstaffwillundoubtedlyhaveanegativeimpactontheperformanceofthecompany.Thechangesofrequirementsforthecommoditiesinthemarketareaffectedbytheinternalandexternalfactors.3.增補產(chǎn)品名稱ThefiveToyota,twentyHitachiandthirtyXeroxhavelongbeenreadyforshipment,butshipmentcannotbeeffectedbecauseofthelatearrivalofyourL/C.4.重復(fù)法Hebecameanoilbaron–allbyhimself.Infact,theblatantuseofmoneytomotivatepeopleeithertojoinanorganizationortostayonhascreatedmoremotivationproblemsthanithassolved.5.語義補償Somecomplainedaboutthemanagementandleadershipskillsofdifferentbranchmanagers.有些人抱怨說某些部門經(jīng)理的管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技巧尚待提高。BainCapitalwasabletohelpcreateenormousvaluedespitethepopulartheories.盡管未按種種時髦的管理理論去做，貝恩資本公司仍舊得以幫助客戶創(chuàng)造了巨額價值。三、引申法1.詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化Undertheguidanceofitsdynamicpresident,thecompanyhasturnedfrombeingaloss-makerintoanexporter.在有活力的總裁的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，該公司從一個虧損者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌隹谏?。在有活力的總裁的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，該公司從原來的一個虧損企業(yè)變成了能向海外出口產(chǎn)品的公司。Individually,withthehelpofeagermultinationalpartnerswantingtoaddnewproductstotheirstable,Chinesebrandscouldbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithinadecade,markedontheirexoticappeal.中國公司通過與急切要拓展現(xiàn)有系列產(chǎn)品的跨國公司的合作，同時利用自己的異國情調(diào)，在十年內(nèi)個別地成為一種環(huán)球現(xiàn)象。在一些想在其產(chǎn)品系列里添加新產(chǎn)品的外國公司的協(xié)助下，中國品牌可以依靠其中國特色，在十年內(nèi)一個一個地都成為全球知名品牌。2.詞義的具體化Themargin