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專題06外接球與內(nèi)切球問題【命題規(guī)律】縱觀近幾年高考對(duì)于組合體的考查,與球相關(guān)的外接與內(nèi)切問題是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一.高考命題小題綜合化傾向尤為明顯,要求學(xué)生有較強(qiáng)的空間想象能力和準(zhǔn)確的計(jì)算能力,才能順利解答.從近幾年全國高考命題來看,這部分內(nèi)容以選擇題、填空題為主,大題很少見,此部分是重點(diǎn)也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),屬于中等難度.【核心考點(diǎn)目錄】核心考點(diǎn)一:正方體、長(zhǎng)方體外接球核心考點(diǎn)二:正四面體外接球核心考點(diǎn)三:對(duì)棱相等的三棱錐外接球核心考點(diǎn)四:直棱柱外接球核心考點(diǎn)五:直棱錐外接球核心考點(diǎn)六:正棱錐與側(cè)棱相等模型核心考點(diǎn)七:側(cè)棱為外接球直徑模型核心考點(diǎn)八:共斜邊拼接模型核心考點(diǎn)九:垂面模型核心考點(diǎn)十:二面角模型核心考點(diǎn)十一:坐標(biāo)法核心考點(diǎn)十二:圓錐圓柱圓臺(tái)模型核心考點(diǎn)十三:錐體內(nèi)切球核心考點(diǎn)十四:棱切球【真題回歸】1.(2022·全國·高考真題(文))已知球O的半徑為1,四棱錐的頂點(diǎn)為O,底面的四個(gè)頂點(diǎn)均在球O的球面上,則當(dāng)該四棱錐的體積最大時(shí),其高為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2021·全國·高考真題(理))已知A,B,C是半徑為1的球O的球面上的三個(gè)點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.(2022·全國·高考真題)已知正三棱臺(tái)的高為1,上、下底面邊長(zhǎng)分別為SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,其頂點(diǎn)都在同一球面上,則該球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·全國·高考真題)已知正四棱錐的側(cè)棱長(zhǎng)為l,其各頂點(diǎn)都在同一球面上.若該球的體積為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則該正四棱錐體積的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2020·全國·高考真題(理))已知SKIPIF1<0為球SKIPIF1<0的球面上的三個(gè)點(diǎn),⊙SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的外接圓,若⊙SKIPIF1<0的面積為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則球SKIPIF1<0的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2020·全國·高考真題(理))已知△ABC是面積為SKIPIF1<0的等邊三角形,且其頂點(diǎn)都在球O的球面上.若球O的表面積為16π,則O到平面ABC的距離為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.1 D.SKIPIF1<0【方法技巧與總結(jié)】1、補(bǔ)成長(zhǎng)方體(1)若三棱錐的三條側(cè)棱兩兩互相垂直,則可將其放入某個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體內(nèi),如圖1所示.(2)若三棱錐的四個(gè)面均是直角三角形,則此時(shí)可構(gòu)造長(zhǎng)方體,如圖2所示.(3)正四面體SKIPIF1<0可以補(bǔ)形為正方體且正方體的棱長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0,如圖3所示.(4)若三棱錐的對(duì)棱兩兩相等,則可將其放入某個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體內(nèi),如圖4所示圖1圖2圖3圖4【核心考點(diǎn)】核心考點(diǎn)一:正方體、長(zhǎng)方體外接球【規(guī)律方法】1、正方體的外接球的球心為其體對(duì)角線的中點(diǎn),半徑為體對(duì)角線長(zhǎng)的一半.2、長(zhǎng)方體的外接球的球心為其體對(duì)角線的中點(diǎn),半徑為體對(duì)角線長(zhǎng)的一半.【典型例題】例1.(2023·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知正方體外接球的體積是SKIPIF1<0,那么正方體的體對(duì)角線等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.4 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0.例2.(2022·陜西西安·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(文))長(zhǎng)方體的過一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)的三條棱長(zhǎng)分別是2,4,4,則該長(zhǎng)方體外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例3.(2022·貴州黔南·高三開學(xué)考試(理))自2015年以來,貴陽市著力建設(shè)“千園之城”,構(gòu)建貼近生活、服務(wù)群眾的生態(tài)公園體系,著力將“城市中的公園”升級(jí)為“公園中的城市”.截至目前,貴陽市公園數(shù)量累計(jì)達(dá)到1025個(gè).下圖為貴陽市某公園供游人休息的石凳,它可以看做是一個(gè)正方體截去八個(gè)一樣的四面體得到的,如果被截正方體的的棱長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,則石凳所對(duì)應(yīng)幾何體的外接球的表面積為________SKIPIF1<0.核心考點(diǎn)二:正四面體外接球【規(guī)律方法】如圖,設(shè)正四面體SKIPIF1<0的的棱長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,將其放入正方體中,則正方體的棱長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,顯然正四面體和正方體有相同的外接球.正方體外接球半徑為SKIPIF1<0,即正四面體外接球半徑為SKIPIF1<0.【典型例題】例4.(2022·黑龍江·哈九中模擬預(yù)測(cè)(理))已知正四面體SKIPIF1<0外接球SKIPIF1<0表面積為SKIPIF1<0,則該正四面體棱長(zhǎng)為______;若SKIPIF1<0為平面SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)一動(dòng)點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0最小值為______.例5.(2022·江蘇南京·高三開學(xué)考試)已知一個(gè)正四面體的棱長(zhǎng)為2,則其外接球與以其一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)為球心,1為半徑的球面所形成的交線的長(zhǎng)度為___________.例6.(2022·福建·福州三中模擬預(yù)測(cè))表面積為SKIPIF1<0的正四面體的外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)三:對(duì)棱相等的三棱錐外接球【規(guī)律方法】四面體SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,這種四面體叫做對(duì)棱相等四面體,可以通過構(gòu)造長(zhǎng)方體來解決這類問題.如圖,設(shè)長(zhǎng)方體的長(zhǎng)、寬、高分別為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,三式相加可得SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0而顯然四面體和長(zhǎng)方體有相同的外接球,設(shè)外接球半徑為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.【典型例題】例7.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))在四面體SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則其外接球的表面積為___________.例8.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知四面體SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若該四面體的各個(gè)頂點(diǎn)都在同一球面上,則此球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例9.(2020·全國·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(文))在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,其外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)四:直棱柱外接球【規(guī)律方法】如圖1,圖2,圖3,直三棱柱內(nèi)接于球(同時(shí)直棱柱也內(nèi)接于圓柱,棱柱的上下底面可以是任意三角形)圖1圖2圖3第一步:確定球心SKIPIF1<0的位置,SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的外心,則SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0;第二步:算出小圓SKIPIF1<0的半徑SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0也是圓柱的高);第三步:勾股定理:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,解出SKIPIF1<0【典型例題】例10.(2022·河南新鄉(xiāng)·一模(理))已知正三棱柱的側(cè)棱長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,底面邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,若該正三棱柱的外接球體積為SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0最大時(shí),該正三棱柱的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例11.(2022·湖南岳陽·高三階段練習(xí))已知直三棱柱SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)該三棱柱體積最大時(shí),其外接球的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例12.(2021·四川瀘州·二模(文))直六棱柱的底面是正六邊形,其體積是SKIPIF1<0,則該六棱柱的外接球的表面積的最小值是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)五:直棱錐外接球【規(guī)律方法】如圖,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,求外接球半徑.解題步驟:第一步:將SKIPIF1<0畫在小圓面上,SKIPIF1<0為小圓直徑的一個(gè)端點(diǎn),作小圓的直徑SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0必過球心SKIPIF1<0;第二步:SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的外心,所以SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,算出小圓SKIPIF1<0的半徑SKIPIF1<0(三角形的外接圓直徑算法:利用正弦定理,得SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0;第三步:利用勾股定理求三棱錐的外接球半徑:=1\*GB3①SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0;=2\*GB3②SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.【典型例題】例13.(2022·內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯·高三期中(文))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為直角三角形,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例14.(2022·福建·寧德市民族中學(xué)高三期中)已知三棱錐P-ABC中,SKIPIF1<0底面ABC,PA=AB=AC=2,∠BAC=120°,則三棱錐P-ABC的外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例15.(2021·四川成都·高三開學(xué)考試(文))已知在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,側(cè)棱SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)六:正棱錐與側(cè)棱相等模型【規(guī)律方法】1、正棱錐外接球半徑:SKIPIF1<0.2、側(cè)棱相等模型:如圖,SKIPIF1<0的射影是SKIPIF1<0的外心SKIPIF1<0三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的三條側(cè)棱相等SKIPIF1<0三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的底面SKIPIF1<0在圓錐的底上,頂點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)也是圓錐的頂點(diǎn).解題步驟:第一步:確定球心SKIPIF1<0的位置,取SKIPIF1<0的外心SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0三點(diǎn)共線;第二步:先算出小圓SKIPIF1<0的半徑SKIPIF1<0,再算出棱錐的高SKIPIF1<0(也是圓錐的高);第三步:勾股定理:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,解出SKIPIF1<0.【典型例題】例16.(2022·江西·金溪一中高三階段練習(xí)(文))在正三棱錐S-ABC中,SKIPIF1<0,△ABC的邊長(zhǎng)為2,則該正三棱錐外接球的表面積為______.例17.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知正三棱錐SKIPIF1<0,其外接球球SKIPIF1<0的半徑為SKIPIF1<0,則該正三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的體積的最大值為__________.例18.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知正三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的棱長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,底面邊長(zhǎng)為6.則該正三棱錐外接球的表面積為_______.例19.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0體積為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐外接球的表面積為____________.例20.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為___________.核心考點(diǎn)七:側(cè)棱為外接球直徑模型【規(guī)律方法】找球心,然后作底面的垂線,構(gòu)造直角三角形.【典型例題】例21.(2022·河南河南·一模(文))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為SKIPIF1<0是該球的直徑,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的體積為_____.例22.(2022·河南·一模(理))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為SKIPIF1<0,AD是該球的直徑,SKIPIF1<0是邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0的正三角形,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的體積為______.例23.(2021·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(文))已知三棱錐P﹣ABC中,SKIPIF1<0,AC=2,PA為其外接球的一條直徑,若該三棱錐的體積為SKIPIF1<0,則外接球的表面積為___________.核心考點(diǎn)八:共斜邊拼接模型【規(guī)律方法】如圖,在四面體SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此四面體可以看成是由兩個(gè)共斜邊的直角三角形拼接而形成的,SKIPIF1<0為公共的斜邊,故以“共斜邊拼接模型”命名之.設(shè)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0為公共斜邊SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),根據(jù)直角三角形斜邊中線等于斜邊的一半的結(jié)論可知,SKIPIF1<0,即點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0四點(diǎn)的距離相等,故點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0就是四面體SKIPIF1<0外接球的球心,公共的斜邊SKIPIF1<0就是外接球的一條直徑.【典型例題】例24.在矩形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,沿SKIPIF1<0將矩形SKIPIF1<0折成一個(gè)直二面角SKIPIF1<0,則四面體SKIPIF1<0的外接球的體積為()A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0例25.三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的半徑為例26.在平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0中,滿足SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若將其沿SKIPIF1<0折成直二面角SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)九:垂面模型【規(guī)律方法】如圖1所示為四面體SKIPIF1<0,已知平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,其外接球問題的步驟如下:(1)找出SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的外接圓圓心,分別記為SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0.(2)分別過SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0作平面SKIPIF1<0和平面SKIPIF1<0的垂線,其交點(diǎn)為球心,記為SKIPIF1<0.(3)過SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0的垂線,垂足記為SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0.(4)在四棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0垂直于平面SKIPIF1<0,如圖2所示,底面四邊形SKIPIF1<0的四個(gè)頂點(diǎn)共圓且SKIPIF1<0為該圓的直徑.圖1圖2【典型例題】例27.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的半徑為______例28.(2022·安徽馬鞍山·一模(文))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0均為邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0的等邊三角形,平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則該三棱錐的外接球的表面積為________.例29.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0是邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0的等邊三角形,SKIPIF1<0,平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則該三棱錐的外接球的體積為______例30.(2021·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0外接球的表面積為__________.核心考點(diǎn)十:二面角模型【規(guī)律方法】如圖1所示為四面體SKIPIF1<0,已知二面角SKIPIF1<0大小為SKIPIF1<0,其外接球問題的步驟如下:(1)找出SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的外接圓圓心,分別記為SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0.(2)分別過SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0作平面SKIPIF1<0和平面SKIPIF1<0的垂線,其交點(diǎn)為球心,記為SKIPIF1<0.(3)過SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0的垂線,垂足記為SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0.(4)在四棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0垂直于平面SKIPIF1<0,如圖2所示,底面四邊形SKIPIF1<0的四個(gè)頂點(diǎn)共圓且SKIPIF1<0為該圓的直徑.【典型例題】例31.(2022·貴州·模擬預(yù)測(cè)(理))如圖,在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0是邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0的正三角形,SKIPIF1<0,二面角SKIPIF1<0的余弦值為SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0外接球的表面積為______.例32.(2022·江西贛州·高三階段練習(xí)(文))已知菱形SKIPIF1<0的邊長(zhǎng)為2,且SKIPIF1<0,沿SKIPIF1<0把SKIPIF1<0折起,得到三棱錐SKIPIF1<0,且二面角SKIPIF1<0的平面角為SKIPIF1<0,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為___________.例33.(2022·江蘇·南京市金陵中學(xué)河西分校高三階段練習(xí))在三棱錐SKIPIF1<0中,△SKIPIF1<0是邊長(zhǎng)為3的正三角形,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,二面角SKIPIF1<0的大小為SKIPIF1<0,則此三棱錐外接球的體積為________.例34.(2022·廣東汕頭·高三階段練習(xí))在邊長(zhǎng)為2的菱形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,將菱形SKIPIF1<0沿對(duì)角線SKIPIF1<0對(duì)折,使二面角SKIPIF1<0的余弦值為SKIPIF1<0,則所得三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為___________.核心考點(diǎn)十一:坐標(biāo)法【規(guī)律方法】對(duì)于一般多面體的外接球,可以建立空間直角坐標(biāo)系,設(shè)球心坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,利用球心到各頂點(diǎn)的距離相等建立方程組,解出球心坐標(biāo),從而得到球的半徑長(zhǎng).坐標(biāo)的引入,使外接球問題的求解從繁瑣的定理推論中解脫出來,轉(zhuǎn)化為向量的計(jì)算,大大降低了解題的難度.【典型例題】例35.(2022·黑龍江·大慶實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測(cè))直角SKIPIF1<0中SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是斜邊SKIPIF1<0上的一動(dòng)點(diǎn),沿SKIPIF1<0將SKIPIF1<0翻折到SKIPIF1<0,使二面角SKIPIF1<0為直二面角,當(dāng)線段SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度最小時(shí),四面體SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例36.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí)(理))如圖,在長(zhǎng)方體SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是棱SKIPIF1<0上靠近SKIPIF1<0的三等分點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0分別為SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0是底面SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)一動(dòng)點(diǎn),若直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0垂直,則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的外接球的表面積是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例37.(2022·山西·一模(理))如圖①,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,D,E分別為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),將SKIPIF1<0沿SKIPIF1<0折起到SKIPIF1<0的位置,使SKIPIF1<0,如圖②.若F是SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),則四面體SKIPIF1<0的外接球體積是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0核心考點(diǎn)十二:圓錐圓柱圓臺(tái)模型【規(guī)律方法】1、球內(nèi)接圓錐如圖SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)圓錐的高為SKIPIF1<0,底面圓半徑為SKIPIF1<0,球的半徑為SKIPIF1<0.通常在SKIPIF1<0中,由勾股定理建立方程來計(jì)算SKIPIF1<0.如圖SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),球心在圓錐內(nèi)部;如圖SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),球心在圓錐外部.和本專題前面的內(nèi)接正四棱錐問題情形相同,圖2和圖3兩種情況建立的方程是一樣的,故無需提前判斷.由圖SKIPIF1<0、圖SKIPIF1<0可知,SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.2、球內(nèi)接圓柱如圖,圓柱的底面圓半徑為SKIPIF1<0,高為SKIPIF1<0,其外接球的半徑為SKIPIF1<0,三者之間滿足SKIPIF1<0.例38.球內(nèi)接圓臺(tái)SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0分別為圓臺(tái)的上底面、下底面、高.【典型例題】例39.(2022·廣東·廣州市第十六中學(xué)高三階段練習(xí))已知一圓臺(tái)高為7,下底面半徑長(zhǎng)4,此圓臺(tái)外接球的表面積為SKIPIF1<0,則此圓臺(tái)的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例40.(2022·河南·高三階段練習(xí)(文))已知圓錐的底面半徑為SKIPIF1<0,側(cè)面積為SKIPIF1<0,則該圓錐的外接球的表面積為______.例41.(2022·上海·曹楊二中高三階段練習(xí))已知圓柱的軸截面是邊長(zhǎng)為2的正方形,P為上底面圓的圓心,AB為下底面圓的直徑,E為下底面圓周上一點(diǎn),則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0外接球的表面積為___________.例42.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))已知圓錐的底面半徑為SKIPIF1<0,其側(cè)面展開圖為一個(gè)半圓,則該圓錐的內(nèi)切球(球與圓錐的底面和側(cè)面均相切)的表面積為______.核心考點(diǎn)十三:錐體內(nèi)切球【規(guī)律方法】等體積法,即SKIPIF1<0【典型例題】例43.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))球O是棱長(zhǎng)為1的正方體SKIPIF1<0的內(nèi)切球,球SKIPIF1<0與面SKIPIF1<0、面SKIPIF1<0、面SKIPIF1<0、球O都相切,則球SKIPIF1<0的表面積是_______________.例44.(2022·全國·高三專題練習(xí))若正四棱錐SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)接于球SKIPIF1<0,且底面SKIPIF1<0過球心SKIPIF1<0,則球SKIPIF1<0的半徑與正四棱錐SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)切球的半徑之比為__________.例45.(2022·山東濟(jì)南·二模)在高為2的直三棱柱SKIPIF1<0中,AB⊥AC,若該直三棱柱存在內(nèi)切球,則底面△ABC周長(zhǎng)的最小值為___________.核心考點(diǎn)十四:棱切球【規(guī)律方法】找切點(diǎn),找球心,構(gòu)造直角三角形【典型例題】例46.(2022?涪城區(qū)校級(jí)開學(xué))一個(gè)正方體的內(nèi)切球SKIPIF1<0、外接球SKIPIF1<0、與各棱都相切的球SKIPIF1<0的半徑之比為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例47.(2022?江蘇模擬)正四面體SKIPIF1<0的棱長(zhǎng)為4,若球SKIPIF1<0與正四面體的每一條棱都相切,則球SKIPIF1<0的表面積為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0例48.(2022?昆都侖區(qū)校級(jí)一模)已知正三棱柱的高等于1,一個(gè)球與該正三棱柱的所有棱都相切,則該球的體積為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【新題速遞】一、單選題1.(2022·湖北·高三階段練習(xí))已知某圓臺(tái)的體積為SKIPIF1<0,其上底面和下底面的面積分別為SKIPIF1<0,且該圓臺(tái)兩個(gè)底面的圓周都在球O的球面上,則球O的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2022·甘肅·高臺(tái)縣第一中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測(cè)(文))已知A,B,C均在球O的球面上運(yùn)動(dòng),且滿足SKIPIF1<0,若三棱錐SKIPIF1<0體積的最大值為6,則球O的體積為(

).A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<03.(2022·江蘇南京·模擬預(yù)測(cè))已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為球SKIPIF1<0的球面上的四點(diǎn),記SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,四棱錐SKIPIF1<0體積的最大值為SKIPIF1<0,則球SKIPIF1<0的表面積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·黑龍江·海倫市第一中學(xué)高三期中)已知四面體ABCD的所有頂點(diǎn)在球O的表面上,SKIPIF1<0平面BCD,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則球O的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2022·全國·高三階段練習(xí)(文))已知正四棱錐的所有頂點(diǎn)都在體積為SKIPIF1<0的球SKIPIF1<0的球面上,若該正四棱錐的高為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則該正四棱錐的體積的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·貴州·高三階段練習(xí)(文))已知正三棱錐SKIPIF1<0的底面邊長(zhǎng)為6,體積為SKIPIF1<0,A,B,C三點(diǎn)均在以S為球心的球S的球面上,P是該球面上任意一點(diǎn),則三棱錐SKIPIF1<0體積的最大值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.(2022·全國·高三階段練習(xí)(理))已知體積為SKIPIF1<0的正三棱柱SKIPIF1<0的所有頂點(diǎn)都在球SKIPIF1<0的球面上,當(dāng)球SKIPIF1<0的表面積SKIPIF1<0取得最小值時(shí),該正三棱柱的底面邊長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0與高SKIPIF1<0的比值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.(2022·福建·浦城縣第三中學(xué)高三期中)《九章算術(shù)·商功》:“斜解立方,得兩塹堵,其一為陽馬,一為鱉臑,陽馬居二,鱉臑居一.”下圖解釋了這段話中由一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體得到塹堵、陽馬、鱉臑的過程.在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體截得的塹堵和鱉臑中,若塹堵的內(nèi)切球(與各面均相切)半徑為1,則鱉臑體積的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、多選題9.(2022·浙江·慈溪中學(xué)高三期中)已知棱長(zhǎng)為1的正方體SKIPIF1<0,以正方體中心SKIPIF1<0為球心的球SKIPIF1<0與正方體的各條棱相切,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0為球面上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),則下列說法正確的是(

)A.球SKIPIF1<0在正方體外部分的體積為SKIPIF1<0B.若點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在球SKIPIF1<0的正方體外部(含正方體表面)運(yùn)動(dòng),則SKIPIF1<0C.若點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在平面SKIPIF1<0下方,則直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成角的正弦值最大為SKIPIF1<0D.若點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0?SKIPIF1<0?SKIPIF1<0在球SKIPIF1<0的正方體外部(含正方體表面)運(yùn)動(dòng),則SKIPIF1<0最小值為SKIPIF1<010.(2022·福建泉州·高三開學(xué)考試)已知正四棱臺(tái)SKIPIF1<0的所有頂點(diǎn)都在球SKIPIF1<0的球面上,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)部(含邊界)的動(dòng)點(diǎn),則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0 B.球SKIPIF1<0的表面積為SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0的最小值為SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成角的最大值為60°11.(2022·廣東·鐵一中學(xué)高三階段練習(xí))如圖,已知圓錐頂點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,其軸截面SKIPIF1<0是邊長(zhǎng)為6的為正三角形,SKIPIF1<0為底面的圓心,SKIPIF1<0為圓SKIPIF1<0的一條直徑,球SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)切于圓錐(與圓錐底面和側(cè)面均相切),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是球SKIPIF1<0與圓錐側(cè)面的交線上一動(dòng)點(diǎn),則(

)A.圓錐的表面積是SKIPIF1<0 B.球SKIPIF1<0的體積是SKIPIF1<0C.四棱錐SKIPIF1<0體積的最大值為SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0的最大值為SKIPIF1<012.(2022·湖南·長(zhǎng)沙一中模擬預(yù)測(cè))傳說古希臘數(shù)學(xué)家阿基米德的墓碑上刻著一個(gè)圓柱,圓柱內(nèi)有一個(gè)內(nèi)切球,這個(gè)球的直徑恰好與圓柱的高相等SKIPIF1<0“圓柱容球”是阿基米德最為得意的發(fā)現(xiàn);如圖是一個(gè)圓柱容球,SKIPIF1<0為圓柱上下底面的圓心,SKIPIF1<0為球心,EF為底面圓SKIPIF1<0的一條直徑,若球的半徑SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.球與圓柱的表面積之比為SKIPIF1<0B.平面DEF截得球的截面面積最小值為SKIPIF1<0C.四面體CDEF的體積的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<0D.若SKIPIF1<0為球面和圓柱側(cè)面的交線上一點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<013.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測(cè))如圖,在五面體SKIPIF1<0中,底面SKIPIF1<0為矩形,SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0均為等邊三角形,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且二面角SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的大小均為SKIPIF1<0.設(shè)五面體SKIPIF1<0的各個(gè)頂點(diǎn)均位于球SKIPIF1<0的表面上,則(

)A.有且僅有一個(gè)SKIPIF1<0,使得五面體SKIPIF1<0為三棱柱B.有且僅有兩個(gè)SKIPIF1<0,使得平面SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0C.

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