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1HowtoWritetheAbstractSection
孟帆159384吳文謙159387何恒濤159382AcademicWritingApril2220162ContentHowtostartElementsofanabstractLinguisticformatOthertipsExamplesHowtostart
Anabstractissimplyashort,standalonesummaryoftheworkorpaperthatotherscanuseasanoverview.
Anabstractdescribeswhatyoudoinyouressay.Itwillhelpyourreadertounderstandthepaperanditwillhelppeoplesearchforaparticularworktofinditanddecidewhetheritsuitstheirpurposes.3GettingYourAbstractStarted
Writeyourpaperfirst.
Anabstractworkstoreviewtheentiretyofthepaper,includingthemethodsandresults.itwillbeanoverviewofeverythingyouwriteaboutinyourpaper.Savewritingyourabstractforlast,afteryouhavealreadyfinishedyourpaper.Youwillbeabletogiveamuchmoreaccuratesummaryifyoudojustthat-summarizewhatyou'vealreadywritten.4Reviewandunderstandanyrequirementsforwritingyourabstract.
Thepaperyou’rewritingprobablyhasspecificguidelinesandrequirements,whetherit’sforpublicationinajournal,submissioninaclass,orpartofaworkproject.Beforeyoustartwriting,refertotherubricorguidelinesyouwerepresentedwithtoidentifyimportantissuestokeepinmind.5Consideryouraudience.
Forexample,inscientificjournals,abstractsallowreaderstoquicklydecidewhethertheresearchdiscussedisrelevanttotheirowninterest.Abstractalsohelpyourreadersgetatyourmainargumentquickly.Keeptheneedsofyourreadersinmindasyouwritetheabstract.
6ElementsofanAbstractDespitethefactthatanabstractisquitebrief,itmustdoalmostasmuchworkasthemultipaperthatfollowsit.Thismeansthatitshouldinmostcasesincludethefollowingsections.MotivationProblemMethodResultConclusion7
Motivation
Identifyyourpurpose.
Thereaderwantstoknowwhyyourresearchisimportant,andwhatthepurposeofitis.Startoffyourdescriptiveabstractbyconsideringthefollowingquestions:
Whydidyoudecidetodothisstudyorproject?Howdidyouconductyourresearch?Whatdidyoufind?Whyisthisresearchandyourfindingsimportant?8
Problem
Explaintheproblemathand.
Thinkofthisasthespecificissuethatyourresearchorprojectaddresses.Youcansometimescombinetheproblemwithyourmotivation,butitisbesttobeclearandseparatethetwo.
Whatproblemisyourresearchtryingtobetterunderstandorsolve?Whatisthescopeofyourstudy-ageneralproblem,orsomethingspecific?9
Method
Explainyourmethods.
Nowisthepartwhereyougiveanoverviewofhowyouaccomplishedyourstudy.Ifyoudidyourownwork,includeadescriptionofithere.Ifyoureviewedtheworkofothers,itcanbebrieflyexplained.
DescribetheevidenceyouhavetosupportyourclaimGiveanoverviewofyourmostimportantsources.10
Result
Describeyourresults(informativeabstractonly).
Inaninformativeabstract,youwillbeaskedtoprovidetheresultsofyourstudy.Whatisitthatyoufound?
Whatanswerdidyoureachfromyourresearchorstudy?Whatarethegeneralfindings?11
Conclusion
Giveyourconclusion.
Thisshouldfinishupyoursummaryandgiveclosuretoyourabstract.Init,addressthemeaningofyourfindingsaswellastheimportanceofyouroverallpaper.Thisformatofhavingaconclusioncanbeusedinbothdescriptiveandinformativeabstract,butyouwillonlyaddressthefollowingquestionsinaninformativeabstract.
Whataretheimplicationsofyourwork?Areyourresultsgeneralorveryspecific?121313TenseWeusuallyusethepresentsimpletenseandthepastsimpletensetogetaconciseabstract.Method
Usethepasttensetodescribethemethodsemployed. e.g.Weemployedconvexoptimizationtechniquestodevelop…Results
Presenttheminthepasttense. e.g.Wederivedaclosed-formtightupperboundforergodiccapacity.Conclusions
Usethepresenttensetostatetheprincipalconclusion. e.g.Itisshownthatwhenonlystatisticalinformationofchannel…Past
tense
is
used
to
describe
what
was
done
and
what
was
found!1414VoiceBeing
coherent
means
that
an
abstract
is
logical
and
make
sense.
A
good
abstract
uses
tense
correctly,
and
avoids
too
many
changes
between
active
voice
and
passive
voice.Thepast
PassivevoiceThepresent
Activevoice e.g.“This
paper
discusses
…”isbetterthan“Itis discussedbytheauthorinthepaperthat…” e.g.“Asetofequationswereproposed…”isbetterthan “Weproposedasetofequations…”1515SentencepatternTopicsentence Thetopicsentencealwaysindicatestheprimaryobjectiveofthe research.somesentencepatternsareasfollows:Thepurposeofthisresearchis…Inthispaper,weinvestigate…Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigate…Theexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedat…e.g.Weinvestigatemultiple-inputmultiple-output(MIMO)eigenmodetransmissionusingstatisticalchannelstateinformationatthetransmitter.
1616SentencepatternSupportingsentences Supportingsentencesfurtherspecifytheresearchtobepresented. Somethinglikebackground,methodandresultswillbeprovided inthispart.somesentencepatternsareasfollows:Although(theresearchsubject)…,(therelatedproblem)…isasyetundetermined.Severalsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityof…Theresultsareasfollows…Theanalysisofthesamplesindicatesthat…e.g.Wealsoshowthesecrecysum-rateadvantageofoptimalpowerallocationoverequalpowerallocation.
1717SentencepatternConcludingsentences Astheendingpartofanabstract,concludingsentencesusually analyzetheresults,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthe significanceoftheresearch.somesentencepatternsareasfollows:Wepointsout/concludesthat…Theresultsareasfollows…Asaresultofthecurrentexperiment,weconcludethat…e.g.Motivatedbythisfact,wedesignanRCI-hybridschemebasedontheRCIandanewlyproposedhybridreceiverarchitecture.
Varietyofformsinvocabulary,expressions,structures,sentencespatternsarepreferablewhilesuchphraseshouldbeavoidedas“Ithink…”,”“Mystudy…”,“It`s…”!OtherTipsAnabstractmustbeafullyself-contained,capsuledescriptionofthepaper.Itcan'tassume(orattempttoprovoke)thereaderintoflippingthroughlookingforanexplanationofwhatismeantbysomevaguestatement.Itmustmakesenseallbyitself.Somepointstoconsiderinclude:18AvoidbeingtoospecificAnymajorrestrictionsorlimitationsontheresultsshouldbestated,ifonlybyusing"weasel-words"suchas"might","could","may",and"seem".19Usekeyphrasesandwords.
Ifyourabstractistobepublishedinajournal,youwantpeopletobeabletofinditeasily.Inordertodoso,readerswillsearchforcertainqueriesononlinedatabasesinhopesthatpapers,likeyours,willshowup.Trytouse5-10importantwordsorphraseskeytoyourresearchinyourabstract.
20Keepitinorder.
Therearespecificquestionsyourabstractmustprovideanswersfor,buttheanswersshouldbekeptinorderaswell.Ideally,itshouldmimictheoverallformatofyouressay,withageneral‘introduction’,‘body’and‘conclusion’.Manyjournalshavespecificstyleguidesforabstracts.Ifyou’vebeengivenasetofrulesorguidelines,followthemtotheletter.21Writeitfromscratch.
Yourabstractisasummary,yes,butitshouldbewrittencompletelyseparatefromyourpaper.Don'tcopyandpastedirectquotesfromyourself,andavoidsimplyparaphrasingyourownsentencesfromelsewhereinyourwriting.Writeyourabstractusingcompletelynewvocabularyandphrasestokeepitinterestingandredundancy-free.22Besuretodobasicrevisions.
Theabstractisapieceofwritingthat,likeanyother,shouldberevisedbeforebeingcompleted.Checkitoverforgrammaticalandspellingerrorsandmakesureitisformattedproperly.23Getfeedbackfromsomeone.
Trytofindsomeonewhodoesn’tknoweverythingaboutyourproject.Askhimorhertoreadyourabstractandthentellyouwhats/heunderstoodfromit.Thiswillletyouknowwhetheryou’veadequatelycommunicatedyourkeypointsinaclearmanner.24Example
Theestimationofsparseshallow-wateracousticcommunicationchannelsandtheimpactofestimationperformanceontheequalizationofphasecoherentcommunicationsignalsareinvestigated.Givensufficientlywidetransmissionbandwidth,theimpulseresponseoftheshallow-wateracousticchannelisoftensparseasthemultipatharrivalsbecomeresolvable.Inthepresenceofsigni?cantsurfacewaves,themultipatharrivalsassociatedwithsurfacescattering?uctuaterapidlyovertime,inthesensethatthecomplexgain,thearrivaltime,andtheDopplersofeacharrivalallchangedynamically.Purpose:?25Problem
Asparsechannelestimationtechniqueisdevelopedbasedonthedelay-Doppler-spreadfunctionrepresentationofthechannel.Thedelay-Doppler-spreadfunctionmaybeconsideredasa?rst-orderapproximationtotherapidlytime-varyingchannelinwhicheachchannelcomponentisassociatedwithDopplershiftsthatareassumedconstantoveranaveraginginterval.Thesparsestructureofthedelay-Doppler-spreadfunctionisthenexploitedbysequentiallychoosingthe
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