歐盟成立時六大成員國前后經(jīng)濟對比

TheEuropeanUnion,

headquarteredinBrussels,

itdevelopsbyEuropeancommunity.Ithas6initial

members

,they

wereFrance,

theFederalRepublicofGermany,

Italy,

Holland,

BelgiumandLuxemburg.

The

Union

has28MemberStates,

thereare24

official

language.Theeuroisthe

currencyinthe

18

countriesoftheEuropeanunion.

InJanuary1,1999

theimplementationofunified

monetarypolicyintheimplementationof

the

EUcountries

in

theeuro.

In

2002,

July,

theeurobecame

theonlylegal

currencyineuro

zone.EuroismanagedbyEuropeanCentralBankandEuropeanSystemofCentralBanksLuxemburg

islocatedinnorthwestern

Europe,

neighboringFrance,

GermanyandBelgium,

it

is

theonlyGrandDuchyofcontinentalinEurope.

thecapital

cityisLuxemburg.locationEconomyLuxemburg

percapitaGDP

formanyyears

intheforefrontoftheworld,

non

intensive

labor

industries

hasapowerfulimpetus

tothenationaleconomy.

Amongthem,

thefinancialindustry,

ironandsteelindustry

and

radioandTVindustryis

thethreepillar

oftheLuxemburgeconomy.

FranceLocationFranceisthelargestcountryinWesternEurope(aboutone-fifthofEU’sarea),withthevastwaters.Trilateralterrestrialself-northeasttosouthwestwithatotalofeightnationalborders,whichareBelgium,Luxembourg,Germany,Switzerland,Italy,Monaco,SpainandAndorra.NorthwestacrossLaMancheandacrosstheUK,theNorthSea,theEnglishChannel,theAtlanticOceanandtheMediterraneanSea.1.ThefarmingandanimalhusbandryFranceistheEuropeanUnion'sbiggestagriculturalproducer,isalsotheworld'sleadingexporterofagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Foodproductionaccountsforone-thirdoftheEuropeanfoodproduction,agriculturalexportsrankingsecondintheworld,aftertheUnitedStates.ItistheleadingproducerandexporteroffarmproductsinEurope.Francedoes66%ofitstradewithitsEuropeanUnionpartners(50%withintheeuroarea).CommonAgriculturePolicyWhyCommonAgriculturalPolicyfortheFrenchagriculturehasbroughtsignificantimpact.Theagriculturalcommoditypricesimprovedtovaryingdegrees.TomakeFrancegetgreatbenefitsfromtheEuropeanAgriculturalFund.TheimplementationoftheCommonAgriculturalPolicy,tostabilizethepoliticalsituationinFrance,maintainingthesmallfarmerincomes,enhancetheFrenchinfluenceintheEuropeanCommunity,Francehasanimportantpoliticalsignificance.WineIndustry2.IndustryPerfumeindustryFranceisthelargestcountryintheworldtourists.France'stourismrevenue,rankingthirdintheworld,aftertheUnitedStatesandItaly.3.Tourism.4.ForeignDirectInvestment

Department

offoreigninvestment

inFrance

isrelativelyconcentrated,including

holdingcompanies,

thefinancialsector

(banking

andinsuranceinstitutions),business,information,

Electricity,Gas,transportequipment,chemicalsandother

sectors.Regionaldistributionof

investment

ismainly

concentratedinthe

EUcountriesand

NorthAmerica.

Foreigninvestment

is

thelargestcountryin

theUnitedStates,Belgium,Britain,theNetherlands,

Germany,France

majorinvestment

centerswithin

theEU.ItalyOverviewofEconomyItalyisthesecond-largestmanufacturingcountryin

EU,andfifth-largestintheworld,behind

UnitedStates,

China,

Japan

andGermany.

It'sthethird-largesteconomyinthe

eurozone

andthe

tenth-largesteconomyintheworld.

ItisafoundingmemberoftheG7,

G8,the

Eurozone

andthe

OECD.TheEconomybeforeJoiningTheEU（Before1957）——“Italianeconomicmiracle”Itisthenameoftenusedbyhistorians,economistsandmassmediatodesignatetheprolongedperiodofsustainedeconomicgrowthin

Italycomprisedbetweentheendofthe

SecondWorldWarandlate1960s,andinparticulartheyears1950-63.Aftertheendof

WorldWarII,Italywasinrubbleandoccupiedbyforeignarmies,aconditionthatworsenedthechronicdevelopmentgaptowardsthemoreadvancedEuropeaneconomies.However,Italybenefitedfromthe

MarshallPlan,receiving$1,500millionfrom1948to1952.

TheendofthePlan,thatcouldhavestoppedtherecovery,coincidedwiththecrucialpointofthe

KoreaWar

(1950–1953),whosedemandformetalandothermanufacturedproductswasafurtherstimulustothegrowthofeverykindofindustryinItaly.TheEconomyafterJoiningtheEU（After1957）Thecreationin1957ofthe

EuropeanCommonMarket,ofwhichItalywasamongthefoundermembers,providedmoreinvestmentsandeasedexports.Theabovementionedhighlyfavorablehistoricalbackgrounds,combinedwiththepresenceofalargeandcheapstockoflabourforce,laidthefoundationsofaspectaculareconomicgrowth.

1964-1973TheItalianeconomyexperiencedanaveragerateofgrowthof

GDP

of

5.0%peryearbetween1964-1973.Italianratesofgrowthweresecondonly,butveryclose,tothe

German

rates,inEurope,andamongthe

OEECcountriesonly

behindtheJapan.Economy（Atpresent）AlthoughtheeconomicsituationoftheItalyisnotasgoodasitwasduringthetimewhenitjustjoinedtheEU,theItalianproductsintheworldstillhasstrongcompetitiveness.Exportcoversawiderangeofcommodities.Suchusmechanicalequipment,automobile,processedagriculturalproducts,steel,householdappliances,clothing,shoes,preciousmetalsandothermanufacturedgoods.Italyisoneofthetoptenforeigntradecountriesaroundtheworld,whoseimportandexportarerankingstablyseventhoreighthintheworld.

In2011,theexportsofgoodsandservicesreached375.719billioneuros.Atthesametime,importswere400.052billioneuros.Thetotaltradevolumeofworldtradetotalwas3%~3.5%.TheFederalRepublicofGermanyisoneoftheworld'sleadingindustrialisedcountries.LocatedinCentralEurope.AnditisafoundingmemberoftheEuropeanUnion.ItistheEuropeanUnion'smostpopulousandmosteconomicallypowerfulmemberstate.Germany

In2009,Europeandebtcrisisbrokeout.Europeisgoingthroughahardtime:Ireland，Spain，Portugal，GreecehavecallingforhelpfromallEUcountriestryingtorevivethereeconomy，buthowdoesGermanykeepsitseconomysteadilygoingupyearbyyear?WhatstrategydoesituseforitsownadvantagewhenotherEurocountriesareintrouble?WhatroledoesitplayinthecentralEurope?Political:Internationaltradeisessentialforeverycountry.Globalizationistheresultoftheincreasingtradeactivitiesamongnations.Thus，governmentregulationsontradeisveryimportanttohavethecountry'seconomyincontrol.inordertoavoidunexpectedfinancialcrisis,Germanymadegovernmentregulationsonvariesaspectssuchasimportrestrictions，taxcontrolsandlabourrestrictions.Oneofthemostimportantsectorsforacountry'seconomydevelopmentistheglobaltrade.GermanyhasdoneaparticulargoodjobcomparedtootherEuropeanscountries.IthasmaintainedagoodrelationshipwithBRIC(Brazil，Russia，IndiaandChina)byprovidingadvancedtechnologytotheirmanufactures.Economicenvironment:Differentculturecanaffectthewaypeopledobusiness.Germansarefamousfortheirintegrity，precisenessandformality.Germansarestronglyindividualistic;Theirthoughtprocessisextremelythorough，witheachaspectofaprojectbeingexaminedingreatdetail.PunctualityisnecessityinGermany.Arriveontimeforeveryappointment，whetherforbusinessorsocial.Beinglate，evenifforonlyafewminutes，isveryinsultingtoaGermanexecutive.Social－culturalenvironment:SiemensAGisaGermanengineeringconglomerate，thelargestofitskindinEurope.Thecompanyhasthreemainbusinesssectors:Industry，Energy，andHealthcare.TheproductionsincludemanufacturingIT，IndustrialgoodsTelecommunications，Transportation，ControlSystemsHealthcare，Energy，etc.InnovationhasalwaysbeenoneofthemostimportantelementsinSiemens’businessstrategy.Innovationshelptocutcosts，increasesalesandachievehigherearnings.SiemensAG:EuropeanUniontiedEuropeancountriestogetherineconomy;it

bringsmoreflexibilitybutdependencywitheachotheraswell.Germanywill

havetolearntoworkwithothercountriesformutualmaximumprofitsandprepare

foranychangesintheregulationsofEU.EuropeanUnion&Germany:Belgium比利時

OverviewofEconomy

·Belgium'sstronglyglobalizedeconomyanditstransportinfrastructureareintegratedwiththerestofEurope.·Itslocationattheheartofahighlyindustrializedregionhelpedmakeittheworld's15thlargesttradingnationin2007.

OneofthefoundingmembersoftheEuropeanUnion,BelgiumstronglysupportsanopeneconomyandtheextensionofthepowersofEUinstitutionstointegratemembereconomies.BelgiumwasthefirstcontinentalEuropeancountrytoundergotheIndustrialRevolution,intheearly19thcentury

OverviewofEconomy

AfterWorldWarII,GhentandAntwerpexperiencedarapidexpansionofthechemicalandpetroleumindustries.

OverviewofEconomy

AtpresentBytheendofthe1980s,Belgianmacroeconomicpolicieshadresultedinacumulativegovernmentdebtofabout120%ofGDP.In2005and2006,realGDPgrowthratesof1.5%and3.0%,respectively,wereslightlyabovetheaveragefortheEuroarea.ByOctober2010,thishadgrownto8.5%comparedtoanaveragerateof9.6%fortheEuropeanUnionasawholeNetherlandsbyEconomyoverviewAdevelopedcapitalistcountry,oneofthetopteneconomicpowersinwesterncountry.relativelypoorinnaturalresourcesbutrichinnaturalgasreserves.industrydeveloped.rawmaterialsandsalesmarketmainlyrelyonoverseas.Itisoneoftheworld'sleadingshipbuildingcountries.SoisAgriculture,rankingintheworld'sthirdlargestexporterofagriculturalproducts.Flowerispillarindustry.Enjoythelaudatorytitleof"Europeangarden".Fi