母豬的營養(yǎng)Frank-Aherne博士

NutritionoftheSow

母豬的營養(yǎng)美國大豆協(xié)會中國辦事處畜禽技術(shù)主任PhilipMcKinnon,Ph.DLivestockTechnicalDirectorASAChina美國大豆協(xié)會

FrankAherne博士講稿改編AdaptedfromDr.FrankAherneASAConsultant母豬的飼喂FeedingSows確定母豬飼喂水平和營養(yǎng)需要的根據(jù)是：Thefeedinglevelsandnutrientrequirementsofsowsshouldbedeterminedby:妊娠期：母豬體重和目標(biāo)增重InGestation:sowweight+targetweightgain泌乳期：母豬體重和泌乳量InLactation:sowweight+milkyield數(shù)據(jù)越全面，母豬能量和營養(yǎng)需要量就確定得越準(zhǔn)確Themoredataavailable,thebettertheestimateofthesows’energyandnutrientrequirements.Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight

后備母豬到115千克體重的飼喂方案2.46Avg

平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosphorus磷Calcium鈣Lysine賴氨酸Protein蛋白質(zhì)Feed/d(kg)日采食

(千克)Wt.(kg)體重

(千克)Commontargetsforreplacementgilts

后備母豬通常的體況標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Giltsselectedonfarmat145–155daysweight95to105kg11to13mmP2backfat小母豬到達(dá)繁殖豬場時應(yīng)為145-155日齡,屆時體重應(yīng)為95-105千克，P2背膘厚應(yīng)為11-13毫米

Forgiltsyoungerthan145daysofageand/orwithlessthan14mmP2backfatat110to115kg(finalselection)對于145日齡時體重小于110-115千克體重或背膘厚小于14毫米的小母豬(最后選育時)Feedafatenhancingdietuntilthegiltshave16t017mmP2應(yīng)飼喂脂肪強(qiáng)化日糧直到P2背膘厚達(dá)到16-17毫米GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)選擇后的小母豬日糧(115千克體重到配種).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)鈣(%).55.65Lysine(%)賴氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白質(zhì)(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg

消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪強(qiáng)化日糧GiltDeveloper發(fā)育期日糧Theeffectsofageatbreedingonlongevityandperformance2357records,L42PICsows(AlbertaPigCompany2000)PIC42系母豬,2357份記錄2313039490782083#animals母豬頭數(shù)2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removedparity淘汰時已產(chǎn)窩數(shù)34.037.841.244.843.341.5Totalliveborn/lifetime終生活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Totalliveborn/litter終生平均窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)82.546.6453528.825.7Entrytoconception(d)入群至受胎天數(shù)296268238209183158Aveserviceage(d)平均首配日齡217215197176160141Entryage(d)入群日齡286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Rangeinserviceage(d)首配日齡范圍首配日齡對利用年限和性能的影響Holderetal.1995.175939%farrowing5litters

產(chǎn)5胎比例.028.120.8WSI斷奶至配種天數(shù)NS8.58.5#Weaned窩斷奶仔數(shù)NS14.314.1Ovulationrate排卵率.04144158Ageatpuberty(d)

初情日齡PEarly早成熟Control對照Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母豬的性能Whentobreed??何時配種??Ourrecommendation我們的建議Preferredage/weightatbreeding

配種時適宜的日齡和體重>190days大于190日齡120to130kg體重120-130千克16to18mmP2backfat

P2背膘厚16-18毫米secondestrus第二情期PerformanceGoals性能目標(biāo)40Annualreplacementrate%

年更新率5Lifetimelitters一生所產(chǎn)窩數(shù)10.8Firstlittersize(totalborn)頭胎窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)(總數(shù))90%cyclingwithin28dofentry入群后28天內(nèi)開始發(fā)情的比例200–230dMeanageatfirstmating

首配平均日齡170–180dMeanageatpuberty

初情平均日齡150–160dAgeatstartofpubertystimulation開始初情誘導(dǎo)時的日齡妊娠期Gestation斷奶到配種間隔天數(shù)窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)分娩率(%)目標(biāo)是，各胎次母豬分娩時的P2背膘厚都應(yīng)為18-20毫米(用超聲波背膘測試儀檢測)Aimfor18-20mmP2backfatforallparitysowsatfarrowing,measuredwithultrasonicbackfattester.妊娠期采食量對母豬生產(chǎn)率的影響母豬體增重(千克)窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)仔豬初生重(千克)日采食量(千克)正常范圍妊娠期蛋白質(zhì)攝入量對母豬生產(chǎn)率的影響母豬體增重(千克)窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)仔豬初生重(千克)正常范圍日糧粗蛋白(%)妊娠母豬飼料需要量(0-100天)

Feedrequirementsforgestatingsows(d0-d100)

2.42.62.72.82.9200-225V.Heavy很重2.32.42.52.62.7175-200Heavy重2.12.22.32.42.5150-175Medium中1.92.12.22.32.4115-150Light輕

17-1815-1613-1411-1210

BreedingBackfatP2(mm)

配種時P2背膘厚(毫米)Breedingweight(kg)配種時體重(千克)日糧含蛋白質(zhì)13.5%；賴氨酸0.55；代謝能3兆卡/千克Dietcontains13.5%protein,0.55%lysine3McalME/kg妊娠后期的飼喂方式PatternofFeedingLateGestation從妊娠90天到分娩期間，每天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼喂水平必須增加1.0-1.5千克以預(yù)防動用體脂.Standardfeedinglevelsmustbeincreasedby1.0to1.5kgfeedperdayfromd90ofgestationuntilfarrowingtopreventmobilizationofbodyfat.妊娠期胎兒的生長胎兒和胎膜的重量(克)受胎后天數(shù)泌乳期LACTATION最大限度增加采食量maximizefeedintakes泌乳期采食量對泌乳量和母豬失重的影響摘自：Whittemore,1984母豬泌乳期失重(千克)日泌乳量(千克)日采食量(千克)許多母豬都不能攝入足夠的能量和養(yǎng)分以滿足自身的需要

Manysowsdonotconsumesufficientenergyand/ornutrientstomeettheirrequirements

后果Consequence失重過多會導(dǎo)致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低,并提早被淘汰。

Excessiveweightloss,whichmayleadtoreducedmilkyield,poorreproductiveperformanceandearlycullingfromtheherd.泌乳期采食量對繁殖性能的影響

Effectoffeedintakeduringlactationonreproductiveperformance

2.967.281.4EmbryoSurvival胚胎存活率0.917.216.4OvulationRate排卵率4.265.584.5PregnancyRate%妊娠率(%)1.89.05.1DaystoEstrus斷奶到發(fā)情天數(shù)9293Sows母豬數(shù)SEM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤Restricted限飼AdLibitum自由采食UniversityofAlberta,1990加拿大Alberta大學(xué)在泌乳期的任何一周限制養(yǎng)分都會顯著影響母豬的

繁殖力Nutrientrestrictioninanyweekoflactationwillsignificantlyinfluencesowfertility.Wespeculatethatlossofmaternalproteinreserves,ratherthanlossofmaternallipidreserves,driveslactationalperformanceandsubsequentreproductiveefficiency.我們認(rèn)為，是母體蛋白質(zhì)儲備的損失而非母體脂肪儲備的損失危害了母豬的泌乳期性能和其后的繁殖性能。頭胎泌乳母豬蛋白質(zhì)損失和卵巢功能的關(guān)系Relationshipbetweenproteinlossandovarianfunctioninlactatingfirst-littersows

.027.623.724.7Numberoffollicles4-6mm直徑4-6毫米卵泡的數(shù)量.00815.19.46.9Proteinloss,%(offarrow)蛋白質(zhì)損失(分娩時的%)NS1.711.440.96Backfatloss,mm背膘厚減少(毫米).00228.217.012.7Wtloss,kg體重減輕(千克)PP值低蛋白LowProtein中蛋白MediumProtein高蛋白HighProteinLactationDiets泌乳期日糧ClowesandAherne1999由于母豬泌乳期體重?fù)p失中既損失了蛋白質(zhì)，也損失了脂肪，

所以脂肪損失和以后繁殖性能之間的強(qiáng)相關(guān)可能明確地反映了蛋白質(zhì)損失到了閾值以下。

Becausesowweightlossinlactationusuallyconsistsofbothproteinandfat,astrongcorrelationbetweenfatlossandsubsequentreproductiveperformancemaysimplyreflectthelossofproteinbelowherthreshold

泌乳早期采食量的重要性

Importanceofearlylactationfeedintake

采食量低或高的母豬在泌乳第一周的差別最大Differencebetweenpoorandhighconsumingsowsgreaterduringfirstweekoflactation豬群繁殖性能會因泌乳早期個體間的巨大差異而出現(xiàn)巨大差別。

Herd’svariationinreproductiveperformanceduetohighersowtosowvariationinearlylactationfeedintake周平均最差的10%最好的10%平均Dial和Koketsu,19953周泌乳期中每周的平均日采食量(千克)(30個豬場，共11,700頭母豬)母豬泌乳期采食量變化模式124365泌乳天數(shù)泌乳天數(shù)泌乳天數(shù)泌乳天數(shù)泌乳天數(shù)泌乳天數(shù)千克千克千克千克千克千克泌乳期的飼喂方式PatternofFeedingDuringLactation逐漸增加采食量到滿足母豬的食欲，這可能需要每天飼喂三次。Increasefeedintakegraduallytosow’sappetite.Thismayrequiregoingto3meals/day.Day12toWeaning第12天到斷奶保持最低目標(biāo)水平Holdatminimumtargetlevel.Day8-12第8-12天增加日采食量,以達(dá)到泌乳第7天的目標(biāo).

Increasefeedintakedailytomeetminimumtargetbyday7oflactationDay3–7第3-7天2.5Day1and2

第1和第2天

1.5to2.0DayofFarrowing(d0)分娩后天數(shù)(第0天)Kgfeed/day

日采食(千克)Reasonsforgradualincreaseinsowfeedintake

緩慢增加泌乳母豬采食量的理由Sowconstipation母豬便秘Agalactia無乳Mastitis乳房炎Milkscoursinthelitter乳豬下痢Sowsgoingofffeedlaterinlactation泌乳后期采食量下降泌乳母豬的能量和營養(yǎng)需要量

Energyandnutrientrequirementsoflactatingsows

58.244.931.661.948.635.3Lysine,g/day賴氨酸(克/天)1.030.970.890.970.910.82Lysine,%賴氨酸(%)10878836121178936703Protein,g/day蛋白質(zhì)(克/天)19.218.517.218.417.516.3Protein,%蛋白質(zhì)(%)18.515.111.620.917.514.1MEintake,Mcal/day*

兆卡代謝能/天5.664.613.566.405.354.31Feed/day,kg母豬日采食(千克)101010000Sowwtloss,kg母豬失重(千克)250200150250200150Piggrowth,g/d仔豬日增重(克)175175175175175175Sowwt,kg母豬體重(千克)NRC1998*dietcontains3.27McalME/kg每千克日糧含代謝能3.27兆卡合成乳汁所需要的理想蛋白質(zhì)組成

Idealproteinratiosformilksynthesis

55Isoleuc異亮氨酸85Val纈氨酸18Try色氨酸58Thr蘇氨酸45Me+Cyst.蛋+胱氨酸100Lysine賴氨酸高瘦肉型泌乳母豬飼喂指南

HIGH-LEANSOWSLACTATIONFEEDGUIDELINES玉米-豆粕基礎(chǔ)日糧（去皮）

-不添加麩皮或添加量最高不超過5%CORN-SOYBEANMEAL(DEHULLED)-NOWHEATBRANORMAXIMUM5%自由采食-豬能吃多少喂多少FULLFEEDTOAPPETITE–ASMUCHASSOWWILLEAT18%粗蛋白

18%CRUDEPROTEIN

0.95-1%賴氨酸-全價蛋白質(zhì)(豆粕,膨化全脂大豆),非合成氨基酸0.95-1.0%LYSINE–COMPLETEPROTEIN(SBM,ExtrudedFullFatSBM),NOTSYNTHETICAMINOACIDS-(夏天需要高水平的日糧以補(bǔ)償采食量的降低)-(HIGHERLEVELSMAYBENEEDEDINSUMMERTOCOMPENSATEREDUCEDFEEDINTAKE)

3-5%豆油3-5%SOYOIL泌乳母豬的實(shí)用飼喂方案APracticalFeedingProgramforLactatingSows最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)MinimumTarget維持需要1.5千克，加上每哺乳一頭仔豬增加0.5千克1.5kgforsowmaintenanceplus0.5