中國(guó)文化導(dǎo)論 lecture Five (Arts)

AGlimpseofChineseCultureLectureFiveArtsCalligraphyPaintingTraditionalOperasFolkPerformingArtsTraditionalMusicalInstruments

CalligraphyandPainting

CalligraphyPaintingFourtreasuresofthestudyHowdoyouunderstandChinesecalligraphy?Chinesecalligraphyisalsocalledtheartoflines.Itstressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.

TheChinesesaying“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson”(字如其人),isdirectlyrelatedtocalligraphy.It'salsoregardedasawaytokeepmindandbodyfitandhealthy.Strokes(筆畫)ofChineseCharactersThereare6basiccategories:dian—dotstrokeheng—horizontalstrokeshu—verticalstrokepie—curvedstrokezhe—angular(角形的)strokegou—hooked(鉤形的)strokeThemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ThenumberofstrokeswithinasingleChinesecharacterrangesfromonetomorethan50strokes.Biang,二聲(56strokes)Calligraphy“一點(diǎn)飛上天，黃河兩邊彎；八字大張口，言字往里走，左一扭，右一扭；西一長(zhǎng)，東一長(zhǎng)，中間加個(gè)馬大王；心字底，月字旁，留個(gè)勾搭掛麻糖；推了車車走咸陽(yáng)?！盩hemostcomplicatedChinesecharacter?

ChineseRadicalsStrokesformChineseradicals(偏旁)Aradicalistherootofacharacter.Somebasiccharactercomponentsarestandalonecharacters(獨(dú)立成字),like“土”and“山”,butmostarejustpartsofthem.FivecategoriesofChinesescripts

thesealform(zhuan篆書)theofficialform(li隸書)the

cursive（草寫的）form(cao草書)theregular

form(kai楷書)the

runningform(xing行書)The

Seal

Form(篆書)

anancientscriptthatmainlyappearedonthebronzevesselsduringtheWarringStatesandPre-QinPeriodsmoreclosetopictography(象形文字).Eachofthecharactershasabalancedandsymmetrical(對(duì)稱的)pattern.TheOfficialForm(隸書)

ItcameintobeingduringtheQinandHandynasties.ItwastheturningpointintheevolutionofChinesescriptsandisthefoundationofthelaterscriptforms.Itwasmucheasiertouse,sothatintheHandynastyitreplacedthesealform.TheCursiveForm(草書)

ItoriginatedfromtheHanDynasty.Thisstyleofcalligraphyissmoothandlivelywithstrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingtogether.Itisexecutedfreelyandrapidlysothatpartsofthecharactersappearexaggerated(夸張的).TheRegularform(楷書)

ItwasdevelopedduringtheWeiandJindynastiesandcametoprominenceduringtheTangdynasty.Itisstilltoday’sstandardwriting.Itissquareinform,andnon-cursiveinstrokes.Size:LargerRegularFormSmallerRegularFormMediumRegularFormFourmostfamousRegularstylemasters

柳公權(quán)體勢(shì)勁媚，骨力道健瘦勁著稱

顏真卿化瘦硬為豐腴雄渾，端莊雄偉

歐陽(yáng)詢挺拔俊麗嚴(yán)密方勁

趙孟頫能精究各體，在朝鮮、日本非常風(fēng)行（精通書法、繪畫）柳公權(quán)zhaomengfu（元朝）歐陽(yáng)詢The

runningForm(行書)

Therunningformissomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveformsallowingsimplerandfasterwriting.therunningregularform行楷therunningcursiveform行草theChineseCalligrapher

inHistoryWangXizhi(303-361,EasternJinDynasty)—thesageofChinesecalligraphy

書圣

ThePrefacetoTheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy（《蘭亭集序》）

HowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

ChineseTraditionalPaintingreferstoink-washpainting(水墨畫),whichcanbetracedbacktotheTangDynastyandflourishedfromtheYuanDynastyonwards.ThemostimportantthemesoftraditionalChinesepainting:humanfigures

landscape

flowers

birds

pavilionsHowdoyouunderstandChinesePainting?

TraditionalChinesepaintingsarenot“purely”paintings.Apaintingusuallyconsistsofcalligraphicwriting,sealstamps,andthepainting.Theycombinefineart,poetry,calligraphy,andsealengravingtoachieveanartisticunison(一致).東晉顧愷之《洛神賦圖》唐朝張萱、周昉《唐宮仕女圖》唐朝閻立本《步輦圖》唐朝韓滉huang《五牛圖》五代顧閎hong中《韓熙載夜宴圖》

北宋王希孟《千里江山圖》

北宋·張擇端《清明上河圖》

元朝黃公望《富春山居圖》明朝仇英《漢宮春曉圖》

清朝郎世寧《百駿圖》

Modern

ChinesePaintersXuBeihong列子·湯問(wèn)QiBaishiModern

ChinesePaintersMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangMuralPaintingsatDunhuangWood-cutBlockPrint

（版畫）Wood-cutBlockPrint

Wood-cutBlockPrint

FourtreasuresofthestudyFourtreasuresofthestudy:brush,ink,paperandinkstoneThebestofeachoftheseitemsisrepresentedby:

Hubrush(湖筆),Huiinkstick(徽墨),RicePaper（Xuanpaper宣紙),andDuaninkstone(端硯).

HubrushHubrushesareproducedinthecityofHuzhou,ZhejiangProvince.Huiinksticks古徽州HuiinksticksareproducedinHuiCity,AnhuiProvince.TheyaremadefromtheashofburntgreenpinefromMountHuangshanandthenmixedwithglue.RicepaperXuanpaperisaspecialtypeofhighqualitypaperproducedinXuanchengandJingCountyofAnhuiProvince.Duaninkstones廣東肇慶

DuaninkstoneswerefirstintroducedinDuanzhou,nowareproducedinZhaoqingCity,GuangdongProvince.HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?Theregularformisusuallytakenasthestandardformforbeginnerstopracticebecauseitisthebasicformforotherinscriptions.practicingthecharacter“永”repeatedlybecauseitcontainstheeightbasicdotsandstrokes.

HowtopracticeChineseCalligraphy?

TraditionalOperas

BeijingOperaOtherMajorTraditionalChineseOperasBeijingOperaBeijingOperaOriginallyBeijingOperawasaformoflocaltheatre.ItthenspreadacrossthecountryandbecamethenationaloperaofChina.Singing,recitation,acting,andacrobaticfighting(唱、念、做、打)arethefourartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.

Eachactionbytheperformerishighlysymbolic.Feelingsandideasareoftenexpressedthroughthesesymbolicmotions.startingfromTangdynasty,takingshapeinSongandYuanandbecomingmatureinthebeginningofQing.Sheng,Dan,Jing,andChou（生、旦、凈、丑）

ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,profession,andsocialstatus.TherearefourmajorrolesinBeijingOperatoday:sheng(male),dan(female),jing(paintedface,male)andchou(clown).ShengTheshengrolesaregenerallypositiveandcanbedividedinto：

laosheng(elderlymen)wusheng(militarymen)xiaosheng(youngmen)wawasheng(children)DanDanreferstovariousfemaleroles,includinglaodan(老旦),qingyi(青衣or正丹雍容華貴、身份顯赫的婦女，楊貴妃),huadan(花旦youngladies)，

wudan(武旦,eg.青蛇)

caidan(彩旦,丑婆子，東施).

FourGreatDanActorsMeiLanfang梅蘭芳ShangXiaoyun尚小云FourGreatDanActorsChengYanqiu程硯秋XunHuisheng荀慧生FourGreatDanActorsJing(HuaLian)TheJingisaromantic,exaggeratedBeijingOperarole.Thecharactersaremostlycheerful,honest,gallant(豪俠的),andintrepid(剛毅的)menortreacherous(奸詐的)andcruelmen.正凈（大花臉,唱功）副凈（二花臉，做功）武凈（武花臉）ChouThechoucharactersaresharp-witted,clever,humorous,honest,andkindmen.wenchou(文丑:comiccivilianroles)whospeak,act,andsingwuchou(武丑:arcobaticfightingcomicroles)whoseperformanceinvolvesbothspeakingandacrobaticfighting.Chou

FacialMakeupandCostumesTherearetwowaystodistinguishacharacter’spersonalityorroletype.Thefirstistounderstandthecolorcodeofthepaintedface.Thesecondistodistinguishthelinesandpatternsdrawnontheface.紅色臉象征忠義、耿直、有血性；黑色臉既表現(xiàn)性格嚴(yán)肅，不茍言笑；藍(lán)色臉表現(xiàn)性格剛直，桀驁不馴；綠色臉勇猛，莽撞。CostumesDifferentrobecolorsindicatedifferentsocialstatusorpeople:yellowforimperialfamilyredfornobilityredandblueforviolentpeoplescholars--bluegownsgenerals--paddedarmoremperors--dragon-patternedrobesBeijingOpera《貴妃醉酒》選段/vblog/news/201203/cd099874-6bbf-4220-8452-dacf0f160eb9.shtml

OtherMajorTraditionalChineseOpera

KunquOpera昆曲ShaanxiOpera秦腔ChuanOpera川劇YueOpera越劇HuangmeiOpera黃梅戲YueOpera粵劇YuOpera豫劇KunquOperaKunquOperaisconsideredthemotherofmanyothertypesoftraditionaloperas.ItoriginatedfromearlyfolkoperaspopularinKunshan,JiangsuProvinceandhadreacheditspeakofpopularitybythelateMingDynastyandearlyQingDynasty.In2001,itwaslistedintheOralandIntangibleCulturalHeritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織).PeonyPavilionKunquOperaShaanxiOperaShaanxiOpera(秦腔),theoldestofalltheChineseoperasthatarestillinexistencetoday,isthetypicaloperaofShaanxiprovince.“ancestorofallChineselocaloperas”ChuanOperaItoriginatedinthemid-18thcentury.Thetechniqueof“facechanges”ismostoftenusedinChuanOpera.Insomecasesmultiplelayersofmasksaretornawayforeachchangeinfacialexpression.YueOpera越劇ItoriginatedinShengxianCounty嵊縣,ZhejiangProvince,butitispopularthroughoutZhejiangProvinceandShanghaiaswellasinmanylargeandmedium-sizedcitiesthroughoutthecountry.

Thesoftandgentlemusicofthisoperaevokessentimentalemotions,andtheactingstyleislikewisegracefulandrefined.Butterfly'sLove(RomeoandJulietinChina)HuangmeiOperaHuangmeiOperahasbeenperformedforover200years.ItisalocaloperainAnhuiProvinceandevolvedfromthe“CaichaTune”(tea-pickingtune)ofHuangmeiCounty,HubeiProvince.TheHeavenlyMaidandtheMortal《天仙配》FemaleSon-in-lawoftheEmperor《女駙馬》YueOpera粵劇YueOperaisonetypeoftraditionallocaloperas,popularinGuangdongandGuangxiprovincesandinChinesecommunitiesinSouthAsiaandAmerica.YuOpera豫劇Yuopera,alsocalledHenanBangzi,isoneofthemostinfluentiallocaloperasinChina.Representativefigures:

馬金鳳常香玉Representativepieces:

HuaMulan《花木蘭》MuGuiyingTakesCommand《穆桂英掛帥》YuOpera豫劇HuaMulanHuaMulanMuGuiyingTakesCommandFolkPerformingArts

AcrobaticsQuyi

PuppetShowShadowPlay

Ghost-ExorcisingOpera(儺nuo舞)

AcrobaticsAcrobaticshasbeeninexistenceinChinaformorethan2,000years.Chineseacrobatshavebeensuccessfulinmanyinternationalcompetitionsovertheyears.Asaresult,foreignaudienceshaveeulogizedtheartformasmythicalandengrossingandChinaisplayingadominatingpartinacrobatics.QuyiAsanindependentart,Quyiwasformedinthemid-TangDynastyandthrivedintheSongDynasty.Itincludes:☆Cross-talk(相聲)

☆Clappertalk(快板)☆Storytelling(評(píng)書)

☆Xiaopin(小品)

☆Shuanghuang(雙簧)Cross-talk(相聲)Cross-talkisoneofthemostpopularandinfluentialtypesofquyi.Itsperformanceischaracterizedbytalking,imitation,fun-making,andsinging（說(shuō)、學(xué)、逗、唱）.Satireisitsmainpurpose.Threetypes:

☆monologue-comictalk☆comiccross-talk☆multiloguecross-talk馬三立侯寶林劉寶瑞馬季姜昆馮鞏郭德綱

ClapperTalk快板Clappertalkisafolkartforminwhichaperformerdeliverscomicrhymesormonologuestotheaccompanimentofbambooclappers.Storytelling評(píng)書Storytelingisalsocalledpingshuorpinghua.Itonlyhasasingleperformerstandingorsittingatatable,usingagavelorafoldedfanasaprop.劉蘭芳袁闊成田連元單田芳XiaopinXiaopinareshort,lightcomediesintheHuaju(spokendrama)

style.About15minutesinlength.Xiaopinperformances

havebeenregularpopularitemsonChinesetelevision’sNewYearGalaShow.陳佩斯趙本山宋丹丹黃宏Shuanghuang雙簧Shuanghuangisakindoftwo-personfolkart,withoneactinginpantomimeandtheotherhidingbehindhimorherdoingallthespeakingand/orsinging.OriginatinginTheHanDynasty,ChinesePuppetshowrosetoprominenceduringtheTangandSongDynasties.Itcombineselementsofsong,dance,painting,andsculpture.PuppetshowShadowPlay（皮影）ItcameintobeingintheHanDynasty,havingmorethan2,000years’history.Theperformersmanipulatecolorfulleatherorcardboardfigureswhosesilhouettes（側(cè)面影像）arereflectedonascreenbylanternlight.

Ghost-Exorcising

Opera(儺舞)TheGhost-Exorcising

Operaoriginatedfromasacrificialceremonyfordrivingawayevilspiritsandpestilence(瘟疫)inancienttimes.NanfengCountyinJiangxiProvinceisconsideredtothehometownoftheGhost-ExorcisingOpera.

TraditionalMusicalInstrumentsPluckedInstruments(弦樂(lè)器)PercussionInstrument(打擊樂(lè)器)WindInstrument(管樂(lè)器)PluckedInstruments(弦樂(lè)器)Pipa(琵琶)isanancientplucked(撥動(dòng)的),four-stringedinstrumentmadeofwood,withthefingerboardshapedlikeamelon-seed,andalongbeautifulneckbentbackward.PluckedInstruments(弦樂(lè)器)Themosttraditionalpipamusicpieces:

AmbushonAllSides

《十面埋伏》

SpringMoonlightontheFlowersbytheRiver

《春江花月夜》Zither(古箏)isoneofthemainensembleandsoloinstrumentsoftraditionalChinesemusic.Thepresent-dayzither

usuallyhas21-25strings.PluckedInstruments(弦樂(lè)器)ThemostpopularZither

musicpieces:

SingingontheReturnofFishingBoats

《漁舟唱晚》