計算機文化-課件npchapter

Chapter2ComputerHardware

Chapter2:ComputerHardware2ChapterContentsSectionA:PersonalComputerBasicsSectionB:MicroprocessorsandMemorySectionC:StorageDevicesSectionD:InputandOutputDevicesSectionE:HardwareSecurityFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse020100Anetbookisascaled-downversionofastandardnotebookcomputer.B020200Smallbusinesscomputershavebettersoundandgraphicscapabilitiesthanhomeorgamecomputers.B020300PCs,Macs,andLinuxarethreecomputerplatforms(計算機平臺).A020400Today’sMacscanbeconfiguredtorunWindows.A020500Pentium,Core,Atom,andAthlon(奔騰，酷睿，Atom和速龍)aretypesofmicroprocessors.A33Chapter2:ComputerHardwareFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse020600Today’scomputerstypicallyprocess8bitsatatime.B020700Serialprocessingiswhenaprocessorbeginsexecutingoneinstructionbeforeitcompletesthepreviousinstruction(串行處理的是當(dāng)一個處理器開始執(zhí)行一個指令之前完成以前的指令).B020800InRAMmicroscopicelectronicpartscalledcapacitors（電容）

holdthebitsthatrepresentdata(在RAM中,稱為電容器的顯微電子零件保持代表數(shù)據(jù)位的電荷位）.B020900ROMisatypeofmemorythatholdsthecomputer’sstartuproutine(啟動例程).A44Chapter2:ComputerHardwareFastPollTrue/FalseQuestions

AnswerAforTrueandBforFalse021000

Harddiskdrives,opticaldrives,andsolidstatedrivesarerandomaccessdevices（硬盤驅(qū)動器，光盤驅(qū)動器，固態(tài)驅(qū)動器是隨機存取設(shè)備。）.A021100CD-RWsallowyoutorecorddata,butdatacannotbechangedonceitisrecorded.B021200VGA,SVGA,andWUXGAareexamplesofscreenresolutions.B021300Asurgestripallowsyoutouseyourdesktopcomputerduringapoweroutage（停電期間激增條允許您使用您的桌面計算機）.?55Chapter2:ComputerHardwareChapter2:ComputerHardware6PersonalComputerBasicsPersonalComputerSystemsDesktopandPortableComputersHome,Game,andSmallBusinessSystemsBuyingComputerSystemComponentsQuestion022100Intheinterestofbeingecological(生態(tài)學(xué)),manyconsumersconsiderupgradingtheircomputersinsteadofdisposingofthemandbuyinganewone.(許多消費者考慮升級他們的電腦而不是處理他們并買一個新的）)Whichoneofthefollowingupgradesisbestlefttoprofessionaltechnicians/對于專業(yè)的技師來說，以下哪一個升級形式最好？A.ReplacingthemicroprocessorwithanewermodelB.AddinganexternalharddriveforbackupC.SwappingoutagraphicscardforamorepowerfuloneD.AddingRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware7PersonalComputerSystemsChapter2:ComputerHardware8Chapter2:ComputerHardware9DesktopandPortableComputersThetermformfactor（規(guī)格）

referstothesizeanddimensionsofacomponent,suchasasystemboardorsystemunitAdesktopcomputerfitsonadeskandrunsonpowerfromanelectricalwalloutlet（壁裝電源插座）Chapter2:ComputerHardware10DesktopandPortableComputersAportablecomputerisasmall,lightweightpersonalcomputerAnotebookcomputer(alsoreferredtoasalaptop-便攜式電腦),isasmall,lightweightportablecomputerthatopenslikeaclamshell（蚌殼）

toreveal（顯露）

ascreenandkeyboardAnetbook（網(wǎng)絡(luò)書）

offersevenmoreportabilitythanastandardcomputerAtablet（平板）computerisaportablecomputingdevicefeaturingatouch-sensitivescreen（觸摸屏）

thatcanbeusedasawritingordrawingpadChapter2:ComputerHardware11DesktopandPortableComputersChapter2:ComputerHardware12Home,Game,

andSmallBusinessSystemsAhomecomputersystemoffersacomputerconfigurationdesignedtomodate（適應(yīng)）consumerswhousecomputersforpersonaltasks/家用電腦系統(tǒng)提供適應(yīng)消費者個人電腦任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)配置Someofthemostcutting-edgecomputers（最先進(jìn)的電腦）aredesignedforgaming/專為游戲設(shè)計的是最尖端的計算機（最先進(jìn)的電腦）Computersmarketedforsmallbusinessapplicationstendtobemiddle-of-the-linemodelspareddowntoessentials/為小型商業(yè)應(yīng)用而設(shè)計的計算機傾向于走中間路線對基本部件的減少的模型Chapter2:ComputerHardware13BuyingComputer

SystemComponents(20131029)Browsethroughcomputermagazinesandonlinecomputerstorestogetageneralideaoffeaturesandprices/瀏覽電腦雜志和在線電腦商店獲得計算機的有關(guān)功能和價格的基本思路Decideonabudgetandsticktoit/按預(yù)算決定并堅持Makealistofthewaysyouplantouseyourcomputer/列出你打算使用你的計算機Selectaplatform/選擇一個平臺Decideonaformfactor/按規(guī)格決定Selectperipherals,software,andaccessories/選外部設(shè)備，軟件和附件Chapter2:ComputerHardware14BuyingComputer

SystemComponentsInsteadofbuyinganewcomputer,youmightconsiderupgradingChapter2:ComputerHardware15MicroprocessorsandMemoryMicroprocessorBasicsToday’sMicroprocessorsRandomAccessMemory/RAM-隨機存取存儲器Read-onlyMemory/ROM-只讀存儲器EEPROM-電可擦可編程只讀存儲器Question022200Somecomputersaresuitablefore-mail,wordprocessing,andsimilarlow-key（低調(diào)的）

operations,whereasothercomputershavethepowertokeepupwhileyouplaycomplexactiongames,edithigh-resolutionvideos,andpreparemulti-tracksoundrecordings（多軌錄音）.Whichofthefollowingcomputersisthemostpowerful?A.IntelCore2Quadprocessor（英特爾酷睿2四核處理器）;4GBRAMB.AMDPhenomQuadcoreprocessor（AMD羿龍四核處理器）;3GBRAMC.IntelCore2Quadprocessor;2GBRAMD.IntelAtomprocessor（英特爾凌動處理器）;4GBRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware16AmicroprocessorisanintegratedcircuitdesignedtoprocessinstructionsUsuallythemost

expensivecomponent

ofacomputerChapter2:ComputerHardware17MicroprocessorBasicsChapter2:ComputerHardware18MicroprocessorBasicsMicroprocessorclockMegahertzMHzGigahertzGHzFrontsidebus/前端總線Wordsize/字長Cache/高速緩存Level1cache(L1)/一級緩存Level2cache(L2)/二級緩存CISCvs.RISCtechnology/復(fù)雜指令計算機VS.精簡指令集計算機

Chapter2:ComputerHardware19MicroprocessorBasicsSerialprocessing/串行處理Pipelining/流水線Parallelprocessing/并行處理Multi-coreprocessor/多核處理器Benchmarks/基準(zhǔn)測試程序Chapter2:ComputerHardware20Today’sMicroprocessorsItanium處理器構(gòu)建在IA-64（IntelArchitecture64）的CPU羿龍：采用的是真四核設(shè)計速龍：面向桌面電腦消費市場閃龍：最新款低階微處理器，使用AthlonXP的Thorton內(nèi)核炫龍:一款amd專為筆記本電腦設(shè)計的64位移動處理器皓龍：一系列的64位微處理器Chapter2:ComputerHardware21RandomAccessMemoryRAM(RandomAccessMemory)isatemporaryholdingareafordata,applicationprograminstructions,andtheoperatingsystemChapter2:ComputerHardware22RandomAccessMemoryMicroscopiccapacitors(微小的電容器)holdthebitsthatrepresentdataMostRAMisvolatile(易丟失的)RequireselectricalpowertoholddataChapter2:ComputerHardware23RandomAccessMemoryRAMcapacity（容量）

isexpressedinmegabytes（1兆字節(jié)=1百萬字節(jié)）

orgigabytes（1吉字節(jié)=10億字節(jié)）Personalcomputerstypicallyfeature（

以在2G~8GbRAM為特征）

between2GBand8GBofRAMAnareaoftheharddisk,calledvirtualmemory,canbeusedifanapplicationrunsoutofallocatedRAM/硬盤的一個被稱為虛擬內(nèi)存的區(qū)域，可作為分配給運行某個應(yīng)用程序的內(nèi)存來使用Chapter2:ComputerHardware24RandomAccessMemoryRAMspeedisoftenexpressedinnanoseconds（1納秒=1毫微秒）

ormegahertz（MHz）SDRAM（同步動態(tài)隨機存取存儲器：SynchronousDynamicRandomAccessMemory）

isfastandrelativelyinexpensiveDDR,DDR2,orDDR3（DoubleDataRate:DDRSDRAM雙倍速率同步動態(tài)隨機存儲器）SDRAM在一個時鐘周期內(nèi)只傳輸一次數(shù)據(jù)，它是在時鐘的上升期進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸；而DDR內(nèi)存則是一個時鐘周期內(nèi)傳輸兩次數(shù)據(jù)，它能夠在時鐘的上升期和下降期各傳輸一次數(shù)據(jù)，因此稱為雙倍速率同步動態(tài)隨機存儲器。DDR內(nèi)存可以在與SDRAM相同的總線頻率下達(dá)到更高的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率。DoubleDataRate2:是DDRSDRAM內(nèi)存的第二代產(chǎn)品。它在DDR內(nèi)存技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)，從而其傳輸速度更快（可達(dá)667MHZ），耗電量更低，散熱性能更優(yōu)良

.DDR2內(nèi)存每個時鐘能夠以4倍外部總線的速度讀/寫數(shù)據(jù)，并且能夠以內(nèi)部控制總線4倍的速度運行.DoubleDataRate3:是DDRSDRAM內(nèi)存的第三代產(chǎn)品。

，提供了相較于DDR2SDRAM更高的運行效能與更低的電壓，是DDR2SDRAM（四倍資料率同步動態(tài)隨機存取內(nèi)存）的后繼者（增加至八倍），也是現(xiàn)時流行的內(nèi)存產(chǎn)品Dual-channelarchitecturecansupplytwostreamsofdataoverthebusbetweenRAMandtheprocessor/雙通道，就是在北橋芯片級里設(shè)計兩個內(nèi)存控制器，這兩個內(nèi)存控制器可相互獨立工作。雙通道內(nèi)存技術(shù)其實是一種內(nèi)存控制和管理技術(shù)，它依賴于芯片組的內(nèi)存控制器發(fā)生作用，在理論上能夠使兩條同等規(guī)格內(nèi)存所提供的帶寬增長一倍Chapter2:ComputerHardware25Read-OnlyMemoryROMisatypeofmemorycircuitrythatholdsthecomputer’sstartuproutinePermanentandnon-volatile/永久的、非易失性TheROMBIOS(BasicInputOutputSystem基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng))tellsthecomputerhowtoaccesstheharddisk,findtheoperatingsystem,andloaditintoRAMChapter2:ComputerHardware26EEPROMElectricallyErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory/電可檫除的可編程ROMMorepermanentthanRAM,andlesspermanentthanROMRequiresnopowertoholddataChapter2:ComputerHardware27StorageDevicesStorageBasicsMagneticDiskandTapeTechnologyCD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologySolidStateStorageStorageWrap-upQuestion022300Storagedeviceshavevaryinglevelsofversatility,durability,speed,andcapacity.Forastudentwhoownsacomputer,butsometimesneedstousecomputersintheschoollab,whichstoragedeviceismostversatile?A.HarddiskdriveB.CD-RC.SolidstatedriveD.USBflashdriveChapter2:ComputerHardware28StorageBasicsAstoragemediumcontainsdataAstoragedevicerecordsandretrievesdatafromastoragemediumDatagetscopiedfromastoragedeviceintoRAM,whereitwaitstobeprocessedProcesseddataisheldtemporarilyinRAMbeforeitiscopiedtoastoragemediumVerticalvs.horizontalstorageChapter2:ComputerHardware29Chapter2:ComputerHardware30MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyMagneticstoragestoresdatabymagnetizingmicroscopicparticlesonthediskortapesurfaceChapter2:ComputerHardware31MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyHarddiskplattersandread-writeheadsaresealedinsidethedrivecaseorcartridgetoscreenoutdustandothercontaminants.Chapter2:ComputerHardware32Aharddiskcontrollerpositionsthedisk,locatesdata,andinterfaceswiththecomponentsofthesystemboardSATAUltraATAEIDESCSINotasdurableasmanyother

storagetechnologiesHeadcrashMagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyChapter2:ComputerHardware33MagneticDiskand

TapeTechnologyAfloppydiskisaroundpieceofflexibleMylarplasticcoveredwithathinlayerofmagneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasingTapestorageistooslowformoderncomputingChapter2:ComputerHardware34CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyOpticalstoragestoresdataasmicroscopiclightanddarkspotsonthedisksurfaceCD,DVD,andBlu-raystoragetechnologiesChapter2:ComputerHardware35CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyToday’sDVDdrivestypicallyhave22Xspeedsforadatatransferrateof297MbpsThreecategoriesof

opticaltechnologiesRead-only(ROM)Recordable(R)Rewritable(RW)Chapter2:ComputerHardware36CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyCD-DADVD-VideoCD-ROMDVD-ROMCD-RDVD+RorDVD-RCD-RWDVD+RWorDVD-RWBD-ROM,BD-R,andBD-REChapter2:ComputerHardware37CD,DVD,andBlu-rayTechnologyChapter2:ComputerHardware38SolidStateStorageSolidstatestoragetechnologystoresdatainanerasable,rewritablecircuitryNon-volatileCardreadermayberequired

toreaddataonsolidstate

storageChapter2:ComputerHardware39SolidStateStorageAUSBflashdriveisaportablestoragedevicethatplugsdirectlyintoacomputer’ssystemunitusingabuilt-inconnectorFilesstoredonaUSBflashdrivecanbeopened,edited,deleted,andrunjustasthoughthosefileswereonmagneticoropticalmediaChapter2:ComputerHardware40StorageWrap-upStorageWrap-upChapter2:ComputerHardware41Chapter2:ComputerHardware42InputandOutputDevicesBasicInputDevicesDisplayDevicesPrintersInstallingPeripheralDevicesQuestion022400Computerownersusuallywanttoaddvariousperipheraldevicestotheircomputers.Supposeyouhaveanotebookcomputerandyouwanttoaddanexternalharddrive,butyou’verunoutofUSBports.Whatcanyoudo?A.UsetheHDMIportinstead.B.Plugdirectlyintotheexpansionbus.C.SwapinaUSBhubforoneofthecurrentlyconnectedperipherals.D.UseanEthernet-to-USBconverter.Chapter2:ComputerHardware43Chapter2:ComputerHardware44BasicInputDevicesKeyboardPointingdeviceMicePointingstickTrackpadTrackballJoystickTouch

screenChapter2:ComputerHardware45DisplayDevicesAnLCDmanipulateslightwithinalayerofliquidcrystalcellsOLEDscreensuseorganiclightemittingdiodesanduselesspowerChapter2:ComputerHardware46DisplayDevicesScreensizeDotpitchViewinganglewidthResponserateColordepthResolutionVGA,SVGA,XGA,SXGA,

UXGA,WUXGA,andWQXGADisplayDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware47Chapter2:ComputerHardware48DisplayDevicesGraphicscircuitrygeneratesthesignalsfordisplayinganimageonthescreenIntegratedgraphicsGraphicscardGraphicsprocessing

unit(GPU)Chapter2:ComputerHardware49PrintersAnink-jetprinterhasanozzle-likeprintheadthatspraysinkontopaperAlaserprinterworkslikeaphotocopierChapter2:ComputerHardware50PrintersLaserprintersareapopulartechnologywhenhigh-volumeoutputorgood-qualityprintoutsarerequired.Chapter2:ComputerHardware51PrintersDotmatrixprintersproducecharactersandgraphicsbyusingagridoffinewiresThewiresstrikearibbonandthepaperChapter2:ComputerHardware52PrintersPrinterfeaturesResolutionPrintspeedDutycycleOperatingcostsDuplexcapabilityMemoryNetworkabilityChapter2:ComputerHardware53InstallingPeripheralDevicesThedatabusmovesdatabetweenRAMandthemicroprocessorThesegmentofthedatabustowhichperipheraldevicesconnectiscalledtheexpansionbusAnexpansionslotisalong,narrowsocketonthesystemboardintowhichyoucanpluganexpansioncardExpansioncardsaresmallcircuitboardsthatgivethecomputeradditionalcapabilitiesExpansionslotChapter2:ComputerHardware54InstallingPeripheralDevicesAnexpansioncardsimplyslidesintoanexpansionslot.Beforeyouinstallanexpansioncard,makesureyouunplugthecomputerandgroundyourself—that’stechnicaljargonforreleasingstaticelectricitybyusingaspecialgroundingwristbandorbytouchingbothhandstoametalobject.Chapter2:ComputerHardware55InstallingPeripheralDevicesAnexpansionportpassesdatainandoutofacomputerorperipheraldeviceInstallingPeripheralDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware56MostperipheralsconnecttoanexternalUSBportYoucaneasilyaddUSBportstoyourcomputerbyusingaUSBhubInstallingPeripheralDevicesOtherkindsofportsPlugandPlayautomaticallyconfiguresyourcomputertomodatenewperipheraldevicesyouaddChapter2:ComputerHardware57Chapter2:ComputerHardware58HardwareSecurityAnti-theftDevicesSurgeProtectionandBatteryBackupBasicMaintenanceTroubleshootingandRepairQuestion022500Whenyoutreatyourcomputercarefullyandperformbasicmaintenance,youcanavoidmanyhardwareproblems,However,ifyouencountertheblackscreenofdeath,whathasgonewrong?A.Theoperatingsystemhasencounteredanerrorfromwhichitcannotrecover.B.Yourcomputerhascontractedavirus.C.Yourharddiskisfull.D.Yourdisplaydevicehasmalfunctioned.Chapter2:ComputerHardware59Chapter2:ComputerHardware60Anti-TheftDevicesChapter2:ComputerHardware61SurgeProtection

andBatteryBackupApowersurgeisasuddenincreaseorspikeinelectricalenergy,affectingthec