科技英語翻譯專題 知識點(diǎn)匯總

計算機(jī)冀導(dǎo)那一部分詞匯pig金屬錠塊dog擋塊，止動爪cat吊錨，履帶拖拉機(jī)cock旋塞，吊車horse支架，鐵桿fish接合板，夾板monkey打樁錘；煤礦通風(fēng)巷道fox繩索belly爐腰mildsteelstructure低碳鋼結(jié)構(gòu)Bendableswitchesconsistofacontinuous無縫的steelbeam.？可彎曲的開關(guān)由連續(xù)鋼條組成。曲性道岔由無縫鋼條組成。Bricksarealsoproducedinmanydifferentcolorsandwithvariousfinishes,particularlythoseusedfordecorativepurpose.磚也可以燒制成許多不同的顏色，具有不同的光潔度，尤其是那些用于裝飾的磚。catalyst催化劑Resolvingpower分辨率Combiningpower化合價Base堿Basemetals非貴金屬Brass黃銅Difficultlabor難產(chǎn)ForeignMaterial雜質(zhì)Castiron鑄鐵Ingeneral,thedesignprocedureisnotstraightforwardandwillrequiretrialanderror.一般說來，設(shè)計過程不是一帆風(fēng)順的，而需要反復(fù)試驗(yàn)。（簡單的）Furnace爐子（1）Rubberisnothard,itgiveswaytopressure.橡膠性軟，受壓變形。（2）Porcelainiscommonlyusedtoresistelectriccurrent.陶瓷常用來隔絕電流。（3）Whenwespeak,soundwavesbegintotravelandgoinalldirections.我們說話時，聲波就開始向四面八方傳播。（4）Zinciseasytoobtainfromitsore.鋅容易從鋅礦中提煉。Ore礦電視通過無線電波發(fā)射和接受活動物體的圖象。改譯：Televisionisthetransmissionandreceptionofimagesofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.Uranium鈾Kineticenergy動能thermalpowerplant火力發(fā)電廠Nolessthan25percentofthecropsarepolluted.受污染的莊稼竟高達(dá)25%。Theimportanceofproperlubricationcannotbeoveremphasized.應(yīng)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)適當(dāng)進(jìn)行潤滑的重要性。材料：Atomicbomb原子彈Discreteparticle離散顆粒metalsinorganicnonmetallicmaterials（無機(jī)非金屬材料）polymers（高分子材料）composites（復(fù)合材料）semiconductors（半導(dǎo)體材料）biomaterials（生物材料）Subatomic亞原子Chemicalbond化學(xué)鍵Property性能Performance使用性能Processing工藝elasticmodulus（彈性模量）yieldstrength（屈服強(qiáng)度）Thermalproperties（熱性能）heatcapacity（熱容量）andthermalconductivity（導(dǎo)熱性）Chemicalproperties（化學(xué)性能）anti-oxidation（防氧化）Casting（鑄造）welding（焊接）forging（鍛造）Limestone石灰石Silicon硅Aluminum鋁Alloy合金Sintering燒結(jié)plasticdeformation塑性變形Elementsshouldbeconsideredformaterialandprocessselectionaretheproduct’squalityspecifications,theprojectedcostlevelandthepart’scomplexityandfunction.選擇材料和工藝的考慮因素應(yīng)包括:產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量規(guī)范、成本預(yù)算以及零件的復(fù)雜性和功能。Alloys,knownasahalf-wayhousebetweenmixturesandcompounds,containmorethanonemetallicelement.合金包含不止一種金屬元素，也是一種介于混合物和化合物之間的中間結(jié)構(gòu)”Theactualseparationofthemetalstartsasayieldingorfracture,dependinguponthecuttingconditions,startingfromthecuttingtooltip.金屬的實(shí)際分離始于屈服或斷裂(視切削條件而定)，從切削刀尖開始”。Machinable可機(jī)加工的thermallyinsulating隔熱airtightfilm密封性的薄膜polyethylene「paHeBolin/'pnl-]n.聚乙烯Grade鋼種Polymerization聚合Crystalline晶體材料Grain晶粒Corrosionresistance抗腐蝕Polycrystalline多晶體材料Grainboundaries晶粒間界Stainlesssteelsare‘stainless’becausetheirchromiumcontentgivesthemremarkableresistancetocorrosion.Ferriticgrades,containingonlychromiumandpossiblyotherelements(Mo,Ti,Nb,etc.),arenoexception.不銹鋼的“不銹”，是由于所含的鉻使其具有了顯著的耐蝕性。鐵素體不銹鋼也不例外，有的鋼種僅含鉻，有的鋼種還含有其他元素(如Mo、Ti、Nb等)。Well-knownstandardferriticgrades409,410and430arereadilyavailableallovertheworld.Verysuccessfullyusedinimportantapplications,suchaswashing-machinedrumsandexhaustsystems,theyactuallyhavemuchbroaderapplicationpotential,innumerousfields.大家熟知的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鐵素體不銹鋼409、410和430在全世界都可買到。它們在洗衣機(jī)滾桶、排汽系統(tǒng)等許多重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中的使用都非常成功。實(shí)際上，鐵素體不銹鋼在無數(shù)領(lǐng)域中都有更加廣泛的應(yīng)用潛力。Weaccordinglydesignourproductswiththenecessarymanufacturingconsiderationsinmindandoccasionallyselectacoatedgradeandevenafingerprint-protectedcoatedgrade,ifneedbe,toensurelongservicelife.Wemay,onoccasion,useahigher-alloyedferriticgrade.Theimportantthingistobenefitfromtheeconomicadvantagesofusingferritics.我們按照必須的制造要求來設(shè)計我們的產(chǎn)品，有時會選擇有涂層的鐵素體不銹鋼，甚至在需要時選擇有防指紋涂層的不銹鋼，以確保較長的使用壽命。我們有時也會采用高合金的鐵素體不銹鋼。重要的是，能夠從鐵素體不銹鋼的使用中獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。Infactorieswhere304ispredominantlyused,changingtoferriticgradesmeansadjustingthemanufacturingprocessanddies.Thisiscostly.Ourexperience,however,showsthattotalproductioncostscanbeloweredwithferritics.對那些主要采用304的廠家來說，轉(zhuǎn)而采用鐵素體不銹鋼意味著必須對制造工藝和沖模進(jìn)行調(diào)整。這需要一定投資。但從我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，采用鐵素體不銹鋼能夠降低整個生產(chǎn)成本。Exhaustsystemsareexposedtohightemperaturesandcorrosiveenvironmentalconditions.Theuseofferriticstainlesssteelmakesitpossibletoextendthewarrantyperiodoftheseparts.汽車排氣系統(tǒng)長期在高溫和腐蝕環(huán)境下使用，選用鐵素體不銹鋼可大幅度延長汽車排氣系統(tǒng)部件的壽命周期。Washing-machinedrumshavetowithstanddetergentsandavirtuallyconstantlyhumidenvironment.Inthiscontext,however,localizedcorrosionwouldbeutterlyinadmissible.洗衣機(jī)滾筒在有洗潔劑和長期潮濕的環(huán)境下使用。在這種環(huán)境下，絕對不允許局部腐蝕現(xiàn)象存在。detergent[detergentIIdi't3：d3nt]n.清潔劑機(jī)械：Smarthome智能家居Mechanics力學(xué)Kinematics運(yùn)動學(xué)Mechatronics機(jī)電一體化Nanotechnology納米技術(shù)aerospaceengineering航空航天工程biomedicalengineering生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程biomechanics生物力學(xué)transportphenomena傳遞現(xiàn)象bionanotechnology生物納米技術(shù)modelingofbiologicalsystems生物系統(tǒng)建模Steamlocomotive蒸汽機(jī)車Piston活塞Driveshaft傳動軸seismometer[seis?mom?e?ter||saiz'mamito（r）/-'mom-]n.地震儀凸輪軸camshaft曲軸crankshaftCalculus微積分Newton'sLawsofMotion牛頓運(yùn)動法Grindingmachine磨床Statics靜力學(xué)Dynamics動力學(xué)Robotics機(jī)器人技術(shù)Sectionlining襯砌斷面assembly/集會，集合/組裝，裝配center/中心/頂尖finish/結(jié)束/修整，精加工直接結(jié)合合成詞有:break+down-breakdown（斷裂）oil+proof-oilproof（耐油的）連符結(jié)合的有：all-in-service（維修）precision-machined（精密加工的）如：Computerlanguage（計算機(jī)語言）Grindingwheel（砂輪）Machinetool（機(jī)床）numericalcontrol（數(shù)字控制）Aluminiumalloy鋁合金Titaniumalloy鈦合金耐腐蝕Anti-corrosion耐高溫HighTemperatureResistance高強(qiáng)度Highstrength高韌性Hightoughness-bility性castability可鑄性-able可的soluable可溶的常用金屬元素的名稱Aluminum（鋁）/。'ljuminom/copper（銅）chromium（鉻）/〔kroumiom/magnesium（鎂）/m出gMizom/manganese（錳）/m出qgoni：z/molybdenum（鉬）/mo'libdonom/nickel（鎳）/‘nik（o）l/tungsten（鎢）/'t^ost（o）n/vanadium（釩）/vo'neidiom/金屬元素和steel也可組成下列詞匯：nickelsteel（銀鋼）nickel-chromiumsteel（鎳鉻鋼）vanadiumsteel（釩鋼）金屬材料中鋼分多種，只要掌握中心詞steel，就可擴(kuò)展記憶住這一類的專業(yè)詞匯。如：anglesteel（角鋼）caststeel（鑄鋼）stainlesssteel（不銹鋼）toolsteel（工具鋼）alloysteel（合金鋼）carbonsteel（碳鋼）hardening（硬化、淬火）tempering（回火）annealing（退火）normalizing（正火）spheroidizing（球化處理）常用的機(jī)械加工設(shè)備有l(wèi)athe（車床）drillingmachine（鉆床）grindingmachine（磨床）punchingmachine（沖床）機(jī)械加工的主要方法有turning（車削）grinding（磨削）casting（鑄造）forging（鍛造）welding（焊接）It（cyberspace）includestherapidlyexpandingwirelessservices;microwavetowersthatcarrygreatquantitiesofcellularphoneanddatatraffic;communicationssatellitesstrunglikebeadsingeosynchronousorbit;low-flyingsatellitesthatwillsooncrisscrosstheglobelikebusybees,connectingfolkstoofar-flungortoomuchonthegotobetetheredbywires.電腦空間包括飛速發(fā)展的無線通訊系統(tǒng)：微波發(fā)射塔、通訊衛(wèi)星和低飛的衛(wèi)星。其中，微波發(fā)射塔傳送著大量的蜂窩電話信號和數(shù)據(jù)，通訊衛(wèi)星像串珠一樣與地球在同步軌道上運(yùn)行，而低飛的衛(wèi)星就像忙碌的蜜蜂往返穿梭于全球，使得因相距遙遠(yuǎn)或行蹤不定而無法使用有線通訊器材的人們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。?計算機(jī)中央處理器CPU=centralprocessingunit存儲器memoryInputdevice輸入設(shè)備操作系統(tǒng)OperatingsystemApplicationsoftware應(yīng)用軟件Databasesystem數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)parallelcomputation并行計算computer-humaninteraction人機(jī)交互computergraphics,計算機(jī)圖形學(xué)numericalandsymboliccomputation數(shù)值與符號計算VirtualReality-虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)CloudComputing-云計算Silicon^silikan,-|kan]Valley(硅谷)Searchengine搜索引擎basicprogrammer基礎(chǔ)程序員theInternetofThings物聯(lián)網(wǎng)wiredandwirelessnetworks有線/無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)量(volume)、速度(velocity)、多樣性(variety)。Stockvalues股票市值DT(DataTechnology)-數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)Retrieve檢索Offlinecomputing-離線計算Memorycomputing-內(nèi)存計算(秒級)：Stream/Real-timecomputing流式/實(shí)時計算(毫秒)collaborativefiltering協(xié)同過濾Smartcity智慧城市barometric[ib出ra'metrik]sensors氣壓傳感器customerretention客戶挽留coupledmodels耦合模型冶金Aerosiderite隕鐵Coke焦炭BF=blastfurnaces高爐basicoxygenfurnace氧氣頂吹轉(zhuǎn)爐;Converter轉(zhuǎn)化爐Reduce還原Bosh爐腹Belly爐腰Shaft軸Hearth爐膛Raceway燃燒空窩Decarburize脫碳Ladle鋼包Recrystallization再結(jié)晶tundish[,tAndiJ]中間包;中間罐;中間流槽;澆口盤Two-strand二流Rolling軋制tightlyadherentoxidelayers（致密氧化層）Excellentformability可塑性creepatelevatedtemperatures高溫蠕變性Goodhardenability淬透性Toughness韌性Inclusion夾雜物Matrix基質(zhì)（矩陣）Plate電鍍Breakout漏鋼Crudeironmetalisproducedinblastfurnaceswhereoreisreducedbycoketopigiron.生鐵是在高爐內(nèi)通過焦炭還原原料而得到的。Inrecentyears,moreexactcontrolhasbeenrequiredonthecompositionandmorphologyofinclusionsinmoltensteel.近年來，對鋼中夾雜物成分和形貌的控制有了更精確的要求。Oxideinclusionswithirregularandclustered（團(tuán)聚）morphologymaycausecrackflawduringtherollingprocess.不規(guī)則以及團(tuán)聚狀的氧化物夾雜可能會在軋制過程中造成裂紋缺陷。Thetypesofcontinuouscastersincludetheverticaltypeandthehorizontaltype.連鑄機(jī)的種類有立式連鑄機(jī)和水平連鑄機(jī)兩類。ferrousmetallurgy鋼鐵冶金non-ferrousmetallurgy非鐵金屬冶金Smelting熔煉MineralProcessing選礦Pyrometallurgy火法冶金Hydrometallurgy濕法冶金Electrometallurgy電冶金Precipitation沉淀cementation（粘結(jié)）purificationandconcentration凈化和濃縮Electrowinning電熱冶金Electro-refining電化冶金Thermalspraying熱力噴霧Plating電鍍Amalgam汞合金，汞齊Thermocouple熱電偶plate在普通英語中：“盤子”在冶金英語中：“電鍍”breakout在普通英語中：“打破”在冶金英語中：“漏鋼”BF=blastfurnace高爐DRI=directlyreducediron直接還原鐵ESR=electroslagremelting電渣重熔VOD=vacuumoxygendecarburizationprocess真空吹氧脫碳法名詞+名詞carbonsteel碳鋼furnaceroof爐頂equilibriumconstant平衡常數(shù)pigiron生鐵名詞+動詞airblow吹氣副詞+動詞overblow過吹副詞+過去分詞magneticallyseparated磁性分離形容詞+名詞predominancearea優(yōu)勢區(qū)exothermicreaction放熱反應(yīng)longnozzle長水口interfacialenergy界面自由能finepowder細(xì)粉借詞+名詞by-product副產(chǎn)品動詞+副詞breakout拉漏anti-反對、防止：antibody抗體antioxidants抗氧化劑auto-自己的、獨(dú)立的：autobiographic自傳體的automate自動操作iso-相同、相等：isobar等壓線isotherm等溫線thermo-熱的：thermocouple熱電偶thermometer溫度計hydro-水的、液體的：hydrometallurgy濕法冶金Whenthevoltageisstepped-upby10times,thestrengthofthecurrentisstepped-downby10times,sothatthepowerremainsthesame.當(dāng)電壓升高10倍時，電流強(qiáng)度則降低到1/10，因此功率保持不變。DRIderivedfromvirginironoreunitsisarelativelypurematerialwhichdilutescontaminantsinthescrapandimprovesthesteelquality.譯文：由天然鐵礦石冶煉而成的直接還原鐵是一種相對純凈的產(chǎn)品，它的雜質(zhì)比廢鋼中的少，從而提高了鋼的質(zhì)量。eg：Concreteismadeofcement,sand,stonesandwater.譯文：混凝土是用水泥、沙子、石子和水制成的。eg：Solventsareusedtotreatoresandconcentrates.譯文：采用溶劑來處理礦石或精礦。Liquidmetaliscastintometalingotsordirectlyintofinishedmetalobjects.譯文：把液態(tài)金屬鑄成金屬錠，也可以直接鑄造成成品金屬件。Withthemorecomplexshapesandwhenlessductileandmalleablematerialsareused,itisnecessarytogothroughaseriesofstagesbeforethefinalshapecanbeproducedfromtherawmaterial.譯文：如果形狀比較復(fù)雜，而所用材料的可延性和可鍛性較差，就需經(jīng)過一系列過程，才能使原材料成形。Therustingofironisonlyoneexampleofcorrosion,whichmaybedescribedasthedestructivechemicalattackofametalbymediawithwhichitcomesincontact,suchasmoisture,airandwater.譯文：可以認(rèn)為，腐蝕是金屬在接觸濕氣、空氣和水等介質(zhì)時所受到的破壞性化學(xué)侵蝕，鐵生銹只是其中一個例子。Anacidisacompoundwhosesolutionscanproducehydrogenions.譯文：酸是一種化合物，其溶液能產(chǎn)生氫離子。(分譯定語從句)鋼水liquidsteel,moltensteel沸騰鋼rimmingsteel,rimmedsteel鎮(zhèn)靜鋼killedsteel電爐煉鋼electricsteelmaking鐵水預(yù)處理hotmetalpretreatment鋼包精煉ladlerefining科學(xué)技術(shù)史HistoryofScienceandTechnology文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)CulturalHeritageConservation科學(xué)技術(shù)與社會ScienceandTechnologyandSociety近現(xiàn)代技術(shù)史與工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)ModernandContemporaryHistoryofTechnologyaTheJesuitsandtheircollaboratorsalsotranslatedmanyworksofAristoteliannaturalphilosophyintoclassicalChinese.Thesetranslationspresentedthesystemofschools,curricula,examinations,anddegreesinaThomisticmannerandwerebasedonbothJesuitpedagogyattheRomanCollegeandPortuguesetexts,whichrepresentedanewsynthesisoftheworksofAristotleandtheinterpretationsofThomasAquinas.耶穌會士及其合作者也把亞里士多德的諸多自然哲學(xué)著述譯成文言文。這些譯注以托馬斯主義的方式介紹了學(xué)校、課程、考試、學(xué)位等制度，它們以羅馬學(xué)院耶穌會士教學(xué)法和葡萄牙語的課本為基礎(chǔ)，這些都象征著亞里士多德著述和托馬斯?阿奎那論說的一種新結(jié)合。In1629,XuGuangqi(HsUKuangch'i),LiZhizao,andtheircoterieofJesuittranslatorsproducedanessentialseriesoftranslationsonastronomicalreforfromthelatestEuropeanworks.TheyentitledittheMathematicalAstronomyoftheChongzhenReign(1635),andalthoughitwasneverpublishedasacompletecollection,manyofitsincludedworkswerepublished.1629年，徐光啟、李之藻及其耶穌會士翻譯家同行們，根據(jù)最新的歐洲著述選編了一套關(guān)于天文學(xué)改革的基本譯著叢書，他們將之定名為《崇禎歷書》，雖然它從未完整地出版過，但其中許多著述還是得以刊印發(fā)行。ToavoidtheappearancethatEuropeanlearningtookprecedenceoverChineselearning,XuGuangqistressedtotheemperorthatWesternmethodswouldyieldacomprehensivesystemthatwouldharmonizeEuropeanandChinesemeasurements:“MeltingthematerialandsubstanceofWesternknowledge,wewillcastthemintothemoldoftheGrandConcordancesystem.”Suchaccommodativelanguagedivertedattentionfromwhatthetranslationsactuallysignified,thatis,anewcosmologicalsystem.為了避免出現(xiàn)歐洲學(xué)問比中國學(xué)問優(yōu)先的情況，徐光啟向皇帝強(qiáng)調(diào)，西方的方法將會產(chǎn)生一個協(xié)調(diào)歐洲和中國測量法的全面體系：“熔化西學(xué)知識的材料和本質(zhì)，鑄入大統(tǒng)歷體系的模子?！比绱苏{(diào)和的語言，轉(zhuǎn)移了人們對譯著實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義，即一種新的宇宙學(xué)體系的關(guān)注。Wyliefailedtoclarifythehistoricalcontextbehindthehistorictranslation,however.Cambridgereformersinthe1820shadcontendedthatbecausetheyusedNewtonianfluxions,whichobscurethecoherenceofthecalculus,theBritishhadbeenlosinggroundinmathematicssincethe1740s.Indeed,ittookanothercenturyforthemtocatchuptotheFrench,who,usingLeibniz’snotationalforms,hadsuccessfullydevelopedaseriesofrule-likedifferentialandintegralequationsthatengineersdidnotneedtoreconceptualizeeachtime.然而，偉烈亞力并沒有把隱藏在這一具有歷史意義的翻譯之后的歷史背景交代清楚。劍橋的改革者們在19世紀(jì)20年代稱，由于采用的牛頓流數(shù)法隱匿了微分和積分的一致性，英國數(shù)學(xué)家自18世紀(jì)40年代以來在數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域不斷敗退，以致他們用了近一個世紀(jì)的時間才趕上法國數(shù)學(xué)家——法國人運(yùn)用萊布尼茨創(chuàng)立的符號形式，成功地發(fā)展出一套關(guān)于微積分方程的準(zhǔn)法則，大大方便了工程師們應(yīng)用。ZhongTianweitiedhisaccountofspeciesvariationtothe“naturalprincipleoftheheavenlyway,”whichcontrastedwiththemoreclassicallydomesticatednotionof“heavenlyselection”thatYanFupresentedadecadelaterinhistranslation.鐘天緯將他關(guān)于物種變化的解釋同“天道自然之理”聯(lián)系在了一起，這與嚴(yán)復(fù)在十年之后的翻譯更加擬古地移用了”天擇“的概念這一做法形成了強(qiáng)烈的對比。JustastheChineseeventuallylearnedaboutCopernicusdespitetheJesuits’effortstoconcealhistheoryofasun-centeredcosmos,sotootheylearnedaboutDarwininspiteofmissionaryattemptstoreplacethetheoryofnaturalselectionwithaChristiannaturaltheology.TheChinesePrizeEssayContestrevealsthattheProtestantenterprise,onceitsreligiousagendawasexposed,wasnomoreconvincingtomanyChineseinthelatenineteenthcenturythantheJesuittranslationagendahadbeenintheseventeenthandeighteenth.Hence,aftertheSino-JapaneseWar,ChineseliteratiquicklyturnedtoMeijiJapanforthelatestcurrentsinmodernscience.正如盡管耶穌會士極力隱瞞哥白尼的日心說，但中國人最終還是知道了這種宇宙觀一樣，雖然傳教士試圖用基督教的自然神學(xué)取代自然選擇的理論，但中國人也還是了解到了達(dá)爾文的學(xué)說。格致課藝顯示出，新教事業(yè)的宗教目的一旦暴露，他對9世紀(jì)的很多中國人來說就不再是令人信服的了，這就像17-18世紀(jì)的耶穌會士翻譯一樣。因此，中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭之后，中國文人迅速轉(zhuǎn)向明治日本學(xué)習(xí)最先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)知識。Moreover,FryerdiscardedthenotionthatEnglishwouldbecomeauniversallanguageorthatChinawouldeverberuledbyforeignpowers.Hethendescribedthemethodoftranslatingthatheandhiscoworkersemployedandnotedthetranslators’effortstoestablishasystematicnomenclaturebasedonthreelinguisticchoices:（1）usingexistingnomenclaturefromnativeworksontheartsandsciences,（2）coiningnewtermsbycreatinganewcharacter,inventingadescriptiveterm,orphoneticizingaWesterntermaccordingtotheMandarindialect,or（3）constructingageneralvocabularylistoftermsandpropernames.此外，傅蘭雅還摒棄了英語將成為世界通用語言或中國將被外國列強(qiáng)統(tǒng)治的看法。他接著描述了他和他的合作者采用的翻譯方法，指出了翻譯者努力建立一套基于三種語言學(xué)情形的術(shù)語系統(tǒng)：（1）使用本國藝術(shù)和科學(xué)著作中已有的名稱，（2）通過造新字、發(fā)明描述性術(shù)語或根據(jù)官話音譯西方術(shù)語來創(chuàng)造新詞，（3）建立一份術(shù)語和專有名稱的詞匯總表。ChinesepressesalsopublishedtranslationsofJapanesetextsingreaternumbers,andtheywereeasiertoreadbecauseonlyChinesecompiledthem.Moreover,thequalityoftranslationsfromworksbyJapanesescientistswasbetterthanthoseoftheearlierscienceprimers,becauseChinesetranslatorsthemselvescouldunderstandtheJapaneseoriginals.中國的出版機(jī)構(gòu)也大量出版翻譯成中文的日本課本，由于全部是由中國人編譯的，這些譯著比先前那些由西人和中國人合作翻譯的書籍更容易閱讀和理解。更為重要的是，這些根據(jù)日本科學(xué)家的著述翻譯的譯本的質(zhì)量，要比先前那些初級科學(xué)讀物的譯本好得多，因?yàn)橹袊g者自己就能理解日文原著。環(huán)境與科學(xué)工程alternativeenergy替代能源pollutioncontrolandmitigation環(huán)境控制和緩解theatmosphere（大氣圈）,thehydrosphere（水圈）,thegeosphere（巖石圈）andthebiosphere（生物圈）Dustpollution粉塵污染Ozonedepletion臭氧層損耗Eutrophicationandalgaebloom富營養(yǎng)化及藻華Heavymetalspollution重金屬污染Soilerosion土壤侵蝕Municipalsolidwaste城市固體垃圾Landdesertification土地沙漠化Biomassenergy生物質(zhì)能Solarcells太陽能電池Organicfoods有機(jī)食品power：（數(shù)學(xué)）冪或者乘方Xn：XtothepowernththenthpowerofX；（物理）功率horsepower馬力COD——ChemicalOxygenDemand化學(xué)需氧量BOD——BiochemicalOxygenDemand生化需氧量DO——DissolvedOxygen溶解氧TOC——TotalOrganicCarbon總有機(jī)碳TOD——TotalOxygenDemand總需氧量TSPTotalSuspendedParticulate總懸浮微粒，又稱總懸浮顆粒物TP——TotalPhosphorus總磷，即含磷的無機(jī)物，有機(jī)物的總的含磷濃度PM10Particulatematterwithparticlesizebelow10microns（空氣動力學(xué)直徑小于或等于10微米的顆粒物，也稱可吸入顆粒物或飄塵）POPs——PersistentOrganicPollutants持久性有機(jī)污染物屠宰廢水：slaughteringwastewater有機(jī)質(zhì)：organicmatters可生化性：biodegradability水解酸化：hydrolysisacidification厭氧生物：anaerobicorganism氧化工藝：oxidationtechnologyEg.LRCshavealowersulphurcontent.低階煤的硫含量較