2022年研究生考試英語(二)真題

2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2023年最新整理——考試真題資料2022（二（科目代碼：204）（真題）△考生注意事項△上填寫報考單位、考生姓名和考生編號，并涂寫考生編號信息點。”“框中。不按規(guī)定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結(jié)果的，責(zé)任由考生自負。答題無效。填（書）須使用2B鉛筆填涂?？荚嚱Y(jié)束，將答題卡和試題冊按規(guī)定交回。(以下信息考生必須認(rèn)真填寫)SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankmark,A.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)HarlonCobenbelievesthatifyouareawriter,you’llfindthetime;andthatifcan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tanpriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa_1job-ajob likeanyother.Hehas_2itwithplumbing.Pointingoutthataplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday.3 ,likemostwritersthesedays,youareholdingdownajobtopaythebills, it’snot 4_tofindthetimetowrite.But it’snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly_6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlonCobenhassuggested,it’sa 8 ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’ll haveto_9 someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,that might mean spending less watchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11_theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12_theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo. You’llhavetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14_.There’llprobablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It’sa_15learningcurve,anditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular.There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-andthat’sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it’stheone17_supporter-somethingyoucannotdowithout.Timeisfinite.Theolderyoumet,the_18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas19_aswecanthatmeansthatprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou’reawriter,thatmeans-_20-writing.A.difficultA.combined

B.normalB.compared

C.steadyC.confused

D.pleasantD.confrontedA.IfA.EnoughA.AcceptA.Well-knownA.donateA.causeA.highlightA.relationsA.untilA.putupwithA.intelligentA.habitA.toughA.inplaceofA.dullerA.peacefullyA.atmost

B.ThoughB.strangeB.ExplainB.well-advisedB.generateB.purposeB.sacrificeB.interestsB.becauseB.makeupforB.occasionalB.testB.gentleB.inchargeofB.innovativeB.harderB.generouslyB.inturn

C.Once D.UnlessC.wrong D.easyC.Remember D.SupposeC.well-informed C.supplement D.calculateC.question D.conditionC.continue D.exploreC.memories D.skillsC.while D.beforeC.hangonto D.cutdownC.intensive D.emotionalC.decision D.planC.rapid D.funnyC.inresponseto D.inadditiontoC.invisible D.instantC.quieter D.quickerC.productively C.onaverage D.aboveallPartADirections:

SectionⅡComprehensionReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Onarecentsunnyday13000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit’sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionUS.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecov ercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirdswastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher -qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.InbarelymorethananicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintosupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful.Itcouldopenfloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.RegenerativeproductscouldbeahardsellbecausetheconceptistoughtodefinequicklysaysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementthefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.ataconsiderablylowcostatthedemandofregularshoppersasareplacementfororganiceggsonspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrawnisexcitedaboutitsprogressin.reducingthedamageofwormsacceleratingthedisposalofwastecreatingasustainablesystemattractingcustomerstohisproductTheexampleoforganiceggsisusedinParagraph4tosuggest .thedoubtsovernaturalfoodsthesetbacksintheeggindustrythepotentialofregenerativeproductsthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketsItcanbeleanedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople .arereluctanttochangetheirdietarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggsarecuriousaboutnewfoodsareamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantoneverregenerativeproduct’s .marketprospectsnutritionalvaluestandarddefinitionmoralimplicationText2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementto prepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring -saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe “unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.ThevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastOnereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.OlderAmericansarealsopercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. suggested thatpre-retireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisortosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.”ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat .overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworktheoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneoneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementmoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat .retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemboredomcanberelievedafterretirementthementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked“unretirement”contributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlyduelaborshortagespopulationgrowthlongerlifeexpectancyrisinglivingcostsMany“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingsby .investingmoreinstockstakingupoddjobsgettingwell-paidworkspendinglessWithregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare .unpreparedunafraiddisappointedenthusiasticText3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,“darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingmisdirectionandhiddencoststoroachmotel,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11000websites,researchersfoundaboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshouldengageinconversationswithll,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsiblefor sign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,promotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoidingdigitaldeception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatcustomerwillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing“confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsobeaddressedonaselfregulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesstandard.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphstatdarkpatterns.improveuserexperienceleakuserinformationforprofitundermineusers’decision-makingremindusersofhiddencostsThe2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.theirmajorflawstheircomplexdesignstheirseveredamagetheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.listentocustomerfeedbacktalkwithrelevantteamsturntoindependentagenciesrelyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto .guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis .newlegalrequirementsbusinesses’self-disciplinestrictregulatorystandsconsumers’safetyawareness.Text4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituationasingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssessionsimpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEncSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:Studentsattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemesternearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthisheldsteadyforthestudy’sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”SchwitzgebelsaysPsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttobecannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo”.Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluenceclassmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,theVideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisauthorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole. Nowtheresearchersareprobingspecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistantseatinghabitsandstudentsexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare .hardtodeterminenarrowlyinterpreteddifficulttoignorepoorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?Itiscommonamongstudents.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.Itisimportanttostudents’health.itisahottopicinethicsclasses.EricSchwitzgebelspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors .areseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsarelesssociablethanotherprofessorsarenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesarenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis .permanentpredictableuncertainunrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudentschangeinbehavior .canbringpsychologicalbenefitscanbeanalyzedstatisticallyisaresultofmultiplefactorsisasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn,therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)MakeitahabitDon’tgoitaloneStartlow,goslowTalkwithyourdoctorListentoyourbodyGothroughthemotionsRoundoutyourroutineGettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.And it’simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.“Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,”saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.Don’ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto?mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.“Thisisn’tsomethingyoucandoovernight,”Denaysays.Butyou’llreap benefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.42.Ifyou’rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreath dizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.43.Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit’stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.44.Evenifyoucan’tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutacluborracket,swinglikeyou’rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou’reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.