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國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)題庫(英文版)PartI.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.I.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Thesearethegainsfromtrade,thepatternoftrade,protectionismthebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:comparativeadvantageandeconomicsofscaleAcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostTOC\o"1-5"\h\zofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.* *Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandaLC、aLWaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.IfaLC/aLW<aLC*/aLW*,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese.pC/pWistherelativepriceofcheese,whenaLC/aLW<Pc/Pw<aLC*/aLW*HomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.* *Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandaLC、aLWaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome'sandForeign'slabor* *force.IfaLC/aLW<Pc/Pw<aLC/aLW,theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals(L/aLC)/(L*/aLW*) .Home'sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas(1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)一1/aLWInspecificfactorsmodel(Qm=Qm(K,Lm);Qf=Qf(T,Lf);L=Lm+Lf),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorpricePM、色、&、rT>W?insideHomeisrkPmWPfrT .Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownasrKPmrKPmTherearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,resourcescan'tmoveimmediatelyorcostlesslyformoneindustrytoanotherSecondIndustriesdifferinthefactorsofproductiontheydemand.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,ComparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenrelativeabundanceandrelativeintensityAccordingtostolper-sammelsoneffectiftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.Accordingto羅布津斯基效應(yīng)Rybczynskieffect,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.AccordingtoH-O模型H-Oproposition,ownersofacountry'sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry'sscarefactorslose.Accordingto 要素價(jià)格均等化命題 Factorpriceequalizationproposition,internationaltradeproducesaconvergence(收斂) ofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.(完整的要素價(jià)格均等化)Threeassumptions(假設(shè)) crucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare(1)兩個(gè)國家者B生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品 bothcountriesproducebothgoods(2)兩國技術(shù)相同technologiesarethesame(3)存在貿(mào)易壁壘:天然壁壘和人為壁壘Therearebarrierstotrade:naturalbarriersandartificialbarriers一.“U.S.exportswrelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports“isknownas夫悖論Leontiefparadox.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcases(特殊t*況) of標(biāo)準(zhǔn)貿(mào)易模型standardtrademodelsThestandardtrademodelderives(派生推導(dǎo))aworldrelativesupplycurve(曲線)from
productionpossibilitiesandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrompreferencesToexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedecline(下降)ofthewelfarecausedbythedeterioration(惡化)ofthetermsoftradeswapover(交換) theriseofthewelfarecausedbygrowth,thegrowthisimmiserizinggrowthimmiserizinggrowth(貧困化增長).(貧困化增長)Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownasimmiserizinggrowth19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsareeconomicgrowthisstronglyexport-biased,thegrowingcountryislargeenoughtoaffecttheworldprice,RSandRDmustbeverysteep(貧困化增長)20.Accordingto 梅茨勒悖論Metzleparadox",ariffsandexportsubsidies(補(bǔ)貼)mighthaveperverse(有害的) effectsoninternalprice..Inthemodelof “Monopolisl斷)CompetitionandTrade”,firmsofindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweeneconomiesofscaleandvarietyofproducts.Marshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirms(企業(yè)集群)maybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation:specializedsupplieslabormarketpooling,knowledgespilloversknowledgespillovers(知識(shí)溢出)23.Thepatternofintraindustry (產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi))23.Thepatternofintraindustry (產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi))tradeitselfisunpredicted,historyandaccidentdeterminethedetailsofthetradepattern.Whenthereisexternaleconomies(夕卜部經(jīng)濟(jì)),thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.economicsofscaleinteractwithcomparativeadvantageTheindexes(指標(biāo))ofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:I1exportsimportsexportsimportsformula:I1Interindustrytradeandintrainindustry (產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)) tradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.Whencountriesaresimilarintheirrelativefactorsupplies>scaleeconomiesandproductdifferentiationsareimportant,intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsource(主要來源) ofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.Theargumentoftemporary(暫時(shí)的) protectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas_幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)論theinfantindustryargumentIfweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindtheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:termsoftradegainandefficiencylossWhydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits? tradepoliticsInthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy (貿(mào)易政策的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)) ,governmentareassumedto(被彳貿(mào)定為)maximize政治成功politicalsuccessratherthan 國家IM禾Unationalwelfare..Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludethetermoftradeargumentforatariffandthedomesticmarketfailureargumentdomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblemssources.31.AccordingtoSpecificrule(對(duì)癥規(guī)則31.AccordingtoSpecificrule(對(duì)癥規(guī)則),domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedby.Althoughmarketfailuresareprobablycommon,thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeshouldnotbeappliedtoofreely.Firstdomesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblemssources;Secondeconomistscannotdiagnosemarketfailurewellenoughtoprescribepolicy..Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,集體行動(dòng)問題集體行動(dòng)問題Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanincomedistributionisofcrucialimportance.explainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted..TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:GATT1994,GATS,TRIPS,TRIMS.“Nondiscriminatory“principle非歧視性原貝U) includemostfavorednationprincipleandnationaltreatmentprinciple.Forpreferential(優(yōu)惠)tradingagreements,suchascustomsunion,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity37.Whetheracustomsunion(關(guān)稅同盟)(必須放棄部分主權(quán)的超國家實(shí)體)oftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity37.Whetheracustomsunion(關(guān)稅同盟)isdesirable(可?。?orundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstotradecreationortradediversion..Tradepolicyindevelopingcountriesisconcernedwithtwoobjectives (涉及兩個(gè)目標(biāo))promotingindustrializationandCopingwiththeproblemofthedualeconomy.hurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.(F).Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry 'sgovernmenttousetaxe儕and)stobsidiesredistribute(重新分酉己)incometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.(T)Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.(T)Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.(F)Conflictsofinterest(利益沖突)withinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.(T)Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.(T)Theformulationoftradepolicy(貿(mào)易政策的制定)isakindofpoliticalprocess(政治進(jìn)程).(T)“Theworld'spoorestcountriescan'tfindanythingtoexport.Thesousceothatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.(F)WageinequalityinU.S.increasedbetweenthelate1970sandtheearly1990s,economistsattributethechangetothegrowingexportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromNIEs.(T)Ifthefactor-proportiontheorywasright,acountrywouldalwaysexportfactorsforwhichtheincomeshareexceededthefactorshare,importfactorsforwhichitwasless.(F)TheH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade( 貿(mào)易量). (T)FactortradeingeneralturnsouttobemuchsmallerthantheH-Omodelpredicts.(T)Accordingtoaninfluentialrecentpaper,theH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.FactortradeingeneralturnouttobethesameastheH-Omodelpredicts.(F)OnlybydroppingtheHeckscher-OhlinassumptionthattechnologiesarethesameacrossthecountriescantheoverallpatternofinternationaltradebewellpredictedbytheH-Omodel.(T)Ifacountrywanttomaximizeitsnationalwelfare,theconsumptionpointiswherethehighestisovaluelineistangenttothehighestreachableindifferencecurve.(T).Ariseinthetermsoftradeincreasesacountry 'swelfare,whileadeclineitradetermsofreducesitswelfare.(T).Export-biasedgrowthtendstoimprovethegrowingcountry 'stermsoftradeattherestoftheworld'sexpense.(F)4.Ifthetwocountriesallocate(分酉己)theirchangeinspendinginthesameproportions,therewillnotbeatermsoftradeeffect.(T).Ifthecountryreceivingatransferspendsahigherproportionofanincreaseincomeonitsexportgoodthanthegiver,atransferraisesworldrelativedemandfortherecipient 'sexport(improveitstermsoftrade.(T).Atransferworsensthedonor'stermsoftradeifthedonorhasahighermariginalpropensitytospendonitsexportgoodthantherecipient(受體). (T).Atransferimprovesthedonor'stermsoftrade,worsensreciteemsoftrade.' (F).Atransferofincome sayforeignaid couldconceivablyleavetherecipientworseoff.(T).AtariffimprovesHome'stermsoftradeandworsensForeign's,whileaHomeexportsubsworsensHome'stermsoftradeandimproveForeign(Ts..Wherethereiseconomiesofscale,thereisimperfectlycompetitivemarketstructure.(F)Ifintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.(T).Effectonthedistributionofincomewithincountriesoftenweightmoreheavilyonpolicythantermsoftradeconcerns.(T).Theusualmarketstructureinindustriescharacterizedbyinternaleconomiesofscaleismonopolisticcompetition.(F).Today,antidumping(反傾銷)maybeadeviceofprotectionism.(T).Reciprocal(相互)dumpingtendstoincreasethevolumeoftradeingoodsthatarequiteidentical
(一致).(F)Itispossiblethatreciprocaldumpingincreasenationalwelfare.(T)Strongexternal(外部)economiestendto“l(fā)ockedin“theexistingpatternsofinterindustrytrade,evenifthepatternsareruncounterto(背道而馳)comparativeadvantage.(T).Atradingcountrycanconceivablylosefromtradeispotentiallyjustifyprotectionism.(T).Likestaticexternaleconomies,dynamicexternaleconomiescanlockinaninitialadvantageinanindustry.(T)50.Thestratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodelofproductsandintraindustrytrade(F.)compentioopoJidtfferentiate50.Thestratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodelofproductsandintraindustrytrade(F.)compentioopoJidtfferentiateisfirstdevelopedb.ThemodelOligopoly,homogeneousproductsandintraindustrytradeisfirstdevelopedbTOC\o"1-5"\h\zKrugmanandHelpman. (F).Tradeinfactorsisverymuchliketradeingoods,itoccursformuchthesamereasonsandproducessimilarresults.(T).Tradeinfactorsisanalternative(替代)totradeingoodsfortheallocationofresources.(T).Whenacountryborrows,it'sintertenPpoFailsbiasedtowardQp. (F).TherelativepriceoffutureconsumptiongoodsQpis(1+r). (T).ThedynamicpathofTNCs'enterforeignmarketFDIfExportfLicence.(F).Tariffsmayhaveverydifferenteffectsondifferentstagesofproductionofagood.(T).Nominal(名義)tariffreflectstheeffectiverateofprotection(有效保護(hù)率). (F).Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlythedirectgainstoproducersandconsumersinagivenmarketaccuratelymeasurethesocialgains.(T).Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlyadollar 'sworthofbenefitstoeachgroupisthesame.(T).AVERisexactlylikeanimportquotawhichthelicenseareassignedtoforeigngovernment.(T).VERSaremuchmorecostlythantariffs.(T).Localcontentlawshavebeenwidelyusedbydevelopingcountriestryingtoshifttheirmanufacturingfromassemblybackintointermediategoods.(T).Apoliticalargumentforfreetradereflectsthefactthatapoliticalcommitmenttofreetrademaybeagoodideainpracticeeventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.(T).Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.(T).Forasufficientlysmalltariffthetermsoftradegainofsmallcountrymustoutweightheefficiencyloss.(F).Thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeisintellectuallyimpeccablebutofdoubtfulusefulness.(F). “U.S.farmexportsdonjustmeanhigherincomesforfarmers——theymeanhigherincomeforeveryonewhosellgoodsandservicestotheU.S.farmsector ”.Thisremarkisapotentialvalidargumentforexportsubsidy.(T).Mostdeviationsfromfreetradeareadoptednotbecausetheirbenefitexceedtheircostsbutbecausethepublicfailstounderstandtheirtruecosts.(T)Ifthereismarginalsocialcostsratherthanmarginalsocialbenefits,domesticmarketfailurereinforcethecaseforfreetrade.(T).Theelectoralcompetitionmodelbelievespoliticalcompetitionwilldrivebothpartiestoproposetariffsclosetotm,thetariffpreferredbythemediumvoter.(T).Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanbestbeovercomewhenagroupislargeand/orwellorganized.(F).Tradepolicythatproducemorecoststhanbenefits,hurtmoreconsumersthanproducerscan'tbeadopted.(F).AsaviolationoftheMFN( "mostfavorednation")principle,thedWTOferentialtradingagreementsingeneral,butallowsthemiftheyleadtofreetradebetweentheagreeingcountries.(T).Theinfantindustryargumentviolates(違背)theprincipleofcomparativeadvantage(T)6.Importsubstitutingindustrialization 進(jìn)口替代工業(yè)化)violatestheprincipleofcomparativeadvantage.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z“ (T). “Importquotasoncapitaintensiveindustrialgoodsandsubsidiesfortheimportofcapitalequipmentweremeanttocreatemanufacturingjobsinmanydevelopingcountries.Unfortunately,theyhaveprobablyhelpedcreatetheurbanunemploymentproblem. (T').TheEastAsianMiracleprovedthatindustrializationanddevelopmentmustbebasedonimportsubstitution.(F)tisimpossibleforcountrytomakeitselfworseoffbyjoiningaccustomsunion( 聯(lián)盟). (F)Partm.ChoosetheONLYonecollectanswerineachquestion.Animportantinsight(啟示)ofinternationaltradetheoryisthatwhencountriesexchangegoodsandservicesonewiththeotheritisalwaysbeneficialtobothcountries.isusuallybeneficialtobothcountries.istypicallybeneficialonlytothelowwagetradepartnercountry.istypicallyharmfultothetechnologicallylaggingcountry.tendstocreateunemploymentinbothcountries.Iftherearelargedisparities(差品E) inwagelevelsbetweencountries,thentradeislikelytobeharmfultobothcountries.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththehighwages.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththelowwages.tradeislikelytobeharmfultoneithercountry.tradeislikelytohavenoeffectoneithercountry.Cost-benefitanalysisofinternationaltrade(成本收益分析)isbasicallyuseless.isempiricallyintractable.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestwithincountries.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestsbetweencountries.Noneoftheabove.Aprimaryreasonwhynationsconductinternationaltradeisbecauseofdifferencesinhistoricalperspective.location.resourceavailabilities.tastes.incomes.Argumentsforfreetradearesometimesdisregarded(忽視)bythepoliticalprocessbecauseeconomiststendtofavorhighlyprotecteddomesticmarkets.economistshaveauniversallyaccepteddecisivepoweroverthepoliticaldecisionmechanism.maximizingconsumerwelfaremaynotbeachiefpriohty(優(yōu)先)forpoliticians.擴(kuò)大消費(fèi)者福利不是最主要的thegainsoftradeareofparamountconcerntotypicalconsumers.Noneoftheabove.Proponents(支持)offreetradeclaimallofthefollowingasadvantagesexceptrelativelyhighwagelevelsforalldomesticworkers..awiderselectionofproductsforconsumersC.increasedcompetitionforworldproducers.theutilizationofthemostefficientproductionprocesses.Noneoftheabove.InordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleastunitlaborrequirementsonetwothreeDfourEfiveAcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitisproducingexportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcouldalternatively.isproducingimportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcoulddomestically.isproducingexportsusingfewerlaborunits.isproducingimportsindirectlyusingfewerlaborunits.Noneoftheabove.AnationengagingintradeaccordingtotheRicardianmodelwillfinditsconsumptionbundle(消費(fèi)約束)insideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.outsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier(%產(chǎn)可能性邊界).insideitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.IfaverysmallcountrytradeswithaverylargecountryaccordingtotheRicardianmodel,thenthesmallcountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thelargecountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thesmallcountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.thelargecountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.Noneoftheabove.IftheworldtermsoftradeforacountryaresomewherebetweenthedomesticcostratioofHandthatofF,thencountryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.Noneoftheabove.Ifaproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisbowedout(concavetotheorigin))(上凸,凹面向原點(diǎn)),thenproductionoccursunderconditionsofconstantopportunitycosts.increasingopportunitycosts.decreasingopportunitycosts.infiniteopportunitycosts.Noneoftheabove.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentradebetweenthemisnotlikelyiftheirsupplycurvesareidentical.theircostfunctionsareidentical.theirdemandconditionsidentical.theirincomesareidentical.Noneoftheabove.AssumethatlaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandthatwagesintheUnitedStatesequal$20perhourwhilewagesinJapanare$10perhour.ProductioncostswouldbelowerintheUnitedStatesascomparedtoJapanifU.S.laborproductivityequaled40unitsperhourandJapan's15unitsperhour.U.S.productivityequaled30unitsperhourwhereasJapan'swas20.U.S.laborproductivityequaled20andJapan's30.U.S.laborproductivityequaled15andJapan's25unitsperhour.Noneoftheabove.Internationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistributions.Therefore,internationaltradeisbeneficialtoeveryoneinbothtradingcountries.willtendtohurtonetradingcountry.willtendtohurtsomegroupsineachtradingcountry.willtendtohurteveryoneinbothcountries.willbebeneficialtoallthoseengagedininternationaltrade.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrises,wageswillrisebutbylessthanthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproductJ(工資剛性,變動(dòng)較慢)risebymorethantheriseinthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.remainproportionallyequaltothepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.fall,sincehigherpricescauselessdemand.Noneoftheabove.IfAustraliahasmorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasmorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,therealincomeofcapitalownersinAustraliawouldrise.therealincomeoflaborinAustraliawouldclearlyrise.therealincomeoflaborinBelgiumwouldclearlyrise.therealincomeoflandownersinBelgiumwouldfall.貿(mào)易知識(shí)使一國豐富要素部門得利,稀缺要素部門受損)therealincomesofcapitalownersinbothcountrieswouldrise.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesandthepriceoffoodincreaseby25%,thentheeconomymovesdownitsaggregatesupplycurve.theeconomymovesbackalongitsaggregatedemandcurve.therelativequantities(相對(duì)數(shù)量) ofmanufacturesandfoodremainunchanged.therelativequantitiesofproductschangeby25%.Noneoftheabove.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesrises,thenthepriceoffoodalsorises.thequantityoffoodproducedfalls.thequantityofbothmanufacturesandfoodfalls.thepurchasingpoweroflaborintermsoffoodfalls.Noneoftheabove.Groupsthatlosefromtradetendtolobby(游說)thegovernmentto(貿(mào)易失利者游說政府)A.shiftthedirectionofcomparativeadvantage.abolishtheSpecificFactormodelfrompracticalvidepublicsupportfortherelativelyefficientvideprotectionfortherelativelyinefficientsectors.Noneoftheabove.Thespecificfactormodelarguesthatiflandcanbeusedbothforfoodproductionandformanufacturing,thenaquotathatprotectsfoodproductionwillclearlyhelplandowners.clearlyhurtlandowners.clearlyhelpmanufacturebuthurtfoodproduction.haveanambiguouseffectonthewelfareoflandowners.Noneoftheabove.If,relativetoitstradepartners,Gambiniahasmanyworkersbutverylittlelandandevenlessproductivecapital,then,followingthespecificfactormodel,weknowthatGambiniahasacomparativeadvantageinmanufactures.food.bothmanufacturesandfood.neithermanufacturesnorfood.Noneoftheabove.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,aninfluxofworkersfromacrosstheborderwould(勞動(dòng)者越過國境流入)A.movethepointofproductionalongtheproductionpossibilitycurve.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutward,andincreasetheproductionofbothgoods.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthelabor-intensiveproduct.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthecapital-intensiveproduct.(資本密集型產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量下降,擴(kuò)展了生產(chǎn)可能性曲線,相當(dāng)于擴(kuò)展了消費(fèi)的總量)Noneoftheabove.The1987studybyBowen,LeamerandSveikauskassupportedthevalidityoftheLeontieffParadox.supportedthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.usedatwo-countryandtwo-productframework.demonstratedthatinfactcountriestendtousedifferentvedthattheU.S.'scomparativeadvantagereliedonskilledlabor.TheCaseoftheMissingTradereferstothe9thvolumeoftheHardyBoys'Mysteryseries.thefactthatworldexportsdoesnotequalworldimports.thefactthatfactortradeislessthanpredictedbytheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.thefactthattheHeckscherOhlintheorypredictsmuchlessvolumeoftradethanactuallyexists.Noneoftheabove.OnewayinwhichtheHeckscher-OhlinmodeldiffersfromtheRicardomodelofcomparativeadvantageisbyassumingthat_技術(shù)相同__is(are)identicalinall
countries.factorofproductionendowmentsscaleeconomiesfactorofproductionintensitiestechnologyopportunitycostsAsopposedtotheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,theassumptionofdiminishingreturnsintheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelmeansthattheprobabilityisgreaterthatwithtradecountrieswillnotbefullyspecialized(專業(yè)化)inoneproduct.countrieswillbenefitfromfreeinternationaltrade.countrieswillconsumeoutsidetheirproductionpossibilityparativeadvantageisprimarilysupplyrelated.Noneoftheabove.Supposethattherearetwofactors,capitalandland,andthattheUnitedStatesisrelativelylandendowedwhiletheEuropeanUnionisrelativelycapital-endowed.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,EuropeanlandownersshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.EuropeancapitalistsshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.allcapitalistsinbothcountriesshouldsupportfreetrade.alllandownersshouldsupportfreetrade.Noneoftheabove.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,iftheUnitedStatesisrichlyendowedinhuman-capitalrelativetoMexico,thenasNAFTAincreasinglyleadstomorebilateralfreetradebetweenthetwocountries,theUnitedStateswillfinditsindustrialbasesuckedintoMexico.MexicowillfinditsrelativelyhighlyskilledworkersdrawntotheUnitedStates.ThewagesofhighlyskilledU.S.workerswillbedrawndowntoMexicanlevels.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillrisetothoseintheUnitedStates.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillfalltothoseintheUnitedStates.(墨西哥高技術(shù)工人工資降低到美國同水平)Iftwocountrieswereverydifferentintheirrelativefactoravailabilities(相對(duì)要素豐富程度相差很多),thenwewouldnotexpectwhichofthefollowingtobeempiricallysupported?TheHeckscher-OhlinTheoremTheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem.要素價(jià)格均衡理論)TheLawofOnePriceTheLawofDemandNoneoftheabove.Acountrycannotproduceamixofproductswithahighervaluethanwheretheisovaluelineintersects(相交) theproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineistangent(相切)totheproductionpossibilityfrontier中值線相切的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界.theisovaluelineisabovetheproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineisbelowtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.theisovaluelineistangentwiththeindifferencecurve.IfPc/Pfweretoincrease,theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothexports.theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothproduced_._thefoodexporterwouldincreasethequanti
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