醫(yī)學(xué)英語術(shù)語學(xué)及應(yīng)用

ChapterOneAnEtymological(詞源的

)StudyofEnglishLanguage第1頁/共27頁第一頁，共28頁。Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluencesEnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages,averybroadlanguagefamilyincludingmostoftheEuropeanlanguagesspokentoday.Thewordforfathervater(inGerman),pater(inGreek),pedarin(Persian),pater(inLatin),andpitr(inSanskrit)第2頁/共27頁第二頁，共28頁。Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluencesIncaseoftheword“brother”,itisofsimilarnature.InGreekitisphrater,inLatinfrater,inSanskritbhratar,inFrenchfrereandinGermanbruderOfallthedifferentbranchesinIndo-Europeanfamily,twoareofparamountimportance,theGermanicandtheRomance.EnglishisintheGermanicgroupoflanguages.第3頁/共27頁第三頁，共28頁。OldEnglish(450-1100)TheAngles,Saxons,andJutesfromnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandinvadedBritishIslesandbegantopopulatethoseareas.Anglo-Saxons第4頁/共27頁第四頁，共28頁。OldEnglish(450-1100)theoriginal,Celtic-speakinginhabitants→outofwhatisknowEngland→Scotland,Wales,CornwallandIreland,leavingbehindafewCelticwords.第5頁/共27頁第五頁，共28頁。OldEnglish(450-1100)Theinvader’slanguage,Anglo-Saxon,developedintowhatweknowasOldEnglishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,andstrongderivefromOldEnglishroots第6頁/共27頁第六頁，共28頁。TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy,subsequentlyKingWilliamI,invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo-Saxonsin1066.TheyspokeadialectofOldFrenchknownasAnglo-Norman.TheNormanswerealsoofGermanicstockandAnglo-NormanwasaFrenchdialectthathadconsiderableGermanicinfluencesinadditiontothebasicLatinroots.第7頁/共27頁第七頁，共28頁。TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheinfluenceoftheNormans:beefandcowBeef→Anglo-NormanCow→GermanThemixtureofthetwolanguages:MiddleEnglish第8頁/共27頁第八頁，共28頁。EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)ThenextwaveofinnovationinEnglishcamewiththeRenaissance.ManyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswerebroughtintotheLanguage:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusicWilliamShakespeare第9頁/共27頁第九頁，共28頁。LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)TheprincipaldistinctionbetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLatemodernEnglishisvocabulary.Twohistoricalfactors:IndustrialRevolutionandtheBritishEmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greekroots)第10頁/共27頁第十頁，共28頁。LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)Horsepower,airplane,typewriter(Englishroots)Thisburstofneologismcontinuestoday,visibleinthefieldofelectronicsandcomputers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,andmicrochip第11頁/共27頁第十一頁，共28頁。LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)Inaddition,theriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltradeservednotonlytointroduceEnglishtotheworldbuttointroducewordsintoEnglish.Finally,the20thcenturysawtwoworldwars,andthemilitaryinfluenceonthelanguage第12頁/共27頁第十二頁，共28頁。ChapterTwoAnEtymologicalStudyofMedicalEnglishBasedontheirorigin,medicaltermscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:nativeandborrowed.第13頁/共27頁第十三頁，共28頁。WordsEvolvedfromOldEnglishOldEnglishisbelievedtohaveessentiallydevelopedfromdialectspokenbytheAnglo-Saxons.MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenoteanatomicstructures,organs,substances,andbasicconceptsofhumanactivities.第14頁/共27頁第十四頁，共28頁。AnatomicWordsanklebackbladderbloodchesteareyefootgumhairhandkneelipliverlungneckorganthroattongue第15頁/共27頁第十五頁，共28頁。WordsDenotingConceptsacheblindbreathbruisefeverhealmindcold第16頁/共27頁第十六頁，共28頁。WordsOriginatedfromGreekFromGreek,EarlyModernEnglishreceivedgrammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusic.AndmedicalterminologyisoneoftheareasthathavebeeninfluencedbyGreek.第17頁/共27頁第十七頁，共28頁。WordsOriginatedfromGreekacmeanorexiacoloncomadiagnosisdyspepticglaucomametastasisnecrosispandemicparalysispneumoniapsychology第18頁/共27頁第十八頁，共28頁。WordsOriginatedfromLatinTheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktotheRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedaftertheNormanConquest.第19頁/共27頁第十九頁，共28頁。WordsOriginatedfromLatinAbscessacuteaortaautopsybacteriacellcliniccortexdystrophyhydrophobiainflamemedicinemuscleobstetricsplacebopanaceaprognosistumor第20頁/共27頁第二十頁，共28頁。WordsBorrowedfromFrenchAftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AgreatnumberofFrenchwords,includingthoseusedinmedicalworks,tooktheirrootsinEnglish.BorrowingfromFrenchhascontinuedtillpresenttime.第21頁/共27頁第二十一頁，共28頁。WordsBorrowedfromFrenchHospitalfaintjaundicedoctorbenigndiseasemortuaryembolismanatomyarteryambulanceantibioticchroniclymphmalaisepathologysurgeonpalpitationprostaterehabilitation第22頁/共27頁第二十二頁，共28頁。WordsBorrowedfromGermanAspirinbarbituratebiologychemotherapychromosomegenegenomeleukemianeuronpsychoanalysisschizophreniatestosterone第23頁/共27頁第二十三頁，共28頁。WordsBorrowedfromItalianInfluenzamalariaquarantine第24頁/共27頁第二十四頁，共28頁。WordsBorrowedfromSpanishMos