博士英語(yǔ)課程作業(yè)

文化比較的七大規(guī)律.介紹這篇文章的全稱(chēng)是“東西方文化發(fā)展模式的七大規(guī)律”。這有力地證明了在文化對(duì)照領(lǐng)域一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的中國(guó)人的思維怎樣運(yùn)行的。這是轉(zhuǎn)載北京大學(xué)英語(yǔ)系教授辜正坤的許可。.為什么要有大規(guī)模的文化視野？從宏觀的角度看，人類(lèi)文化是一元的；從微觀的角度看，然而，人類(lèi)文化的多樣性指向多元化。如今，當(dāng)人類(lèi)文化發(fā)展到一個(gè)很高的程度，過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)一元化的元素將導(dǎo)致文化虛無(wú)主義以至于抑制人類(lèi)文化多元發(fā)展的潛能。另一方面，過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化的多元性，則會(huì)產(chǎn)生提升文化沙文主義的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這種文化觀大體上也適用于東西方文化之間的關(guān)系。簡(jiǎn)言之，我認(rèn)為有七大規(guī)律主導(dǎo)著東西方文化的格局。以下是對(duì)這七個(gè)定律的簡(jiǎn)要介紹。.七大規(guī)律文化共性規(guī)律文化在人類(lèi)的思想中有一個(gè)共同的根源。事實(shí)上，所有的文化都是人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造的，證明了地球上的文化必須是一個(gè)共同的性質(zhì)，即人類(lèi)的本質(zhì)。所有的文化都是因?yàn)榭陀^世界和人類(lèi)的三大欲望（對(duì)事物的欲望、對(duì)性以及權(quán)力的欲望）之間相互影響而形成的。此外，人類(lèi)在地球上不得不以一種通過(guò)地球供給所形成的一種模式生存和發(fā)展。根（共同的性質(zhì)），然而，也可以被理解為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的兩個(gè)根源：陰根（精神）源于三大欲望，陽(yáng)根（實(shí)質(zhì)）來(lái)自客觀世界。文化就是開(kāi)在這種嫁接之上的花朵。這就是為什么，在許多情況下，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，西方文化的根源是一種方式，對(duì)于東方文化反之亦然。在邏輯和自然上，你可以看到在一定的歷史階段，西方文化精神在某種程度上體現(xiàn)了某種形式的東方文化，反之亦然。文化內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律兩種文化就像兩個(gè)擁有不同生活方式和價(jià)值觀的人，一旦他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了他們的相反性，他們就會(huì)故意或不自覺(jué)地試圖去影響對(duì)方。每一方都試圖改革、塑造或規(guī)范對(duì)方。他們這樣做是因?yàn)樗麄兌紙?jiān)信自己在做正確的事情，因?yàn)樗麄冋嬲\(chéng)地相信他們拯救了他們的對(duì)手。例如，西方的基督教和東方的佛教幾千年來(lái)一直真心誠(chéng)意的做著這樣的事，正因?yàn)榕爸髁x”或“思想”的外衣。在過(guò)去的三百年中，東方文化和西方文化正是通過(guò)這種方式進(jìn)行融合。東西方文化發(fā)現(xiàn)自身的獨(dú)特性，價(jià)值以及潛力，還有測(cè)試-東方文化的大陰陽(yáng)循環(huán)影響下自身的獨(dú)特定位和意義，這些都是文化內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)形成的過(guò)程。有一個(gè)至少對(duì)于中國(guó)的學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)極其重要的問(wèn)題，就是思考東西方文化之間內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)能夠健康發(fā)展的范圍是什么，畢竟這一過(guò)程有其自身的局限性。內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的形成過(guò)程通常停滯在某一點(diǎn)，即當(dāng)兩種文化達(dá)到一定程度的折衷時(shí)，因?yàn)闁|西方文化總是相反的直到它們的發(fā)展定位方向相關(guān)聯(lián)為止。文化互補(bǔ)性規(guī)律在東西方文化的互補(bǔ)性中發(fā)現(xiàn)了全球文化的總體性和完美性。它自然地遵循東方文化或西方文化，當(dāng)單從一方面做出判斷時(shí)，是有瑕疵的，因?yàn)榄h(huán)境、氣候、種族、語(yǔ)言、時(shí)間、可用的資源和許多其他因素是完全不同的。幸運(yùn)的是，東西方文化有機(jī)地形成一個(gè)整體，當(dāng)東方文化中哪里存在一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)常常就會(huì)在西方文化中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)來(lái)平衡，或者西方文化中存在較為薄弱的地方就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這在東方文化中很強(qiáng)大。當(dāng)一種文化生病時(shí)，它的補(bǔ)救方法可以在另一種文化中找到。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，西方文化是東方文化的一個(gè)醫(yī)生，反之亦然。當(dāng)我們拒絕一種文化時(shí)，我們就是拒絕治愈我們的疾病。一些學(xué)者總是有一種誤解就是相信文化的特點(diǎn)可以簡(jiǎn)單地從一種文化轉(zhuǎn)移到另一種文化中去。在我看來(lái)，特點(diǎn)是一種與眾不同的天性和兩個(gè)范疇：精神和身體。例如，科學(xué)和技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，屬于物理分類(lèi)，而文學(xué)和藝術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，屬于精神分類(lèi)。物理特點(diǎn)可以很容易地借用或模仿，而精神上的特點(diǎn)從一種文化進(jìn)入另一種文化往往是困難的（有時(shí)根本是不可能的）。計(jì)算機(jī)軟件可以從國(guó)外引進(jìn)和使用，只有在物理?xiàng)l件（如計(jì)算機(jī)）和相關(guān)的操作命令被提供的情況下。但文學(xué)或文化的價(jià)值是不同的，因?yàn)樗麄円筮@一部分相關(guān)的人有相近的心理?xiàng)l件，如類(lèi)似的文化背景和審美品味（習(xí)慣）。物理是可移動(dòng)的，而精神通常是不行的。為了培養(yǎng)一種共同的審美傾向，我們必須提高我們對(duì)一種特殊文化的特別價(jià)值以及東西方文化的多元性和互補(bǔ)性的敏感性。文化沖突規(guī)律一方面，當(dāng)代人類(lèi)就以下事實(shí)達(dá)成了共識(shí)：現(xiàn)代文化的發(fā)展要求一個(gè)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)，來(lái)最大程度的激發(fā)創(chuàng)作精神。另一方面，我們更清晰地意識(shí)到，當(dāng)一個(gè)文化傾向于抑制或消除所謂的異教文化，它只是削弱自己的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。文化沖突或文化誤讀的必然性不是都能引起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或激烈的沖突，人類(lèi)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多地學(xué)習(xí)如何容忍，而不是相互斗爭(zhēng)。顯然，我們需要一種適當(dāng)?shù)姆磳?duì)，能足夠強(qiáng)大以刺激文化的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展，也能足夠微弱以避免任何其他文化造成的可能的危害。文化互顯規(guī)律只有通過(guò)與自己的對(duì)立面進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)比，一種文化才能真正理解和體現(xiàn)它自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。換言之，一種文化的優(yōu)勢(shì)或優(yōu)點(diǎn)是通過(guò)與之對(duì)立的文化的存在形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。例如，一個(gè)好的方面就是東方文化中典型的信念就是自然與人類(lèi)和諧相處被越來(lái)越強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)同，西方文化中只有當(dāng)西方科學(xué)讓西方人深刻地感受到人類(lèi)與大自然相分離引起的苦難才意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。同樣，現(xiàn)代西方文化通過(guò)科學(xué)備份可以自豪的說(shuō)它是經(jīng)過(guò)分析且精確的，只有當(dāng)與東方文化進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比時(shí)才會(huì)出現(xiàn)全面模糊和過(guò)度合成的情況。文化相互印證的規(guī)律一種文化許多方面的合理性往往通過(guò)借用其相反文化的許多方面進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。在古代東方文化中提出的許多主張，最終被西方科學(xué)證明或驗(yàn)證。例如，佛教的許多概念、易經(jīng)和老子的書(shū)已經(jīng)被歐美地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)所驗(yàn)證。總體上說(shuō)，雖然東西方文化都具有理性和非理性的特征，但可以說(shuō)，東方文化的理性一面與西方文化中理性的一面相比不太明顯?；蛘撸瑩Q句話(huà)說(shuō)，如果沒(méi)有歐美地區(qū)近代科學(xué)的發(fā)展，東方古代文化中的許多深刻的思想不能得到理解和驗(yàn)證。同樣，沒(méi)有東方古人的智慧和開(kāi)拓性的努力，西方的現(xiàn)代文化也會(huì)產(chǎn)生走岔路的危險(xiǎn)。東方文化是西方文化的一面鏡子，反之亦然。為了便于理解，可以提供一個(gè)笨拙的比喻，東方文化是一個(gè)命題，以及結(jié)論，而西方文化則是一個(gè)論據(jù)（證據(jù)和過(guò)程的示范）。只有在東西方文化的完美結(jié)合中才能得到至高的真理。陰陽(yáng)發(fā)展周期規(guī)律按照規(guī)則，事物都是朝著相反的方向發(fā)展直到達(dá)到自身的極限，無(wú)論東方文化還是西方文化在很多方面遲早都將朝著相反的模式發(fā)展。第二十世紀(jì)的學(xué)者不需要為東方文化越來(lái)越西化，而西方文化越來(lái)越東方化而感到困惑。這在現(xiàn)代詩(shī)歌和藝術(shù)的發(fā)展方面可以明顯地看出?？傮w上說(shuō)，東方文化的陰傾向強(qiáng)于西方文化中的，而西方文化中的陽(yáng)傾向強(qiáng)于東方文化中的。十六世紀(jì)以前，世界文化的主流是除了希臘和羅馬文化之外的以陰為代表的古埃及文化、巴比倫文化、印度文化和中國(guó)文化。然而潮流改變了。以西方國(guó)家為代表的陽(yáng)文化日益突出。近幾年來(lái)，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)以驚人的速度發(fā)展著，西方文化在二十世紀(jì)末已經(jīng)達(dá)到了其發(fā)展的巔峰。遵循上面提到的相同的規(guī)律，一個(gè)偉大而平緩的改變將在全球文化框架下發(fā)生。正如許多人所相信的那樣，二十一世紀(jì)可能會(huì)見(jiàn)證東方文化的崛起。再次，有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)一種文化的崛起不需要另一種文化的衰落來(lái)伴隨，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代人擁有的預(yù)測(cè)能力使他們能夠在一定程度上調(diào)節(jié)或調(diào)整自身文化演進(jìn)的過(guò)程。此外，一個(gè)看似新的文化的崛起，往往只是其之前模式的一種變化升級(jí)。Immigration,ancestors,AmericanInJuly1943,theU.S.militaryforceweretoattackSicily.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“Whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inyourveins,thereareGerman’sandItalian’sdescent,butkeepinmind,inordertopursuefreedom,theylefttheirhomeandcountryandtraveledacrossoceans.Nowwe’regoingtowipeoutthosepeoplewhoseancestorslackedthecouragetomakesuchasacrificerathercontinuetolivealifeofslaves.”Thereweretworeasonsforimmigration:themoralloveoffreedom,andthepursuitofmaterial.Theancestorsabandonedtheirhome,tradition,andhometownvalue.Butaftertheirchildrenacceptedthenewvalueandtradition,theyridiculedandrejectedtheaccustomedthinkingpatternsfromEuropeans.Theygaveuptheirownnativelanguageandideasexpressedinit.Theirhometownlawandloyaltytotheirmotherland,theiroldvalueandwayoflife,andpartofthehabitualdietandclothing.AndthentheybecameAmericans.Thefirstgenerationofimmigrantshaddifficultiesincompletelychangingthemselves,buttheirchildrencould.Throughpublicschoolsandsocialeducation,thechildrenbecametheone-hundred-percentAmericans.Thefathergeneration’sforeignfeaturesbecamethesourceofthechildren’sself-inferiorityandhumiliation.Theauthorityofthefatherbecamelessandlessimportant.Mothers,nomatterwhichkindoflifestyletheymaintained,nomatterwhichlanguagetheyspoke,andbecausetheyprovidedlove,foodandsympathy,theystillkepttheimportanceofemotion.ThesecondgenerationofimmigrantshadtorefusetoacknowledgetheirfatherswhowereborninEurope,justlikeindependentAmerican’srejectingBritain.AmericansdidnotrepeltheBritishatfirst,buttheBritishgovernment’shighpressureandbossypoliciesputthecoloniststothelowerstatus,anddestroyedtheirallegiancepsychology.ThebirthoftheUnitedStatesisknownfordenyingauthority:authorityismandatory,assertive,autocratic,andmorallywrong.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStatesaimstolimittheauthorityofAmericangovernment,hencetheseparationofpowers.Freudrelatedhis“AmericaTheory”likethis:severalsuppressedsonsunitedandkilledthedespoticfather;thentheyfeltthattheycommittedagreatcrime,feltafraidthatonebrotheramongthemwouldbeupandreplacetheassassinatedfather’sposition,sotheymadeapact,onthebasisofallgivingupthepowerandspecialstatusofthefather,todeterminethelegallyequalstatusbetweenthebrothers.BritainanditsKingwereonbehalfofthedespoticfather;peopleofAmericacoloniesonbehalfofthesonswhokilledtheirfatherwithconspiracy;theDeclarationofindependenceandtheConstitutionofAmericaonbehalfofthecompactestablishedbyallbrothers,onthefoundationofgivingupthepowertocontrolpeople,toguaranteeallAmericansthefreedomandequality.ThepowertodominatepeopleismosthatedbyAmericans,andalsomostadmired.TherearetwobigquestionsaboutAmericannationalcharacter.1.Basedontheemotionallyequalityidea(onlywhite);ifapersonenslavesanother,hisbehaviorshouldnotonlyhavebeenspurned,butalsobannedbylaw;everyonehasequalopportunitiesandlegalstatus.2.Theybelievethatthepowerdominatingpeopleismorallydetestable,andshouldberesisted;suspicionofothersseizingpowerisnotenough;peoplemusttreatthoseindomesticnecessarypowerpositionsaspotentialenemies.TheequalityAmericanscherishinthepastgovernment’sweakness.OpposingtheauthoritybecomesatypicalAmericanbehaviorofpraise.American’sattitudestowardpowerareasthefollowing:poweritselfisbad,dangerous;forthesurvivalanddevelopmentofthecountry,acertainnumberofpeoplemustbegivenpower,butthepowermustbelimitedbylegalmethods,andpeopleinpowerpositionmustbesupervisedalways,andtheyshouldbeseenaspotentialenemies.ThisisthemostbasicelementofAmericancharacteristicsandbehaviors.Althoughithaspoliticalimplication,butintheenditisofthenatureofmorality,whichholdsthat:peopleorinstitutionsthatare“bullyingothers”arebad,andtheyviolatethegoodfeelingsandabsolutelycanbereproached.Thepowercontrollingotherscanberegardedasakindofrulebyforceofdictators,andpeoplewhopursuesuchpowerareseenassinners.Thoseitselfhasusetheirpowertodominateothersnatureoftheindustrytobecomethemostdespisedbypeopleandindustrybydoubt,whenpeaceforpolitics,formilitaryserviceinwartime.Theythatwanttoimprovehissocialstatusandmoneyforanypurposetojointhisindustryarethemajorsuspects.Itisbelievedthatisforthesakeofpersonalinterests,inordertomakemoney,ortoimprovetheirownstatusandpoliticalparticipationinthepolitical,notasasuspect.Eveniftheyfraud,atleastensuretheyparticipateinpoliticsisaprofit,thereisnoevilambitiononpurpose.Forpersonalinterestsoutsidethereasonoutofpoliticsareagreatdealofsuspects.Hemaybesecretlythegreedyforpower,thereforemustimplementthestrictestmonitoringtohim,andmakesurehenevermeetthiskindofthemostevildesires.FranklinRooseveltwasconsideredathreattojustice.ThiscanexplainthepowerfulPresidentinAmericanhistoryandweakPresidentScenariointurn.PowerfulPresidentonbehalfofamoralthreat,andweakcommonplacesPresidentwillmakethecountryintoanarchy.MoralabominationpowermayexplainwhyAmericansgenerallyskepticalattitudetotheirgovernment.Governmentissomethingotherpeople,theirdifferentinterestsandsocialinterests.Itsmaingoalistoincreaseitspower,andthepublic'smaindutyistoresistthegovernmentpower.Thegovernmentisanecessaryevil.Thegovernmentcanonlyistherefereeinsportscompetition.VerydifficulttosomesuspectthattheSupremeCourtandjudgesabuseofpower.Americanshatepower,sowillingtouseforceandviolenceagainstpower.SoAmericanviolencecultureispopular,gunflood.WorldWarIIveteransarenottheJapanesepeopleashuman,becausemilitarismabuseofpower.Americanstrytomakethepowerandthecivilianpower.OccupiedbytheRomanaftertheSecondWorldWar,theAmericanpeopleclimbinguptheVenetianpalace,simulatedMussolinimadeloudspeech,thecrowdwasmadeintoapictures,newspapersandmagazinesarewidelypublishedintheUnitedStates.ThisisasymbolofAmericanpowermentality,itmaybedevoidofpoliticalmeaning,anditssignificanceliesinthatsuchapowerfulsymboltoeverychildborntomotherswiththeUnitedStatescanreachthelevelof.Thosemaycausepeopletoreducethefearofthepeopletothemostordinarymortals.AmericansabouttheemperorworshipandfearoftheJapanesefearsdislike,consideredtobetheenemyofdemocracy.Thepatternsofdistributionofthenationalpowerwithinthefamilyalsohasitsprototype:fatherlikeonbehalfoftheexecutivepart,themotheronbehalfofthelegislation,withschoolteachersastheleaderoftheneighborhoodrepresentsthejudicialpower.Children'sstatussimilartothepeople,theyinapowertoresistanotherkindofpower,takingphasesystemandbalancedwaytokeeptheirindependence.UncleSamandLibertyUncleSamisanextremelyskinny,tallandoldman,andhisgreybeardiscutintotheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldclothesofAmericanflagpattern.Liberty:arobustwomanofmothergentleness,dressedintheclassicflappingoutwear,wearingacrown,withonehandholdingthetorch.UncleSamisbasicallyonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentanditsdemandstopeople,suchastax,joiningarmy,buyingTreasurybonds,savings,etc.ManyAmericansbelievethattheyhavenothingtodowithhim,andtohim,thereisnoloveorrespect,buttheyhadbetterobeyhimreluctantly.Americans’attitudetowardhimisnegative.Thelibertyisapositiveimage,onbehalfofgenerosityandfreedom.Thetorchshinontheroadtodemocracyforstray,onbehalfofchanceandlove.TheFrenchdesignerBartholdiusedhismotherastheprototypeofthestatueofliberty.Themotto“Providemotherlycareandwelcome”isgravedintothebaseoftheLiberty.Thetwoportraitsdemonstrateveryimportantpsychology:thecharity,richnessandidealoftheUnitedStatesisrepresentedbywoman,onlyitsgradanddemands,bymen.Withinafamily,thepowerofparentsisthetargetofbeingchallenged.Americanpeoplethinkthatchildrenintheprocessofgrowthshouldnotberestrictedbyanypower,butinpracticeitprovesimpossible.Childrendevoidoftubebundletothemselvesandtheirparentsaredangerous.Itisagoodidealthatchildrenwouldnotberestrictedbyanypublicpower,towhichtheUnitedStatesismostclose.Therealwayssomeonetorewardgoodbehaviorandpunishwrongdoing.Thankstofather’spositionalmostexistinnameonly,almostdutyaretookoverbymother.Inallsocieties,fatherplaysthesocialrole,whilemothershouldersabiologicalone.Motherprovidesfoodandcaress,sosheisintheadvantageousstatus.InAmericansociety,motherisdriventoarrangethemaintasksofparenting.Howispeople’s“ethics”or“conscience”constructed?InAmerican,thechildreneducationisassumedbymother.Howtogetinto“ethic”or“conscientiousness”ofpeople?Parentsuserewardsandpunishmentstotrainingchildren,themoreloveandrewardwillgivetochildrenthathisbehaviorconformtotherulesofmoralstandards,vicepunished.Astimepasses,thehabitisconvertedintonature,andtheyhavecometoaccepttheirparents’attitudeofapprovalordisapproval,andfinallysuchattitudebecomesapartofthemselves.Theinner-self-controlbecomesapartofthewholepersonality,andthepsychologicalanalystscallit“superego”or“conscience”.ItisbelievedthatAmericanconsciencebearscharacteristicofwoman,becauseintermsoftrainingchildrenwithrewardsorpunishments,motherdominates,andthenchildren’sconsciencecontainsmoremotherlycompositionthanfatherly.ThisiswhyAmericanwomanstayinakindofstateofwell-beingandpick-up.Thinkstothestubborn,deepmaternalconsciencehasbecomeapartofAmericanconscience,butstillAmericansocietyisapatriarchalone.Ontheonehand,thereistherequirementofmalesociety,onotherhand,mother’sinculcationdoesexistsintheheart,whichbringaboutobviousconflictsinAmericansociety.So,manymalevirtuesareconsideredastherequiredconcessionsbeforewoman,ratherthanhisgoodself-cultivation,henceespeciallymorementaldisordersinAmericanteenagers.InAmerica,mostprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachersarewoman,whichalsostrengthensthewomanconscience.But,itisdifficulttohearthemother’sedificationinbusinesscirclesandpartofpoliticallife.Becausemanypeoplethinkthatbusinessismainlyusedtohandlethings,onceinawhiletodealwiththeproblemtothepeople.Theexclusivewordbusinesscommunityisconsideredtobeman,beyondthefemalemoralcategory.Actually,Americanwomenalsohaveasayineconomiccircles,morethanthree-quartersofnationalretailgoodsareboughtbywomen.Thesegoodsthatfromtietocararedesignforwomen.Americansociety’smalerequirementsanditsmaternalconsciencehavecausedintenseconflictsintheUnitedStates,whichhassplitAmericanpeople’spersonalities.ThusAmericans’speechcontainstwovoices:oneistopromotethenobleideal,theotheristodenytheidealintheleastenlightenedspiritofself-interest,whichleadstothesituationinwhichAmericansalwaysapplydoublestandards.TheStatueoflibertyintheUnitedStatesisonlyanillusoryimage!Child,mother,fatherAmericansbelievethatchildrenarebornasapieceofpaper,afterwhich,ifthereisanyweakness,butalsobecauseoftheenvironmentandparent’signoranceormaliciousresults.Childrenarethefutureandhope,inlife,ifthereisasuitablestartingpoint,canbestrongerthangrandpaandprogenitor.ThisisthebasicbeliefoftheAmericanpeople.Nochildrencannotbetaught,onlyparentsandteacherswhowillnotbetaught.Inordertodevelopthisinnergiftofeverynewborn,aslongasthereisaproperupbringing.Whatistheproperupbringing?Generallyspeaking,parentsthinkthewaybywhichtheyarebredintoadulthoodisthewayofappropriateparenting.Inthismodetherearesmallchangesbecauseofthedifferentparents.IntheUnitedStates,children'seducationhasitsownregularity.ForinfantsintheUnitedStates,howtofeedtheirchildrenforfearofviolatingtheir"procedures"and"formula"".MostAmericanchildrenhaveexperiencesofgreathunger.Allthemethodsoffeedingchildrendependonastricttimetablewhichprovidesstrictlywhatfoodshouldbeofferedatanexacttime.ThisandChina's"cryingchildrenhavemilktodrink"thereisabigdifference.MostbabiesintheUnitedStateswillsoonbeabletoadaptquicklytothisschedule.Ifinordertoappeasethechildcryingandearlyfeeding,temporaryaccommodationisconsideredtoindulge.Thisexperienceofhungerafteradultchildrenhavemanybenefits,suchassaving,budget,etc.WhitepeopleintheUnitedStates,thegeneralobjectiontotheimplementationofcorporalpunishmentonchildren,andinsteadoffoodasarewardandpunishment.Moretorewardsweetsandicecream.Sosomefoodshaveasignofaffectionandpraise,suchastheparentsoftheirchildrenandlovetocallthe"sweet","sweet"andsoon.Youaresosweetthatyoucanmakemeeatyouup.Iliketoeatmyloveandlovefood.Ifswallowedistoholdandmakeitapartofmybody.Foodisprovidedbythemother,onbehalfofthemother'slove,refusedtoeatistorefusematernallove,refusedtogrowup.Americanchildrenhavelittlechancetokissandcaress.Themother'sloveforherchildreniscompletelydependentonthedegreeofsuccessinthecompetitionamongthepeers.Onlythechild'ssuccess,motherwillgiveunconditionalaffection,becauseitprovedhertoperformthemother'ssuccess,toprovethatshehasdonetheirduty,therecanbenoguiltinthefaceoftheworld.Theloser'scaress,motheroftenhaveasenseofguilt.Thebiggestfearisthattheparentsofchildrenintoa"sissy"risk.SissyconceptisanunderstandingofbasicconceptsofAmericancharacteristics,inanyothersocietywithoutpropersimilarphenomenon.Itreferstoaperson'sabilitytoshowthedependenceorfearofthecurrentsituation,orthelackofactiveorpurenaturalpassive.Itcanbeadaretoputtheirmoneyinagamblerthrowthehelveafterthehatchet,toseetheirchildreninthehospitalwasbitterandoverlyanxiousmother,abeautifulgirldarenotdatingboys,evenalowmanpersonality.Inordertopreventthisterribledanger,Americanchildrenareoftenencouragedtobeindependentandactive,somuchpraise,andviceversa.Childrengetmorefreedomandindependence,andatthesametimegetanothersourceofpower,andcanbeusedtofightagainsttheirparents.Veryfewparentscanresistarequest:Idon'tseewhyitshouldnotbeso;allotherchildrenareallowedtodoso;John'sparentsallowhimtodoso,andhe'sthreemonthsmorethanIdo.Sothechildwasgreaterfreedomandindependence.Americanpowerchecksandbalancesandtheconceptofdecentralizationofpower.Inordertogettheloveoftheirparents,theUnitedStates,themouthofthemouthofthefunctionhasbecomesoimportant,themouthofthecultureispopularintheworld.Thechildrenofparentsinordertoattractinterest,forthesakeoftheiradmirationandpraise,addingthetrimmingsinspeaking,overblownandself-aggrandizement,andparentsareaccustomedtothis,justknow,toidentify.ThentheAmericansgrewupheservedtoretainitsbombastichabits,butinnon-Americansaredifficulttounderstand.Childrenself-exaggeration,knowingthattheirstoryisonlyhalfbelievable,sotheparentsofthewordsareonlyhalfoftheletter.Whileparentsinordertoexertinfluenceonchildren,hadtobesoexaggeration,.ThisalsoshowsthattheAmericanpublicandpoliticallifeinparticularfocusonthewords,theUnitedStatesConstitutionandthedeclarationofindependenceisthefoundationoftheUnitedStates,andthe"Godofwords"(theBible)asthebacking.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStateshasasemidivinenature.Whileplayingthewordsofthelawyerprofessionpopular,intheUnitedStatesPresident,thelawyerwasbornthemost,suchasJefferson,Lincoln,Rooseveltandothermorethanand20people.Americansbelievethatthegreatestthreattothedictatorship,istodeprivethelikestosaywhattosay,liketowritewhatyouwriteaboutthepowerof.Therefore,theUnitedStates"bigmouth"cultureisoftennotbasedonfacts,onlytheinterestsofthedemandsoftoday'sU.S.mediaandpoliticsisparticularlyprominent.Playthe"words"andledtotheAmericanspiritofdoubtbecomeaggravated.Thewordslieisself-evident,suchasthedeclarationofindependenceandpoliticallip-servicemeettheeyeeverywhere.TheidealAmericanfamilyconsistsoftwochildren,thebigoneistheeldersister,theyoungeroneistheyoungerbrother.Inthefamily,theAmericanchildren'stypicalresponsetothenewbornisakindofhatred,becausetheirincomewillbedividedintoapartofthe.UsuallythebrothersandsistersNeverminddeepstrong,eachotherdidnotburdenspecialduty,oncetheadulthometheneachonepursueshisonwardjourney.FarlessChinese"brotherasafather".Ifonlytwoboysinthefamily,theyoungerbrotherbrotherusuallyintroducedtohisplaymatesandsomeyouthgroups,becausemostpeopleolderthanhim,buttheteamalsodaretodoeverythingbeyondhisageandachievementstandardcanmatchdegree.Inspiredbythisstandard,theyoungerbrother'sspeechandbehaviorbecomeveryrashandbrutal,convincedthatthesuperiorphysicalandwisdomofhisbrothermustbeabletomakehimfreefromtheriskofhisownbehavior.ThehouseofRepresentativesoftenhasirresponsibleactions.HebelievesthathisbrotherandtheSenatewillmakehimfreefromtheconsequencesofhisownbehavior.Waituntilthechildrengrowup,parentsarewillingtosing"red",inordertogetthechildren.Americanchildrenalsohaveschoolchoicetogotoschool,accordingtowhethertheschoolcanprovidebetteropportunitiesforchildren,whetherthereisnoblackchildren,thenumberofforeignchildrenandsoon.Parentsaccordingtotheirchildrenintheschool'scompetitiveadvantagetogivecaress.Americanchildrenusuallyfindtherighttousetheteacher'spowertoresistthepowerofparents,sotheparentsofteachersin-depthstudyofteachers'privatelifebehaviorstandardsandmoralhonestyisveryhigh.ThefirstfunctionoftheAmericanschoolistomakeAmericanchildren"Americancharacteristics",andthesecondistoinstillandtransferknowledge.TheAmericanchildren'sacademicrequirementsarerelativelylow,butthetrainingoftheirindependentpersonalityandpromotingthedevelopmentofadultlifeiscontinuing.Thechildrenwereencouragedtousetheirsparetimetomakemoneytoclose,inordertoindependence.Thecommonfeaturesoftheyouthgroupsthatthestudentsparticipateinare:theyarebothinvolvedinillegalandlegalactivities.Inmostisnotwhatharm,suchasintrusion,vacancyinthecountryintheorchard,grabfruitwithoutaticketintothecircus,teasingpoliceetc..Thisactivitynotonlyallowforadults,butalsoforparentstolookforwardtoandpraise:successorcontemptbothauthoritativeisindependentandmanly.NevertrytodoaPassoverrulesmatterthechildisindangerofbecomingasissy.ThisalsoledtotheseriousnatureoftheillegalbehaviorofthechildrenoftheUnitedstates.Sex,Love,FriendshipManyAmericansusuallythink:whentheyobtainsuccesstheywillobtainlove,whentheyobtainlovetheywillobtainsuccess.Theyalwaysconfusethetwoideasintogether.Accordingtopuritantheory,aperson’ssuccessisthemanifestationofGod’slovetohim.HisfailureshowsthatheisnolongerlovedbyGodandhehascommittedacrime,oratleastnotmadefullefforttotry.InAmerica,thelovedonotneedtopayloveback,butmuststrivetomanifestthattheyareworthyofit.WhileChinesebelieve“Adripoffavorisworthywellrepaying”.AnAmericanusuallydesperatelyprovesthatheisworthyoflove,soheneedstoproveheisasuccess.Whenitcomestoloveexpression,thepresenceofothersisnecessary,whichmakesthephysicallyandmentallyhealthyAmericans’failuretostandlonelysolitude,thereforeothers’presentattentionandadmirationformedapartofAmericans’selfprideandrespect.TheattentionofothersisameanstomeetAmericans’selfpride.ThispsychologicalbackgroundcanshedslightonthestrangestfeatureinAmericans’sociallife:“communicationbetweenmenandwomen”whichtakesupmostofthesparetimeofeveryAmericansfromtheiradolescencetoengagement.Incommunication,thecommunicatorscanusecourtshiplanguageandgesture,andinfactdonotnecessarilyhaveintentionofcourtshipandlove.Inasuccessfulcommunication,thereshouldnotbeso-calledunlucklylosers,andbothshouldfeelthattheirself-esteemandself-confidencearestrengthened.In“communication”betweenmenandwomeninAmerica,thesatisfactionofsensoryorganandsexaccountsforonlyapartofthecommunicationpurposeistostrengthenself-esteem,tomakepeoplebelievetheyarecute,andthereforearesuccessful.Asforlove,Americanshaveanextremelyenthusiasticandprofoundfaithinit.Americansbelievethattheireccentricityoflovingcommunicationisdueto“humannature”.IncommunicationbetweenAmericanyouthandotherforeignoppositesexmembers,seriousmisunderstandingalwaysarise;adateintheeyesofAmericanpeopleismutuallybeneficialduskinwhichtwopeopleenjoyahappytime,tostrengtheneachother’sself-esteem,andshowthepersonalabilityintheword,whiletheforeignerswillthinkofitasdeliberatelure.Ifrejected,bothinjured;ifacceptedimmediately,Americanswillhavethefooledfeeling.Thisislikeamangoingtohunting,beforehisgoingout,thefoxcomesin,sittinginthebackyard,whichmakeshimauselessheroandgreatlydisappointed.Generallythecommunicationislaunchedbyboys,thegirlsinvited.Boysandgirlshavedifferentanchorpointsofchoosingpartners:forgirls,themoreboystoinviteherthebetters,thenshecanchoosetheveryonethatshethinkscanmakehermosthappy;theboy’sgoalistotrytomakethemostlyadoredandpursuedgirlbyhiscolleaguesandcompetitorshispartner.Inacommunication(PROM),ifagirlonlyreceivesaninvitation,eveniftheinviteristhebestboy,shemaynotfeelsuccessful;butifaboy’sinvitingalocal“famous”missisaccepted,hewillwinagreatvictory.Thebasicpurposeofdatingisto“l(fā)etgirlsenjoyaperiodofhappytime”,whileforboys,itspurposeistoattractgirls,toprovethatheisworthyoflove,soastoprovethatheisasuccess.Inthelatercontact,theboywillrepeatedlyaskforfurtherspecialfavorstoproveheisworthyoflove,butintermsofthegirl,ifshepromisestooeasily,itmaymaketheboydisappointed.Theintimaterelationshipgrowswithmoredates,evenendingupinsexrelationshipalmost,butinfacttherealphysicalrelationshipisrare.Onewhocanmakeothersloseself-controlwhilehedoesnotisthewinner.Ifaboyalwayspayshiswholeattentiontoagirl,theresultisengagement.Onceengaged,communicatedatecomestoanend.Datingisofthefloodnature.MostAmericansgetmarriedearly,andmanydojustaftergraduationfromhighschoolorjuniorcollege.Americansgetmarriedearlyfortworeasons:firstly,inAmericanlife,thereisnotawayofhavinganaffairwhichmakesyouthoutofmarriageneedtohidesneakilyinthecartomeettheiremotionalappealcomfortably.Secondly,inadditiontonatureimpulseofgonads,itisbelievedthatthenormalsexualintercourseisnecessarytothehealth,andsexabstinenceisharmful.MostAmericanstodayarenotvirginsbeforemarriage,butmostofpremaritalsexualexperienceisjustanaccidentgenerallydrivenbyspirits,withoutcomfortablefeeling.Americansbelievethatmarriageisestablishedonthebasisofromanceandlove,notonotherconditions.Americans’highexpectationsofmarriagealsofurtherpushupthedivorcerate.Loveistheonlyreasonformarriage,butaftermarriagecomedifficultiesandresponsibilitiesifthefamilymaintenance.SoAmericansextremelyvaluetheirpubertytothetimewhentheirfirstchildisborn,overwhichisdownhill.Theageof12to25isthebestyearsofAmericanslife,soAmericansclaimtheUnitedStatesthe“youngcountry”.InfacttheUnitedStatesis“oneoftheoldestcountries”intheword,anditspeoplearestilllivingundertheconstitutionestablishedein18ththcentury,andfewcountriesaresoconservativeinpoliticslikeAmerica.Themiddle-agemalepoliticianscalltheenlistedyoung“ourchildren”ratherthan“oursoldiers”.ItseemstomostAmericans,theuntranferablerightof“thepursuitofhappiness”assertedintheDeclarationofIndependenceisapolitetermoftherightof“communicationdating”.Abouthomosexuality,averageAmericansholdaversionattitudetowardit,evenwithpanic.Firstly,thisismainlyduetotheAmericanwomenconscienceandmaternalmortalityinheart.WomencompositionexistsineveryAmerican’spersonality,andtheyhavesecretiveanddeepsuspiciontotheirowngendertraits.Anypersonorsituationtocausesuchsuspicionisconsideredathreattopersonaldignity,thusresisted.Secondly,Americanchildrenareencouragetobecompetitive,butpassivityalwaysbecomesdangeroustemptation.Thirdly,thebringingupofAmericanmenproducestheiremotionalconflictswithwomen,whichalsomakesthemfeelstrugglesenseforgays.Noonedarestoassertthathehimselfwillneversinkintohomosexuality.Innormalcircumstances,allrelationsbetweenmenareaffectedbythedeeppsychologicaltrepidationofthemselvesasgays,sotheymustbeinsistedontheirinterestinwomen.Thewarmertheaffectionbetweentwomenis,themorenecessaryitisforthemtoshowinterestinoppositesex.ThisshowsfriendshipbetweenAmericanmenisveryweak,looseandshortofdepth,onlyconfinedamongcontemporaries.Americans’post-marriagematesoftenarejustthebusinessorprofessionalpartners,orneighbors.Withaddressesorcareerschanged,theywouldmakenewfriends.Generally,thefriendshipofAmericansisdepth,basedonthecommoninterestsratherthanoncongeniality.Americansattachimportancetousury,whileChinesetorighteousness,hencetherelationshipsocietyandsocialrulesociety.Personality,themachines,thevalueAmericansvaluetheirfriendshipandlove,greetingeachotheronmanyoccasions,andstill,whichappearsintheAmericanideologyofequalityandfriendshipbetweenpeopleinalovingrelationship.Greetingsshowlove.FordiscriminatingagainstBlacks,whitesalsoaskedthemtokeepsmiling,warmandfriendly.anyexpressionofindifferencewouldhaveledtothecomplaints.Expressionofloveisofgreatcommercialvalue,alargenumberofpersonsforemploymenttoattractthepublictolearnhowtoexpressaffectionaspartofitsprofessionalprerequisites.Americansstarttraining"getspeoplesmiling","friendlyhandshake",sothefriendlinessofAmericansisdisguised.Interestisalsoindisguise.Sometourismsectorshiringprettywaitresses,theywearverylittle,justuntietwoknotswillbenaked.Thisincreasesthetasteofmaletouristseating,somemenonthesecondvisit.Thecommercializationisfullofthesmiling,friendlyandlovin