英語(yǔ)中省略和替代

1.Thisradio,butthatonedoesn’t.讀下列句子,說(shuō)你的感覺(jué)。work

wellworkswell2.Whenpure,acolorlessliquid.

water

iswater

is3.Are

you

?Yes,Iam

.readyready4.Hewas

as

he

had

been

inhisyouth.

aloverofsportsaloverofsports5.

The

river

deep

and

the

ice

thin.waswas6.

ake

care!YouTt第1頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第一頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。1.省略句的定義省略是為了避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語(yǔ)法修辭手段。省略在語(yǔ)言中,尤其在對(duì)話中,是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象。

第2頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。2.句子成分的省略省略前提:

主謂賓,定狀表,如有重復(fù)可刪掉。省略原則:

詞語(yǔ)省略后,不致令人費(fèi)解。省略類型：

1.心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些現(xiàn)成的簡(jiǎn)單句中)；

2.承前省后型(用于對(duì)話、并列句和動(dòng)詞不定式中)；

3.可有可無(wú)型(用于賓從中的that、定從中作賓語(yǔ)的whom,which,that和某些狀從中)4.虛擬倒裝型(只用于需要倒裝的虛擬條件句中)。第3頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。1.省略主語(yǔ):祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略;其他省略的主語(yǔ)的情況多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法。(1)

(You)

Come

in,

please.(2)

(I)

See

you

tomorrow.(3)(I)Thank

youforyourhelp.(4)

(I)

Beg

yourpardon.簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略第4頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第四頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。2.省略主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略(1)(There

is)Nosmoking.(2)(Will

you)Haveasmoke?(3)Why(do

you)notsayhellotohim?(4)How(do

you

think)aboutacupoftea?(5)(You

come)thisway,please.第5頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第五頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。3.省略賓語(yǔ):可省略賓語(yǔ)的全部;可省略作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,只保留to,但如果該賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞be或完成時(shí)態(tài),則須在to后加上be或have。DoyouknowMissHu?Idon’tknow(her).(2)Don’ttouchanythingunlesstheteachertellsyouto(touch).(3)Areyouateacher?No,butIwanttobe(ateacher).(4)Hehasn’tfinishedthetask.Well,heoughttohave(finish

it).第6頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第六頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。4.省略表語(yǔ)Areyouthirsty?Yes,Iam(thirsty).Hisbrotherislazy.Norishissister(lazy).5.同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)句子成分Areyoufellbetternow?(I’m

feeling)better(now).(2)(Iwish)Goodluck(to

you)!(3)Let’smeetattheschoolgateasthesameas(we

met)yesterday.第7頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第七頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。并列句中的省略兩個(gè)并列分句中,后一分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.(2)Istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool(3)Lin’sfatherwasnotathome,buthismotherwas(at

home).第8頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第八頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。主從復(fù)合句中的省略1.主句中有一些主謂被省略

(I’m)Sorrytoheatthatyouareill.(2)(It’s)apitythatyoumissedsuchagoodchance.2.省略從句中與主句相同的部分Theydonotvisittheirparentsasmuchastheyoughtto(visit

their

parents).3.主句與從句各有一些成分被省略Thesooner(you

do

it),thebetter(it

will

be).第9頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第九頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。4.省略一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分,可用so或not代替。常用于此類的動(dòng)詞有believe,think,expect,guess,hope,imagine,suppose,say,tell等以及appear,seem,afraidetc.(4)–Doyouthinkhewillattendthemeeting?--Iguess

not.(1)–Ishecomingbacktonight?--Ithinkso.(2)–Shemustbebusynow?

--If

so,shecan’t

go

with

us.(3)–Isshefeelingbettertoday?--I’mafraid

not.第10頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。其他省略1.連詞that的省略賓語(yǔ)從句中常省略連詞that.

Iknowheisastudent.(2)在定語(yǔ)從句中,that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。另外,凡是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句都可省略關(guān)系代詞和be動(dòng)詞。

Helikesthesongs(that)AndyLausings.Helikesthesongs(that

are)sungbyAndyLau.(that)第11頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十一頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。2.在某些狀語(yǔ)從句中,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),可省去“主語(yǔ)+be”部分。(1)Whenstillaboyof10,hehadtoworkdayandnight.(2)Shetriedherbestthoughratherpoorinhealth.(3)Whilecycling,don’tforgetthetrafficlights.騎車時(shí),不要忘記看紅綠燈。(youare)(you)(hewas)(shewas)第12頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十二頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。3.不定式符號(hào)to的省略1)并列的不定式可省去后面的to.Itoldhim

to

sit

down

and

waitfor

amoment.2)help當(dāng)“幫助”講時(shí),后面的賓語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可帶可不帶。

Iwillhelp

(to)

doitforyou.

Iwillhelpyou

(to)

do

it.(3)介詞but前若有動(dòng)詞do,后面的不定式不帶

to.The

boydidnothing

butplay.第13頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十三頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。4)某些使役動(dòng)詞(let,make,have)

及感官動(dòng)詞(see,watch,hear,notice,observe,feel,lookat,listento等）后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式一定要省去to,但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中須將to復(fù)原。

Isaw

the

boy

fallfrom

the

tree.The

boywas

seen

to

fallfrom

thetree.The

bossmade

us

work12

hoursaday.We

weremade

to

work12

hoursaday.第14頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十四頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。5)主語(yǔ)從句中有動(dòng)詞do,后面作表語(yǔ)的不定式的to可帶可不帶。

Whatwecandonowis(to)wait.6)find當(dāng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時(shí)，后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可帶可不帶。

Wefoundhim(to)workveryhardattheexperiment.

但如果是不定式tobe,則不能省略。

Shefoundhimto

bedishonest.第15頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十五頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。(3)Should

there

be

aflood,whatshouldwedo?,theywouldcertainlycomeandhelpus.(2)

WereIyou,Iwoulddothework

better.Hadthey

timeIfI

had

time(IfIwereyou)(Ifthereshouldbeaflood)4.連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略,但要將后面的should,were,had提到主語(yǔ)的前面。第16頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十六頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。5.英語(yǔ)中有一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：在以if,when,though,asif(好象)等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中,如從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~是be,常將主語(yǔ)it和動(dòng)詞be省略。Ifnecessary,weshallsendatelegramhome.如有必要,我們就往家里打電報(bào)。Wheneverpossible,hewillcometomyhelp.他一有可能就來(lái)幫助我。it

isit

is第17頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十七頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。Notes

1.省略句可同時(shí)省掉句子幾個(gè)成份Whatexcitingnews!(=Whatexcitingnewsitis!)多么令人激動(dòng)的消息啊！Pityhe’sfailed.(=Itisapitythathe’sfailed.)很遺憾,他失敗了。Ilikehimmorethanher.(=IlikehimmorethanIlikeher.)我喜歡他更甚于喜歡她。第18頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十八頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。3.被省略的部分一般可以在句子中補(bǔ)上,但有時(shí)省略結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型,如果把省略部分補(bǔ)上,反而不合乎習(xí)慣。HeistallerthanIam.他比我高。(am之后省略tall,補(bǔ)上不合習(xí)慣）Noparking.禁止停車。(告示用語(yǔ)=Noparkingisallowedhere.)有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)很難補(bǔ)上所省略的部分：Notatall.不用謝。Nomatter.不要緊。Thanks.謝謝。第19頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第十九頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。1.Haven’tseenyouforages.2.Soundslikeagoodidea.3.Sorrytohearthat.4.thisway,please!5.Joiningusforawalk?6.Somemoretea?7.Doesn’tmatter.8.Pityyoucouldn’tcome.9.Terribleweather!10.Goingtothesupermarket?Exercise

IItIamWalkWould

you

likeWould

you

likeItIt

isaWhat/SuchAre

you第20頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。Exercise

ShecanswimunderwaterlongerthanIcanswimunderwater.2.Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldstayinthehouseortheyshouldtrytheopenair.3.Theyhadameal,theywentoutforawalkandthentheycamebacktosleep.4.Don’tbatheifyoudon’ttobathe.5.Idon’tvisitmyparentsasmuchasIoughttovisitmyparents.第21頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十一頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。1.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begunD單項(xiàng)選擇第22頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十二頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。2.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut___hesaidit.A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhichA第23頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十三頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。3.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople______.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdoneA第24頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十四頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。4.--I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycar?--Notatall.____.A.I’venotimeB.I’drathernotC.I’dlikeitD.I’dbehappytoD第25頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十五頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。5.Youhaven’tlosttheticket,haveyou?______.Iknowit’snoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment.A.IhopenotB.Yes,IhaveC.IhopesoD.Yes,I’mafraidsoA第26頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十六頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。6.____itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.WillB第27頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十七頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。7.Let’sgoandhaveagooddrinktonight._____Haveyougotthefirstprizeinthecompetition?A.Whatfor?B.Thanksalot.C.Yes,I’dliketoD.Whynot?A第28頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十八頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。8.Tomorrowisaholiday.Whyareyoudoingyourhomework?IamdoingtheseexercisesnowsothatIwon’thave_____onSunday.A.itB.themC.forD.toD第29頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第二十九頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。9.ShallIinviteAnntomybirthdaypartytomorrowevening?Yes.It’llbefineifyou______.A.areB.canC.inviteD.do10.Aren’tyouthemanager?No,andI____.A.

don’twanttoB.don’twanttobeC.don’twantbeD.don’twantDB第30頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。11.Won’tyouhaveanothertry?________.A.Yes,IwillhaveB.Yes,Iwon’thaveC.Yes,Iwon’tD.Yes,Iwill12.Iwon’tdoitanymore._______?A.WhynotB.Whydon’tdoanymoreC.WhynotdoD.Whydon’tDD第31頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十一頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。13.Doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow?______?A.Idon’tthinkB.No,Idon’tthinkC.Idon’tthinksoD.No,Idon’tso14.Haveyoufedthecat?No,but______.A.I’mB.IamC.I’mjustgoingD.I’mjustgoingtoCD第32頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十二頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。15.DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?Yes,heintends______.A./B.toC.soD.that16.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim________.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto17.--WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?--________hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.Lost

C.LosingD.BecauseoflosingBAC第33頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十三頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。18.If_____,we’llcontinueourexperimentafterofficehours.A.beingnecessaryB.benecessaryC.isnecessaryD.necessary19.Doyouthinkit'sgoingtorainovertheweekend?_______.A.Idon'tbelieveB.Idon'tbelieveitC.IbelievenotsoD.Ibelievenot20.Generallyspeaking,________accordingtodirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.A.whentakingB.whentaken

C.whentotakeD.whentobetakenDDB第34頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十四頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and________.A.theotheriswhiteB.anotherwhiteC.theotherwhiteD.anotheriswhite22.Wouldyoulikesomewine?Yes,just________.A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.afewCC第35頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三十五頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。替代(一)so和not作替代詞,代替被省略的某個(gè)詞(組)或句子,一般同表示個(gè)人看法或想法的動(dòng)詞連用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的賓語(yǔ)。Not代替否定的句子還可放在perhaps,pr