2012-2021北京重點(diǎn)區(qū)高三（上）期中英語(yǔ)匯編：科教類閱讀

23/232012-2021北京重點(diǎn)區(qū)高三（上）期中英語(yǔ)匯編科教類閱讀一．閱讀理解（共12小題）1．（2018北京?朝陽(yáng)高三期中）MathsandMusicAnexcellentwaytokillaconversationistosayyouareamathematician．Tellothersyouarealsoamusician，however，andtheywillbehooked．Althoughthereareobvioussimilaritiesbetweenmathematicalandmusicalactivity，thereisnodirectevidenceforthekindofmagicalconnectionmanypeopleseemtobelievein．I'mpartlyreferringheretothe"Mozarteffect"，wherechildrenwhohavebeenplayedMozartcompositionsaresupposedlymoreintelligent，includingatmaths，thanotherchildren．Itisnothardtoseewhysuchatheorywouldbepopular：wewouldallliketobecomebetteratmathswithoutputtinginanyeffort．ButtheconclusionsoftheexperimentthatexpressedthebeliefintheMozarteffectweremuchmoremodest．Ifyouwantyourbraintoworkbetter，youclearlyhavetoputinhardwork．Asforlearningtoplaythepiano，italsotakeseffort．Surelyaconnectionisquitereasonable．Bothmathsandmusicdealwithabstractstructures，soifyoubecomegoodatone，thenitislikelythatyoubecomegoodatsomethingmoregeneralthathelpsyouwiththeother．Ifthisiscorrect，itwouldshowaconnectionbetweenmathematicalandmusicalability．Itwouldbemoreliketheconnectionbetweenabilitiesatfootballandtennis．Tobecomebetteratone，youneedtoimproveyourfitnessandcoordination（協(xié)調(diào)）．Thatmakesyoubetteratsportandprobablyhelpswiththeother．Abstractstructuresdon'texistonlyinmathsandmusic．Ifyoulearnalanguagethenyouneedtounderstanditsabstractstructureslikegrammar．Yetwedon'thearpeopleaskingaboutaconnectionbetweenmathematicalandlinguistic（語(yǔ)言的）ability．Maybethisisbecausegrammarfeelsmathematical，soitwouldn'tbesurprisingthatmathematicianswerebetteratlearninggrammar．Music，however，isstronglytiedupwithfeelingsandcanbeenjoyedevenbypeoplewhoknowlittleaboutit．Assuch，itseemsdifferentfrommaths，sotherewouldn'tbeanyconnectionbetweenthetwo．Let'sseehowwesolveproblemsofthe"AistoBasCistoD"kind．Theseappearinintelligencetestsbuttheyarealsocentraltobothmusicandmaths．ConsidertheopeningofMozart'sEineKleineNachtmusik（小夜曲）．Thesecondphraseisaclearanswertothefirst．Thelistenerthinks："ThefirstphrasegoesupwardandusesthenotesofaGmajorchord（和弦）；whatwouldbethecorrespondingphrasethatgoesdownwardandusesthenotesofaD7？"Musicisfullofpuzzleslikethis．Ifyouaregoodatthem，expectationswillconstantlybesetupinyourmind．Thebestmomentssurpriseyoubybeingunexpected，butweneedtheexpectationsinthefirstplace．（1）Whatdoestheauthorsayabout"Mozarteffect"？A．Thegoalofitwasnotcarefullythoughtabout．B．Theinterestpeopleshowedinitwasunexpected．C．Thewayitwascarriedoutprovedtobeineffective．D．Thefindingsfromitgavepeoplewronginformation．（2）TheauthormentionedfootballandtennisinParagraph3toshowthat．A．musicandmathshavesomethingincommonB．footballandtennisareplayedinasimilarwayC．certainskillsmaybedevelopedthroughpracticeD．a(chǎn)bstractstructuresbringbenefitstovariousfields（3）WecaninferfromParagraph4that．A．languageislessattractivetolearnersB．mathematiciansaregoodatmusiclearningC．languageseemsmorelikemathsthanmusicdoesD．thestructureoflanguageiseasiertolearnthanthatofmusic（4）Whatisthewriter'smainpurposeinthelastparagraph？A．Toprovehowmusicfinallydiffersfrommaths．B．Todescribethemathematicalprocessesmusiciansmayhave．C．Toshowhowabstractthinkingappliestobothmusicandmaths．D．ToexplainwhyMozartissohighlyconsideredbymathematicians．2．（2020北京?朝陽(yáng)高三期中）RoundandRoundTheyGoSpaceisbecomingmorecrowded.Quiteafewlow﹣Earth﹣orbit（LEO）satelliteshavebeenlaunchedintothesky，whicharedesignedtomovearoundtheEarthonlyafewhundredkilometresaboveitssurface.SpaceXandOneWebplantolaunchLEOsatellitesintheirthousands，nothundreds，todoublethetotalnumberofsatellitesinorbit（軌道）by2027.ThatpromisestochangethingsonEarth.LEOsatellitescanbringInternetconnectivitytoplaceswhereitisstillunavailable.Thiswillalsobeasourceofnewdemandforthespaceeconomy.MorganStanley，abank，projectsthatthespaceindustrywillgrowfrom＄350billionin2016tomorethan＄1.1trillionby2040.NewInternetsatelliteswillaccountforhalfthisincrease.Forthattohappen，however，threeworriesmustbeovercome.Debris（碎片）isthemostfamiliarconcern.Whenenoughsatelliteswerepackedintolow﹣Earthorbits，anycollision（碰撞）couldcauseachainreactionwhichwouldeventuallydestroyallspaceships.OnesolutionistograbthesatelliteswithproblemsandpullthemdownintotheEarth'satmosphere.Anotheristomonitorspacemorecloselyfordebris.Buttechnologyisonlypartoftheanswer.Rulesareneededtodealwitholdsatellitessafelyfromlow﹣Earthorbits.Cyber（網(wǎng)絡(luò)的）﹣securityisasecond，long﹣standingworry.Hackers（黑客）couldtakecontrolofasatelliteandstealintellectualproperty，redirectdataflowsorcauseacollision.Thesatelliteindustryhasbeenslowtorespondtosuchconcerns.Butasmoreoftheworld'spopulationcomestorelyonthespaceforaccesstotheInternet，theneedforactionwillintensify.Measureswillsurelybetakentoprotectnetworksecurity.Thethirdissuefollowsfromthefirsttwo.Ifthereisasimplemistakeoracyber﹣attack，itmaycauseachainreactionwhichwipesouthundredsofbillionsofdollarsofinvestment.Whoisresponsibleforthat？Nowtheplansoffirmswishingtooperatelargenumbersofsatellitesarebeingstudied.Butthereisalongwaytogobeforetherisksarewellunderstood，letalonepriced.Asspacebecomesmorecommercialized，mind﹣bendingprospectsopenup：packagesmovedacrosstheplanetinminutesbyrocketratherthanbyplane，equipmentsenttoothersmallplanets，passengerslaunchedintoorbitandbeyond.Allthatandmoremaycome，oneday.ButsuchactivitieswouldraisethesamequestionsasLEOsatellitesdo.Theymustbeansweredbeforethespaceeconomycantrulydevelop.（1）WhatcanwelearnaboutLEOsatellitesfromthepassage？A.Theyaresupposedtolimitthespaceeconomy.B.Theyareexpectedtoincreaseinlargenumbers.C.TheyaredesignedtomovebeyondtheEarthasfaraspossible.D.TheyaremainlyintendedtobringInternetconnectivitytoremoteareas.（2）Todealwithdebrisinspace，theauthorsuggests.A.dependingentirelyonthemoderntechnologyB.monitoringthemovementofspaceshipscarefullyC.strengtheningrulestoremoveoldsatellitessafelyD.destroyingallthesatelliteswithproblemsinstantly（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"intensify"inParagraph4probablymean？A.Measure.B.Increase.C.Spread.D.Repeat.（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthelaunchofLEOsatellites？A.Itshouldbefurtherconfirmedforitsownership.B.Itshouldbecontinuedbecauseofitsadvantages.C.Itshouldbedonecarefullytoavoidpotentialrisks.D.Itshouldbestoppedinfaceofthespaceeconomy.3．（2020北京?海淀高三期中）Alzheimer'sAIAnestimated5.7millionpeopleintheU.S.haveAlzheimer'sdisease﹣themostcommontypeofdementia（癡呆）﹣andthatnumberisexpectedtomorethandoubleby2050.Earlydiagnosisiscrucialforpatientstobenefitfromthefewtherapiesavailable.Butnoscanscandeliveraconclusivediagnosiswhileapersonisalive；insteaddoctorshavetoconductnumerousandcomplicatedclinicalandneuropsychologicaltests.SothereisgrowinginterestindevelopingartificialintelligencetoidentifyAlzheimer'sbasedonbrainimaging.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia，SanFrancisco，havenowsuccessfullytrainedanAIalgorithm（算法）torecognizeoneoftheearlysignsofAlzheimer's﹣areductioninthebrain'sglucose（葡萄糖）consumption﹣inpositronemissiontomography（PET）imaging.ThealgorithmaccuratelypredictedaneventualAlzheimer'sdiagnosisinnearlyallthetestcases，accordingtothestudy.InPETimaging，averysmallamountofaradioactivecompoundareinjectedintothebody，producingthree﹣dimensionalimagesofmetabolism（新陳代謝）circulationandothercellularactivities.PETiswellsuitedforanAIdiagnostictoolbecauseAlzheimer'sleadstosubtlechangesinthebrain'smetabolismthatbeginyearsbeforeneural（神經(jīng)的）tissuestartstogodownhill，saysstudyco﹣authorJaeHoSohn，aradiologistatUCSF.Thesechangesare"veryhardforradiologiststopickup，"henotes.Thealgorithmwastrainedandtestedon2，100PETbrainimagesfromabout1，000people55yearsandolder.Theimagescamefroma12﹣yearstudythattrackedpeoplewhowouldultimatelybediagnosedwithAlzheimer's，aswellasthosewithmildmemorydeclinesandhealthycontrolparticipants.Thealgorithmwastrainedon90percentofthedataandtestedontheremaining10percent.Itwasthenretestedonasecond，independentdatasetfrom40patientsmonitoredfor10years.Thealgorithmwashighlysensitiveandwasabletorecognize81percentofthepatientsinthefirsttestgroupand100percentinthesecondwhowouldbediagnosedwithAlzheimer'ssixyearslater，onaverage.ThefindingswerepublishedinFebruaryinRadiology.Thealgorithmisbasedondeeplearning，amachine﹣learningtechniquethatusesartificialneuralnetworksprogrammedtolearnfromexamples."Thisisoneofthefirstpromising，preliminary（初步的）applicationsofdeeplearningtothediagnosisofAlzheimer's，"saysChristianSalvatore，aphysicistatItaly'sNationalResearchCouncil，whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy."Themodelperformsverywellwhenidentifyingpatientswithmildorlatediagnoses"，hesays，"butcatchingitintheearlieststagesremainsoneofthemostcriticalopenissuesinthisfield."（1）PeopleareincreasinglyinterestedinusingAItoidentifyAlzheimer'sbecause.A.thenumberofpeoplesufferingfromdementiaismorethandoublingB.diagnosticmethodsthatarebothreliableandconvenientareinneedC.thereareonlyalimitednumberofeffectivetherapiesforthepatientsD.diagnosingAlzheimer'sdiseasethroughAIisstillanunexploredarea（2）WhatcanwelearnaboutPETimaging？A.Itrecognizestheworseningoftheneuraltissue.B.Itreducestheglucoseconsumptioninthebrain.C.Itchangesthepatternofthebrain'smetabolism.D.Itphotographsvariouskindsofcellularactivities.（3）AccordingtoParagraph4，.A.90%ofthepeopleinthestudyweretrainedonthealgorithmB.theparticipantsinthestudyconsistofpeoplebothyoungandoldC.81%ofthepeopleinthefirsttestgroupwerediagnosedwithAlzheimer'sD.thealgorithmmanagedtorecognizeallthepatientsinthesecondtestgroup（4）WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph5？A.ThealgorithmservesasapromisingtreatmentofAlzheimer's.B.DeeplearninghasbeenwidelyappliedindiagnosingAlzheimer's.C.TodetectAlzheimer'sinitsearlieststagescallsformoreexploration.D.WhethertousethemodeltodetectAlzheimer'sremainsacriticalissue.4．（2019北京?朝陽(yáng)高三期中）Acenturyago，millionsofQuinocheckerspotbutterfliesflewaboveSouthernCalifornia．Eachaboutthesizeofapaperclip（回形針），theQuinoshatchedingreatnumberseachspring．Towardtheendofthetwentiethcentury，however，thedevelopmentoffarmsandcitiesdramaticallyreducedthebutterfly'shabitat．By1997，thepopulationoftheQuinoshaddeclinedtoatinyamountofitshistoricalnumbers．TheQuino'ssituationcontinuedtoworsen．Wildfiresburnedmuchofitshabitat，andtemperaturesweregettingwarmeranddrier，makingtheenvironmentmoredifficulttothebutterfly'shostplantcalledthedwarfplantain．ScientistsknewthatQuinocaterpillars（毛蟲）reliedonthedwarfplantainasafoodsource．Eachspring，theadultfemalebutterflieslaideggsondwarfplantains．Whenthecaterpillarshatched，theyfedontheplantainleaves．However，inthehot，drysummer，theplantainsdiedoff．Thecaterpillarsrespondedbyenteringastatecalleddiapause．Then，whennormalwinterrainscameandtheplantains'flowerscameoutagain，thecaterpillarscamebacktolifeandstartedeating．Oncethey'dgrownlargeenough，thecaterpillarsformedpupae（蛹）andemergedasadultbutterflies．Thisstrategyworkedwellinmostyears，butasaveragetemperaturesroseandrainfalldecreased，thecaterpillarsweren'tgettingsufficientfood，andfewerdevelopedintobutterflies．Becausetheareawheretheylivedwassurroundedbydevelopedcitiesanddesertlandscapes，theQuinoshadlimitedoptions．Theytookoffanyway，flyingeastwardintothehills．TheylandedinmountainousopenspaceseastofLosAngelesandSanDiego．Theyfoundnodwarfplantainsthere．Thefemalesbeganlayingtheireggsontheleavesofotherplants，primarilytheCollinsiaconcolor．Theseplantsremainedgreenlongerintothesummermonths．WhenthecaterpillarsQuinossurvived，andtheirnumbersgrewintheirnewhome．ScientistsweresurprisedwhentheybeganencounteringnumerousQuniosintheeasternhills．Theywerecheeredtolearnthatthesesmallinsectshadadaptedtochangingconditions．TheQuinosdemonstratedthetoughnessneededtosurvivebyfindingnotonlyanewhabitat，butanewfoodsource，too．Meanwhile，scientistshadbeenraisingQuinocaterpillarsinalabandreleasedhundredsofcaterpillarsintoprotectedareasaroundSanDiego．Betweentheeffortsofscientistsandthebutterflies'ownactions，moreofthosecolorfullycheckeredwingsmaysoonbeseenflutteringabovetheSouthernCaliforniaskies．（1）Fromthepassage，weknowQuinocheckerspotbutterfliesinSouthernCalifornia．A．wereanendangeredspeciesB．couldn'tsurvivethewintercoldC．wereveryadaptabletoenvironmentalchangesD．couldn'trespondtothefoodshortageontheirown（2）HowdidQuinocheckerspotbutterfliesadapttochangedconditions？A．Theytravelledtoanewhabitat．B．Theyfoundnewdwarfplantains．C．Theylaidmoreeggsonhostplants．D．Theylearnedtoflyhighupinthemountains（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"diapause"inParagraph4probablymean？A．Dyingfromhunger．B．Stoppingbodilyfunctions．C．Becomingmoreactive．D．Survivingthehotsummer．（4）Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A．QuinoCheckerspotButterfliesGetHelpB．QuinoCheckerspotButterflies：EndangeredC．QuinoCheckerspotButterflies：Small，butStrongD．QuinoCheckerspotButterfliesFindaNewHabitat5．（2019北京?朝陽(yáng)高三期中）Arjun'sAppsOnestormyday，twelve﹣year﹣oldArjunKumarwaslategettinghomefromschool．IthadbeenrainingheavilynearhisschoolinChennai，India．Thisdelayedhisschoolbus，andwhenhefinallyarrived，Arjun'sparentswereworried．Hisparents‘concerngaveArjunanidea﹣he'dcreateanapp，whichcantellparentsthelocationoftheirchildren'sschoolbus．WhileresearchingdifferentwaystowriteAPPs，ArjunlocatedanonlineprogrammingtoolonthewebsiteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology．MITwasmakingthetool，calledAppInventor，availabletoanyonewhowantedtouseit．AsthemottoonMIT'swebsitestates，"AnyoneCanBuildAppsThatImpacttheWorld．"Arjungottoworkdoingjustthat．UsingAppInventor，hecreatedanappcalled"EzSchoolBusLocator．"Ifaschoolintroducedthisappintoitsbussystem，parentscouldlogontoseethelocationsandestimatedarrivaltimesoftheirchildren'sschoolbus，LikeothermappingAPPs，EzSchoolBusLocatorreliedonGPS．GPShelpsusersdeterminetheirlocation，basedonsignalsfromasetoftwenty﹣foursatellitesthatorbitEarth．GPS﹣basedAPPscalculatethelocationofadevicebymeasuringthedistancesfromthreedifferentGPSsatellites．That'showArjun'sappdeterminedwherethebuseswerelocated．Theappcouldalsoconfirmwhetherindividualchildrenwereonthebus，EzSchoolBusLocatorusedaspecificbarcode（編碼）toidentifyeachstudent．Studentscheckedinwhentheygotonandoffthebusbyusingbarcodesontheirphones．Asthebusdriverdrove，theappsentautomaticmessagestoparents．DoesEzSchoolBusLocatorsoundlikeagoodidea？MITthoughtso．In2012，MITheldacontesttohonorthebestAPPsthathadbeencreatedusingAppInventor．Arjun'sappwonfirstplaceintheK﹣8division，andin2013，theappwasavailableforpurchaseonline．Arjundidn'tstopthere．HecontinueddevelopingnewAPPsandheevenstartedhisownsoftwaredevelopmentcompany．Whenaskedforpointersforotheryounginventors，Arjunadvised，"Lookforproblemsaroundyou，andgetinspiredfromthem．You'llseealotofopportunitiestouseyourskillstomakethisworldabetterplacetolive!"（1）Whatisthepassagemainlyabout？A．ThelifeofinventorArjunKumar．B．Astudent'sinventionofabuslocatorapp．C．HowAppInventorhelpedArjunwriteanapp．D．HowtherainyweatherinIndiaaffectedtraffic．（2）WhatdoweknowaboutArjun'sappfromthepassage？A．Itcouldbedownloadedonlineforfree．B．Ithelpedthechildrenknowwheretheywere．C．ItwasintroducedbyArjunintotheschoolbussystem．D．Itusedbarcodestotrackwhichchildrenwereonboard．（3）WhydidArjuncontinuetoworkonsoftwaredevelopment？A．Toinspiremoreyounginventors．B．Towinmanyawardsforhisinventions．C．Tosolveproblemsthathesawintheworld．D．ToearnmoneytocontinuehiseducationatMIT．（4）WhatcanwelearnfromArjunKumar'sstory？A．Youthmeanslimitlesspossibilities．B．Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport．C．Ifyoudon'taimhigh，youwillneverhithigh．D．Goodproblemsolversareproblemfindersfirst．6．（2019北京?朝陽(yáng)高三期中）AFluentAdvantageWhenschoolsgothroughbudgetcuts，foreignlanguageclassesareoftenplacedonthecuttingblock．Schooladministratorsoftendonotunderstandhowimportantforeignlanguagestudyisfortheirstudents'successintherealworld．Farfromcuttinglanguageclasses，schoolsshouldbedemandingthemforallstudents．Studyingaforeignlanguageshouldberequiredinmiddleschools．Languagestudystrengthensstudents'minds．Manystudieshaveindicatedthatmultilingualpeople﹣peoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage﹣arebetteratcertaintasks．Specifically，multilingualpeoplehavebetterexecutive（執(zhí)行的）functionthanpeoplewhospeakonlyonelanguage．Executivefunctionisthewaythebrainmanagesalltheinformationit'sgiven，suchasperformingdifferenttasksanddecidingwhattofocuson．Inbrainscans，multilingualpeopleshowincreasedactivityintheareasofthebrainthatcontrolexecutivefunction．Researchershaveguessedthatthisadvantageexistsbecausemultilingualpeoplemustconstantlydecidewhichwordsfromwhichlanguagetouse．Asaresult，multilingualpeoplegetlotsofpracticewithexecutivefunction．Theirbrainscanthenapplythoseskillstoothertasks，likepayingattentionormultitasking．Thiseffectisespeciallystrongforpeoplewhogrowupspeakingmorethanonelanguage．Theearlierstudentsstartlanguageclasses，themorebenefitstheymaygetfromlanguagestudy．Moreover，languagestudyhelpspreparestudentsfortheirfuturecareers．Today，languageskillsareinhighdemandonthejobmarketandmoreandmorebusinessesworkinmanycountriesacrosstheworld．Asbusinessesbecomeglobal，theyneedpeoplewhocancommunicateeasilyacrossnationalborders．Topreparefortheircareers，morestudentsshouldbelearningforeignlanguages．From2010to2015，thedemandintheUnitedStatesforworkerswhospeakasecondlanguagedoubled．Thistrendincludedworkersofallskilllevelsandbackgrounds．Ofcourse，inordertomakebetteruseoftheadvantagesofforeignlanguagestudy，middleschoolforeignlanguageclassesshouldnotjustmakestudentsmemorizenewwordsandsounds．Theymustalsoteachstudentsaboutnewcultures．Foreignlanguageclassesshouldberequiredtoincludelessonsabouthistory，literature，customs，andgovernmentalongwiththelanguagesthemselves．Thesesubjectswillhelpstudentsbecomebetterglobalcitizensandsupporttheirstudiesinothersubjects．Requiringmiddleschoolerstostudyaforeignlanguageoffersthemopportunitiestosharpentheirbrains．Italsogivesthemtoolsthatwillhelpthembecomeproductivemembersoftoday'sglobalsociety．（1）HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutforeignLanguagestudyinmiddleschools？A．Moreforeignlanguageclassesshouldbeofferedinmiddleschools．B．Studyingaforeignlanguageshouldbeamiddleschoolrequirement．C．Foreignlanguageclassesshouldbecutbecauseofthelimitedfunds．D．Takingaforeignlanguageclassinmiddleschoolsshouldbeachoice．（2）Theauthorbelieves．A．people'sexecutivefunctionimprovesafterforeignlanguageclassesB．peoplelearnlanguagesbetterasyoungpeoplethanwhentheyareolderC．beingabletoworkinanothercountrydoublespeople'sjobopportunitiesD．peoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguagehavebetterexecutivefunction（3）What'stheauthorspurposeofwritingParagraph4？A．Tosumuphisargument．B．Toputforwardasolution．C．Toemphasizehispointofview．D．Tointroduceanadditionalsuggestion．（4）Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage？A．B．C．D．l：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub﹣point（次要點(diǎn)）C：Conclusion7．（2019北京?海淀高三期中）Fromlinguists'pointofview，grammarisasetofpatternsforhowwordsareputtogethertoformphrasesorclauses，whetherinspokenorwritten．Differentlanguageshavedifferentpatterns．Somescholarshavetriedtoidentifypatternscommontoalllanguages．Butapartfromsomebasicfeatures，fewoftheseso﹣calledlinguisticuniversalshavebeenfound．Thestudyofthesepatternsopenup"anongoingdebate"betweentwopositions，knownasprescriptivismanddescriptivism．Prescriptivismthinksagivenlanguageshouldfollowconsistentrules，whiledescriptivismseesvariationandadaptationasanaturalandnecessarypartoflanguage．Frommuchofhistory，thevastmajorityoflanguagewasspoken．Butaspeoplebecamemoreinterconnected，writinggainedimportance．Writtenlanguagewasstandardizedtoallowbroadercommunicationandensurethatpeopleindifferentpartsaroundcouldunderstandeachother．Languagepuristsworkedtoestablishandpromotethisstandardbydetailingasetofrulesthatreflectedtheestablishedgrammaroftheirtimes．Andrulesforwrittengrammarwereappliedtospokenlanguageaswell．Speechpatternsthatdeviatedfromthewrittenruleswereconsideredsignsoflowsocialstatus．Andmanypeoplewhoaregrown﹣upsspeakinginthesewayswereforcedtoadoptthestandardizedform．Morerecently，however，linguistshaveunderstoodthatspeechisaseparatephenomenonfromwritingwithitsownregularitiesandpatterns．Mostofuslearntospeakatsuchanearlyagethatwedon'tevenrememberit．Weformourspokenskillsthroughunconscioushabits，notmemorizedrules．Andbecausespeechalsousesmoodandintonationformeaning，itsstructureisoftenmoreflexible，adaptingtotheneedsofspeakersandlisteners．Thiscouldmeanavoidingcomplexclausesthatarehardtounderstandinrealtime，makingchangestoavoidawkwardpronunciationorremovingsoundstomakespeechfaster．Thislinguisticapproachthattriestounderstandandmapsuchdifferenceswithoutdictatingcorrectonesisknownasdescriptivism．Ratherthandecidinghowlanguageshouldbeused，itdescribeshowpeopleactuallyuseitandtrackstheinnovationtheycomeupwithintheprocess．Butwhilethedebatebetweenprescriptivismanddescriptivismcontinues，thetwoarenotmutuallyexclusive．Atitsbest，prescriptivismisusefulforinformingpeopleaboutthemostcommonestablishedpatternsatagivenpointintime．Ultimately，grammarisbestconsideredasasetoflinguistichabitsthatareconstantlybeingnegotiatedandreinventedbytheentiregroupoflanguageusers．Likelanguageitself，it'sawonderfulandcomplexfabricwoventhroughthecontributionsofspeakersandlisteners，writersandreaders，prescriptivistsanddescriptivistsfrombothnearandfar．（1）Theunderlinedword"deviated"inParagraph3probablymeans．A．copiedB．updatedC．differedD．originated（2）Accordingtothepassage，precriptivism．A．focusesonestablishedlanguagepatternsB．a(chǎn)cceptsthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesC．followstheinnovationsinlanguagepatternsD．a(chǎn)ttachesmoreimportancetowrittenlanguage（3）WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout？A．Anewunderstandingoflanguage．B．Thebeliefsheldbyprescriptivists．C．Theimpactofgrammaronlanguage．D．Theongoingdebatebetweenlinguists．（4）Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A．TheimportanceofGrammarB．TheHistoryofGrammarC．Grammar：RulesorHabitsD．Grammar：WritingRules8．（2018北京?海淀高三期中）YoungAmericansAreLessWealthyThanTheirParentsThecostoflivingintheUnitedStatesisgoingup，noteswriterAlissaQuartz．AsisreportedinNewYorkPost，Quartzpointsto"thecostsofhousing，educationandhealthcareinparticular．"Atthesametime，anewstudy，thereportofwhichiscalled"TheFadingAmericanDream"foundthathalfofAmericansborninthe1980sarefallingbehindtheirparentseconomically．Thesefindingsshowthatmanyyoungeradultsareexperiencing"downwardmobility．"Inotherwords，theyarenotdoingaswelleconomicallyastheirparentswereatthesameage．TheideaofdownwardmobilityisespeciallytroublingforAmericans，writesRobertSamuelsoninTheWashingtonPost．HesaysmostU．S．citizensbelievethat，overtime，theamountofmoneytheyearnwillriseandlifewillgeteasier．AlissaQuartzwroteabookaboutthefinancialdifficultiesofAmericans．Inthebook，Quartztellsaboutteacherswhoarestrugglingtopayforregularcosts．OnehighschoolteacherdrivesforridesharingserviceUberatnighttoearnmoremoney．Hecorrectsstudents'papersbetweenriders．Acollegeprofessorturnedtogovernmentassistancetofeedherchildandpayforadoctor．Quartzsaysevenlawyersincreasinglycannotearnanincomethatenablesthemtomeettheirneeds．Theproblemofdecreasingincomesintheirfieldismadeworsebydebttheymayhavefromlawschool．Quartzandtheeconomistswhostudiedtheseissuessaymanythingshaveledtolowerincomesanddownwardmobility．Theeconomicrecessionof2007to2009ispartlytoblame，theysay．Moderntechnologyalsoplaysapart．Quartzsaysrobotsthreatentoreducetheearningsofhealthcareworkers，reporters，andpeoplewhoworkatsupermarkets，drugstoresandtaxpreparationservices．InTheWashingtonPost，RobertSamuelsonnotedthat