2023年職稱英語考試理工概括大意考試重點已按重要程度排序_第1頁
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MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing1Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,newresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.2Investigat(yī)orsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup19or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleepproblems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanightPeoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.23Thesefindings,whichDrDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomat(yī)icMedicine3,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetaside4morethan8hoursanightHeaddedthat“itmightbeagoodidea”forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.4Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthat(yī)peoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.5Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004adultstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblemsSleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning5.6Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hoursInaninterview,KripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbedAsevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed“Itstandstoreason6thatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake,”hesaid.練習:1.Paragraph2________2.Paragraph4________3.Paragraph5________4.Paragraph6________AKripke’sResearchToolBDangersofHabitualShortagesofSleepCCriticismonKripke’sReportDAWayofOvercomingInsomniaESleepProblemofLongandShortSleepersFClassificationofSleepProblems5.Togetagoodnight’srest,peoplemaynotneedto________.6.Longsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto________.7.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,unableto________.8.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabitually________eachnighthaveahigherriskofdying.AfallasleepagainBbecomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayCsleeplessthan7hoursDconfirmthoseseriousconsequencesEsufferblemsFsleepmorethan8hours答案與題解:1.E第二段列舉了睡眠時間多于或少于8小時而帶來的多種sblems。2.B第四段闡述了長期睡眠局限性所帶來的嚴重后果。3.A第五段介紹了Kripke的調(diào)查工具(tool)。他用的是有關(guān)睡眠的問卷。問卷涉及兩大內(nèi)容:睡眠時間及睡眠困擾問題。4.D第六段最后兩句是:“...onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.”和“Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbed,thenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.”這是選擇D的依據(jù)。5.F選擇F的依據(jù)是第三段第一句。原文是:“...peoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.”6.E選擇E的依據(jù)是第六段第一句。原文是:“...peoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.”7.A本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段第二句:“Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep...”8.C本題答案的依據(jù)是第四段:“...onereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.”譯文:每晚只需8小時,睡眠過多非益事睡眠局限性帶來的危害已經(jīng)廣為人知,而一項新的研究表白睡眠過多同樣會使人們產(chǎn)生不良后果。圣地亞哥加利福尼亞大學的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在入睡、保持睡眠等方面,每晚睡眠9或10小時的人比睡8小時的人存在更多問題。而每晚僅睡7小時的人則表達,他們在入睡及休息后精力恢復限度上不及8小時睡眠者。DanielKripke博士在《心身醫(yī)學》雜志上報告的這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)表白,人們假如想晚上休息好,天天留給睡眠的時間只需8小時。他補充說,對于那些每晚睡8小時以上的人們來說,考慮減少在床上度過的時間“也許是個好主意”。但是他又提醒說這還需要進一步的研究證實。以往的研究證明了長期睡眠缺少的潛在危機。有報告顯示,睡眠經(jīng)常少于7小時的人比睡眠充足者,在特定期期內(nèi)死亡的機率更高。而在目前這份報告中,Kripke考評了一份1004名成年人參與反饋的睡眠調(diào)查問卷。問卷內(nèi)容涉及每周睡眠時間和各種也許的睡眠問題,涉及半夜驚覺,清晨早醒,無法重新入睡,以及白天疲勞,影響平常工作等。Kripke發(fā)現(xiàn)每晚9至10小時睡眠者比睡8小時的人更容易出現(xiàn)各類睡眠問題。在次訪談中,Kripke注意到睡眠時間長的人夜間也許難以入眠,正是由于他們睡得太多了。因此他補充說,治療失眠最佳的一種方法就是少睡點兒?!霸诖采匣ǖ脮r間過長,醒著的時間就會更多,這是理所當然的?!保觨otandSow:aHotCombination1NewresearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootalterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulation,blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.2SootinthehigherlatitudesoftheEarth,whereiceismorecommon,absorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicy,whitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbon,orsoot,absorbssunlight,whilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight.3Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Also,ifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmelting,thewarmingeffectincreases,asthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.“Thisprovidesapositivefeedback,asglaciersandicesheetsmelt,theytendtogetevendirtier,saidDr.JamesHansen,aresearcherat(yī)NASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies,NewYork.4Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo(solarenergyreflectedbacktospace),which1maybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemisphere,suchasthinningArcticseaice,meltingglaciersandpermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheat(yī)mosphereabovetheoceansandland.5“Blackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospace,thusheatingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbon2,”Hansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffectiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.“Thisforcingisunusuallyeffective,causingtwiceasmuchglobalwanningasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude,Hansennoted.6Hansencautioned,althoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantial,itdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.3Suchgasesareexpectedtobethelargestclimateforcingfortherest4ofthiscentury.7TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHemispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlat(yī)itudes.Theseobservationswereconsistentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsimulat(yī)ions,whichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcover5andsufficientsunlight.練習:1.Paragraph3________2.Paragraph4________3.Paragraph6________4.Paragraph7________ASoot’sRoleinChangesintheClimat(yī)eandtheAtmosphereBObservat(yī)ionsofWarmingintheNorthernHemisphereCExplanationofIncreasedWarmingEffectCausedbySootDEfforttoReduceSnowAlbedoEWaystoReduceSootEmissionFGreenhouseGasesastheMainFactorofGlobalWarming5.Inthetwentiethcentury,soot________.6.Hansencautionedthatgreenhousegases________.7.Blacksootcoveredsnowandice________.8.Asootforcingisunusuallyeffective,which________.Aproducesmuchmoreglobalwanningthanacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitudeBcontinuedto25percentofobservedglobalwarmingCcanproducegreenhousegasesDabsorbmoreofsun’senergyandwarmththanwhitebackgroundEstillsurpasssootinwarmingtheworld’sclimateduringthelastcentryFcanbeseenmostlyintheNorthernHemisphere答案與題解:1.C第三段解釋了為什么soot會增長地球升溫效應。2.A第四段介紹了soot在兩方面起的作用:(1)soot增長了雪吸取太陽能量和熱量的能力;(2)soot導致海洋和陸地上空的大氣層發(fā)生變化。3.F第六段的關(guān)鍵句子是:“...greenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimat(yī)ewarmingduringthepastcentury.”4.B第七段介紹了在研究北半球的緯度、雪覆蓋面和日照諸因素與氣溫升高之間的關(guān)系方面取得的成果。5.B選擇B的依據(jù)是第一段。有關(guān)的句子是:“...blacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury.”選項B中用了過去式contributed,也是選B的一個線索,由于第五題的題干中有inthetwentiethcentury,這個時間狀語規(guī)定謂語動詞用過去式,而4個選項中只有B項的動詞用的是過去式。6.EHansencautioned和greenhousegases僅出現(xiàn)在第六段。該段的大意是:雖然煤煙在改變?nèi)驓夂蚍矫嫠鸬淖饔孟喾Q顯著,但是上個世紀氣溫上升的重要因素還是溫室氣體。選項E概括了第六段的意思。7.D本題答案的依據(jù)是第二段第一句。8.A本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段的下列句子:Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffectiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.“Thisforcingisunusuallyeffective,causingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude,”Hansennoted.譯文:煤灰與白雪:“火熱"的組合美國國家航空航天局的科學家的一項新調(diào)查顯示,黑色煤煙的排放改變了冰雪對陽光的反射。依據(jù)電腦模擬,上世紀觀測到的的全球變暖有25%是黑煤灰引起的。地球高緯地區(qū)冰雪覆蓋,那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸取了更多的太陽熱能。由于深黑色的炭或煤灰吸取太陽光,而淺色的冰面則反射陽光。冰雪地區(qū)的煤灰對氣候變化也許起著至關(guān)重要的作用。并且一旦覆蓋大地的冰雪開始融化,煤灰就會更加固著于冰面,從而加劇溫室效應?!氨?、冰塊一融化,就會變得更臟,”JamesHansen博士,一位來自紐約美國國家航空和航天局的Goddard太空研究所的研究人員如此說。Hansen發(fā)現(xiàn),煤灰對冰雪反射率的影響,也許正是促使北半球春季提早的因素,引起北冰洋冰層變薄,冰山及凍土雪原融化。據(jù)信煤灰對海洋和陸地上空大氣層的變化也有一定影響?!昂谔繙p少了冰雪反射回太空的能量,比沒有炭灰的條件下更強烈地加熱冰面?!保萢nsen說。煤灰對太陽熱能的大量吸取是全球氣候變暖的重要因素。Hansen指出,“這種溫室作用特別顯著,是同量二氧化碳強度的兩倍?!保萢nsen又提醒說,盡管煤灰對全球氣候變化的作用重大,但這并不能改變一個事實:溫室氣體是上世紀氣候變暖的首要因素,并且它們還將是塑造本世紀氣候的主力。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)北半球觀測到的變暖現(xiàn)象大多發(fā)生在中高緯地區(qū)的冬春兩季。這樣的觀測結(jié)果與氣象模擬實驗相吻合,表白部分大規(guī)模的溫室效應發(fā)生在有厚雪覆蓋層和陽光強烈的時期。IcyMicrobes1Inicethat(yī)hassealedasaltyAntarcticlakeformorethan2,800years,scientistshavefoundfrozenbacteriaandalgaethatreturnedtolifeafterthawing.TheresearchmayhelpinthesearchforlifeonMars,whichisthoughttohavesubsurfacelakesofice.2AresearchteamledbyPeterDoranoftheUniversityofIllinoisat(yī)Chicagodrilledthroughmorethan39feetoficetocollectsamplesofbacteriaandalgae.WhenDoran’steambroughtthembackandwarmedthemupabit,theysprangbacktolife.3Doransaidthemicrobeshavebeenage-datedat2,800yearsold,butevenoldermicrobesmaylivedeeperintheicesheetsealingthelake,andinthebrinywaterbelowtheice.1Thatdeepericeandthewateritselfwillbecautiouslysampledinalaterexpeditionthatwilltesttechniquesthat(yī)mayonedaybeusedonMars.4CalledLakeVida,the4.5-square-kilometerbodyisoneofaseriesoflakeslocatedintheMcMurdoDryValleysofAntarctica,some2,200kilometersduesouth2ofNewZealand.Thislakehasbeenknownsincethe1950s,butpeopleignoreditbecausetheythoughtitwasjustabigblockofice.Whileatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s,Doranandhiscolleaguessent3radarsignalsintotheclearicecoveringthelakeandweresurprisedtofindthat62feetbelowtherewasapoolofliquidwaterthatwasaboutseventimesmoresaltythanseawater.5That(yī)promptedtheresearcherstoreturnin1996withequipmenttodrillaholedowntowithinafewfeetofthewaterlayer.Atthebottomofthishole,researchersharvestedspecimensofalgaeandbacteria.6Theresearcherswillreturnin2023equippedwithinstrumentsthataresterilized.Theywillthendrillthroughthefull62feetoficeandsamplesomeofthebrinywat(yī)erfromthelakeforanalysis.Thewaterspecimenwillbeculturedtoseeifitcontainslife.Specimensfromthewaterareexpectedtobeevenolderthanthelifeformsextractedfromtheicecovering.注釋:1....livedeeperintheicesheetsealingthelake,andinthebrinywaterbelowtheice:intheicesheetsealingthelake和inthebrinywaterbelowtheice是介詞短語,用作狀語,修飾live。2.duesouth:正南3.Whileatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s,Doranandhiscolleaguessent...:Whileatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s是省略句,寫全了就是:WhileDoranandhiscolleagueswereatthesiteforotherresearchinthe1990s...練習:1.Paragraph2________2.Paragraph3________3.Paragraph4________4.Paragraph6________ASignificanceofTestingTechniquesforSamplingMicrobesintheDeepIceSheetBSpecialFeaturesofLakeVidaCLaterExpeditiononMarsD2023RevisitPlannedforCollectingLakeWaterSpecimensEAntarcticFrozenLifeSampledandRevivedFAccidentalDisoveryofIce-sealedLakeWat(yī)erinAntarctica5.ScientistsignoredLakeVidabecausetheythoughtthatalakeofice________.6.Scientistsexpectthatthelife,iffoundindeeperwaterbelowtheicesheet,________.7.Whatthescientistswilldoin20Q4________.8.Thesaltconcentrat(yī)ionintheliquidwat(yī)erofLakeVida________AisfoundtobeagreatdealhigherthanthatofseawaterBwasoflittlescientificvalueCmaybeolderthanthatcollectedbelow39feetoficeDmighthavecomefromMarsEistocollectsomebrinylakewat(yī)erforanalysisyFmayreturntolifesoonerthanmicrobesfrozeninthesurfaceice答案與題解:1.E本段談及Doran考察隊在南極冰塊上鉆洞深達39英尺,獲得微生物和水藻的樣本。解凍后這些微生物和水藻又復活了。選項E概括了本段的大意。2.A本段的大意是實驗冰層深處提取生命樣本的技術(shù)也許有一天會用于火星生命的探索。3.F本段要表達的意思是:冰下湖是科學家在做otherresearch時偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)的。4.D本段說的是科學家2023年還要對布下湖再次進行考察。5.B選B的依據(jù)是第四段第二句。littlescientificvalue是根據(jù)科學家當時認定LakeVida只是abigblockofice而推論出來的。6.C選C的依據(jù)見第三段第一句。7.E選E的依據(jù)見第六段第二句。8.A第四段最后一句是選A的依據(jù)。譯文:冰凍微生物在一個南極咸水湖封凍了2800數(shù)年的冰塊中,科學家發(fā)現(xiàn),冰凍的微生物和水藻在解凍后又復活了。該研究成果也許會有助于尋找火星上的生命,人們認為火星的地表下面有冰湖。由芝加哥的伊利諾伊大學的PeterDoran率領(lǐng)的考察隊在南極冰塊上鉆洞深達39英尺,采集了微生物和水藻的樣本。Doran的考察隊將其帶回并給其溫暖環(huán)境,這些樣本竟又復活了。Doran說,這些微生物有282023的高齡,但是或許尚有更老的微生物生存在封湖冰塊的更深層和冰塊下面的咸水中。在以后的深險中,還會謹慎地對更深的冰層和水提取樣本,對將來或許會用于火星的技術(shù)進行檢測。這個湖名叫Vida湖,面積為4.5平方公里,是南極洲上位于McMurd干谷的湖群中的一個,位于新西蘭正南約2200千米處。該湖在20世紀50年代已為人知,但過去人們認為這只但是是一個巨大的冰塊,所以不曾引起足夠的重視。但是在20世紀90年代,在進行其他考察的地方,Doran和同事們往覆蓋湖面的清澈的冰層中發(fā)出雷達信號,驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)在62英尺深處居然有一個水潭,這里的水其咸度大約是海水的7倍。于是,1996年,考察人員帶著設(shè)備再次來到南極。鉆出一個深及水層數(shù)英尺的洞。在洞底,考察人員采集到了水藻和微生物的樣本。2023年,考察人員將攜帶通過殺菌的儀器再次回到南極。他們將在62英尺的冰層上鉆洞,對從湖中提取咸水的樣本進行分析。水的樣本將會受到哺育,看其是否具有生命。據(jù)預測,水中提取樣本的歷史甚至會比冰層中提取的生命形式的歷史還要長。CompactDisks1IfsomeonesaystoyouyourmusicCDsdon'treallyholdanymusiconthem,andtheyonlyhavenumbersrecordedonthem,youmaynotbelieveit.Infact,heisrightinthatsoundisactuallyrecordedontotheCDsasspecialnumbers—adigitalcode.1ThecodeispressedontotheCDasbumpsonalongspiraltrackalmostfivekilometerslong.Thesebumpsareanaverageof0.5micronswide.2AsmalllaserbeamshinesontothebumpsastheCDturns.Thelightisreflectedbacktoareceiverthatrecordshowthelaserlightbouncesback.ThisletstheCDplayer2turnthereflectedlightbackintotheoriginalcode.Thismeansyoucanheartheoriginalcodeasmusic.3Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.E-mailneedsthesekindsofcodenumbers.Spaceprobescommunicatewiththeirgroundstationonearthusingdigitalcodes.Barcodesarereadasdigitalcodesincomputersystems.Digitalcommunicat(yī)ionswithcellphonesneeddigitalcodes.Weatherradiosalsotuneintospecificsignalsusingthesecodes.4Therearemanytypesofcompactdisks.OneformatiscalledCD-RWs.Theycanberecordedonandre-recordedon(rewrittenon)asyouwoulddowithafloppydisk3.AnotherformatistheCD-ROM.ThetechnologyforrecordingonthesedisksisdifferentfromotherCDs.TheseCDshaveadyelayerthattheCDwritercandarkenorleaveclear.Theclearanddarkspotsarethedigitalcode.CD-ROMstandsforCompactDisc—ReadOnlyMemory4.Thisdiskislikea"super"floppydiskthatcanholdlotsofinformat(yī)ion.OneCD-ROMcanholdthesameamountofdataas500floppydisks.Informationispermanentlyrecordedontoit.ComputergamesandotherprogramsareconsideredtobeCD-ROMs.5CDswerefirstsoldtothepublicin1982TheseCDsstillplaywellandsoundfine.CurrentCDsareexpectedtolastbetween70to200years.Ofcourse,youcanmakesureyourCDslastalongtimebytakingcareofthem.6Sciencekeepsondeveloping.Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeacompletelynewtechnologyisinvented5andintroducedtothepublicformusicrecording.Inthemeantime,thereisnodoubtyouwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourfavoritemusiconCDs6andplayingyourfavoritecomputergamesonCD-ROMs.詞匯:bump/b?mp/n.隆塊,隆起spiral/’spa??r?l/adj.螺旋形的probe/pr??b/n.探測器floppy/’fl?p?/adj.松軟的floppydisk軟(磁)盤format/’f?:m?t/n.格式dye/da?/n.染色permanently/’p?:m?n?ntl?/adv.永久地注釋:1....heisrightinthatsoundisactuallyrecordedontotheCDsasspecialnumbers–adigitalcode:他說的對,由于事實上聲音以特殊的數(shù)字形式,即數(shù)碼,刻錄在CD碟片上。inthat是“由于”,如:Waterisessentialinthatwithoutitalllivingthingswoulddie.水是基本要素,由于沒有水,所有生物都要死亡。2.CDplayer:CD播放機3.asyouwoulddowithafloppydisk:就像你使用軟磁盤同樣4.CD-ROMstandsforCompactDisc–ReadOnlyMemory:CD-ROM是CompactDisc–ReadOnlyMemory這五個詞首字母組成的縮寫詞。5.Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeacompletelynewtechnologyisinvented:過不了幾年,說不定又會發(fā)明一種全新的技術(shù)。manymoreyears是“再過許數(shù)年”。6.“thereisnodoubtyouwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourfavoritemusiconCDs”語法上可以理解為“thereisnodoubt(aboutthefactthat)youwillcontinuetoenjoylisteningtoyourfavoritemusiconCDs”。練習:1.Paragraphsl&2________2.Paragraph3________3.Paragraph4________4.Paragraph5________ADigitalCodeHasWideApplicationsBFloppyDisksAreOutdat(yī)edCCDsAreDurableDCD'sWorkingPrincipleIsExplainedE.CD-RWsPlayBetterThanCD-ROMsF.CDsAreofManyFormats5.OneadvantageofCD-RWsisthat(yī)theycan________likefloppydisks.6.Theauthorpredictsitwillnot________beforeanewtechnologyisinventedformusicrecording.7.Thelaserbeam-emittingdeviceandthereceiverareconsideredto________ofaCDplayer.8.Spacbescouldnot________withoutusingdigitalcodes.AshineonbumpsBtakemanymoreyearsCbethekeypartsDrestoretheoriginalcodeEbewrittenonandrewrittenonFkeencontactwiththeirgroundstationefficiently答案與題解:1.D第一、二段介紹了CD的工作原理。聲音以數(shù)碼的形式刻錄到CD碟片上。要想聽聲音,就得用CD放音機,CD機用激光照射CD,接受器接受和分析從CD反射回來的激光波,還原為本來的數(shù)碼,再轉(zhuǎn)換為本來的聲音。所以,D是答案。2.A第三段第一句“Digitalcodesareusedwithmanytechnologies.”是主題句。本段其他句子提供例證,即應用領(lǐng)域。作者列舉了五個領(lǐng)域:電郵、航天通訊、條碼、手機和天氣預報。選項A的“Digitalcodehaswideapplications”與主題句的意思完全吻合,所以是答案。3.F第四段第一句“Therearemanytypesofcompactdisks.”是主題句。本段其他句子列舉了兩種常用的CD格式(format(yī)):—種是CD-RW,另一種是CD-ROM。選項F的“CDsareofmanyformats”概括了本段的大意,是答案。4.C第五段說的是CD碟片經(jīng)久耐用,1982年上市的CD碟片至今還能使用,其音質(zhì)依舊?,F(xiàn)在上市的CD,更加耐用,假如使用得當,其壽命可達70~22023。選項C用了durable予以概括是很恰當?shù)?所以,C是答案。5.E第四段中出現(xiàn)CD-RW這個詞,介紹了Theycanberecordedonandre-recordedon(rewrittenon)。這就是選E的依據(jù)。6.B第六段能找到與答案有關(guān)的句子,即Itmaynotbemanymoreyearsbeforeacompletelynewtechnologyisinventedandintroducedtothepublicformusicrecording.7.C第二段說到在CD機上還原數(shù)碼時依靠的是激光發(fā)射裝置和接受器。由此我們可以推論出激光發(fā)射和接受器是CD機的重要部件。所以C是答案。8.F第三段第三句“Spaceprobescommunicatewiththeirgroundstationonearthusingdigitalcodes.”是選F的依據(jù)。譯文:光盤假如有人告訴你,你的光盤上實際并沒有音樂,有的只是一些錄下來的數(shù)字,你也許不會相信。但事實上,他說得對,由于其實聲音是以特殊的數(shù)字形式,即數(shù)碼,刻錄在光盤碟片上。這些數(shù)碼被強行刻在光盤上,就像一條5公里長的曲折道路上有一些凸起同樣。這些凸起平均0.5微米寬。當光盤轉(zhuǎn)動時,一束極小的激光射到這些凸起上,光束被反射到接受器上——該接受器是用來記錄了激光是如何彈回來的。這樣一來,光盤閱讀者器就能把反射來的光變成最初的數(shù)碼。這也就意味著這些最初的數(shù)碼傳到你那里,就成為了你聽到的音樂。數(shù)碼可用于許多技術(shù)。電子郵件依賴這些編碼,空間探測器在與地面站聯(lián)絡(luò)時也要用到數(shù)碼。計算機系統(tǒng)可以將條形碼讀為數(shù)碼。使用手機進行的數(shù)碼交流也需要數(shù)碼。使用這些編碼,無線電天氣預報設(shè)備也可以接受具體的信號。光盤有許多種。有一種叫做CD-RW,是一種可反復重刻(重寫)的光盤,其使用原理跟軟盤同樣。另一種是CD-ROM,用這種光盤存儲數(shù)據(jù)的技術(shù)跟其他的光盤不同。這種光盤有一種染色層,光盤刻錄機可以將其涂黑或者留一些空白,這些黑點和空白點就是數(shù)碼。這里CD-ROM就是讀存儲光盤的簡稱。這種存儲盤就如同可容納海量信息的超級軟盤,一張CD-ROM可以容納相稱于500張軟盤存儲的信息,并且上面的信息可以永久保存。電腦游戲和其他程序也可視為CD-ROM。人們第一次從市面上購買到光盤是在1982年,到現(xiàn)在為止這些光盤仍在使用中并且據(jù)說效果都還不錯。目前人們使用的光盤據(jù)說壽命可達70~22023不等。當然,有一點你可以肯定的是,只要你足夠愛惜,你的光盤還可以用得更久??茖W是處在不斷發(fā)展中的,或許用不了很數(shù)年,一種全新的音樂存儲形式會為公眾所熟識。與此同時,毫無疑問,你將能繼續(xù)用光盤欣賞你最喜歡的音樂,并且能繼續(xù)用CD-ROM玩你最喜歡的電腦游戲。LEDLighting1AnaccidentaldiscoveryannouncedrecentlyhastakenLEDlightingtoanewlevel,suggestingitcouldsoonofferacheaper,longer-lastingalternativetothetraditionallightbulb.ThebreakthroughaddstoagrowingtrendthatislikelytoeventuallymakeThomasEdison'sbrightinvention1obsolete.LEDsarealreadyusedintrafficlights,flashlights,andarchitecturallighting.Theyareflexibleandoperatelessexpensivelythantraditionallighting.2MichaelBowers,agraduatestudent2atVanderbiltUniversity,wasjusttryingtomakereallysmallquantumdots,whicharecrystalsgenerallyonlyafewnanometersbig.Quantumdotscontainanywherefrom100to1,000electrons3.They'reeasilyexcitedbundlesofenergy,andthesmallertheyare,themoreexcitedtheyget.EachdotinBowers'particularbatchwasexceptionallysmall,containingonly33or34pairsofat(yī)oms.3Whenyoushinealightonquantumdotsorapplyelectricitytothem,theyreactbyproducingtheirownlight,normallyabright,vibrantcolor.ButwhenBowersshinedalaseronhisbatchofdots,somethingunexpectedhappened.Hewassurprisedwhenawhiteglowcoveredthetable.Thequantumdotsweresupposedtoemitbluelight4,butinsteadtheyweregivingoffabeautifulwhiteglow.4ThenBowersandanotherstudentgottheideatostirthedotsintopolyurethaneandcoatablueLEDlightbulbwiththemix.Thelumpybulbwasn'tpretty,butitproducedwhitelightsingulartoaregularlightbulb.5LEDsproducetwiceasmuchlightasaregular60wattbulbandbumforover50,000hours.TheDepartmentofEnergyestimatesLEDlightingcouldreduceU.S.energyconsumptionforlightingby29percentby2025.LEDsdon'temitheat,sothey'realsomoreenergyefficient.Andthey'remuchhardertobreak.6Quantumdotmixturescouldbepaintedonjustaboutanything5andelectricallyexcitedtoproducearainbowofcolors,includingwhite.Themainlightsourceofthefuturewillalmostsurelynotbeabulb.Itmightbeatable,awall,orevenafork.詞匯:LED/,eli:’di:/=light-emittingdiode發(fā)光二極管obsolete/’?bs?li:t/adj.過時的,被淘汰的flashlight/’fl??la?t/n.手電筒architectural/,ɑ:k?’tekt??r?l/adj.建筑的quantum/’kw?nt?m/n.量子crystal/’kr?stl/n.晶體batch/b?t?/n.一批vibrant/’va?br?nt/adj.(顏色)鮮明的polyurethane/,p?l?’j??r?θe?n,-?n/n.聚亞安酯lumpy/’l?mp?/adj.粗糙的注釋:1.brightinvention:聰明的發(fā)明2.graduatestudent:研究生3.Quantumdotscontainanywherefrom100to1,000electrons:量子點含100~1000個電子不等。anywhere是“(限定范圍內(nèi)的)任何一點”。又如:Hismonthlysalaryisanywherebetween3,000yuanto5,000yuan.他的月工資在3000~5000元之間。4.Thequantumdotsweresupposedtoemitbluelight:按常規(guī),量子點會發(fā)出藍色光。besupposedto是“被盼望(按規(guī)則、慣例)做某事”。又如:Theyweresupposedtohavefinishedwritingthereportthreedaysago.他們?nèi)烨熬驮搶懲昴欠輬蟾妗?.justaboutanything:幾乎任何東西。about=almost。練習1.Paragraphl________2.Paragraph3________3.Paragraph5________4.Paragraph6________ALEDLightingIsNotMat(yī)ureBLEDLightingWillReplaceTraditionalLightingCAlmostEverythingCouldBetheMainLightSourceintheFutureDLEDLightingHasManyAdvantagesEBowersMadeanUnexpectedDiscoveryFLEDLightBulbsLookLumpy5.Unliketraditionallighting,LEDsdonotgiveoutheatso________.6.Edison'sbrightinventionislikelytobeoutdatedbecause________.7.SomethingunexpectedhappenedduringBower'sexperimentwhen________.8.Overonequarterofenergyconsumptionforlightingcouldbesavedby2025if________.AtraditionallightingislessdurableanddearerBalaserexcitedthequantumdotsCAmericaadoptedLEDsDgraduatestudentsworkhardEquantumdotmixturesaremagicFitismoreefficient答案與題解:1.B第一段第一句、第二句是關(guān)鍵。第一句說LED照明經(jīng)濟實惠,經(jīng)久耐用。第二句說愛迪生的發(fā)明將被淘汰。其意思是LED將取代傳統(tǒng)照明源,所以B是答案。2.EBowers做實驗,目的并非尋找新照明源。量子點在激光的激發(fā)下發(fā)出白光是一次意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。段中用了“unexpected”和“surprised”都說明了這一點。第一段的“accidentaldiscovery”也佐證了這是一次偶爾的發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此,E是答案。3.D第五段列舉了應用LED照朋的不少優(yōu)點,如強亮度、經(jīng)久耐用、低能量消耗、不易碎等。選項D的“LEDlightinghasmanyadvantages”概括了本段的大意,所以D是答案。4.C由于有了量子點混合劑涂料,幾乎任何物體都能用于照明。這是本段的中心思想。所以,C是答案。5.F題干涉及的內(nèi)容在第五段可以找到,有關(guān)的句子是:“LEDsdon’temitheat,sothey’realsomoreenergyefficient”,很明顯,F是答案。6.A選A的依據(jù)是第一段第一句、第二句。7.B與題干有關(guān)的內(nèi)容在第三段第二句、第三句中可以找到。根據(jù)這兩句表達的意思,B是答案。8.C題干的“29percentofenergyconsumptionforlightingcouldbesavedby2025”可在第五段第二句中找到。題干配上選項C后表達的意思與該句的意思相符,所以C是答案。譯文:發(fā)光二極管日前公布的一項意外發(fā)現(xiàn)將發(fā)光二極管的研究推向新的高潮。這項研究顯示,發(fā)光二極管與傳統(tǒng)的電燈泡比起來,也許會更便宜、使用更持久。這項重大突破使人們看到,未來的趨勢很也許是,愛迪生的發(fā)明將逐漸失去它的價值。目前發(fā)光二極管已被用于交通信號燈、手電筒和建筑照明,他們跟傳統(tǒng)的電燈比起來更靈活,操作成本更低廉。Vanderbilt大學的一名研究生MichaelBowers正試圖制造出一種非常小的量子點。這些量子點基本上都是晶體,且只有幾毫微米大小,里面包含100~1000個不等的光子。這些光子就是很容易激活的能量束,并且他們體積越小,能量越也許達成最強烈的限度。這些能量束中的每一個光點都異常小,只涉及33或34對的原子。當我們把光照射到量子點上或者給它們通上電,它們會有所反映,即發(fā)出自己的光,通常是一種耀眼的、振動的色彩。但當Bowers把激光照在量子點上的時候,意想不到的事情發(fā)生了。當一種白色的光束照在桌子上時他驚呆了——這些量子點本應當發(fā)出藍光的,但是相反的,他們發(fā)出的是美麗的白色光。Bowers和另一個學生就此有了另一個想法,他們把聚亞安酯摻在這些量子點中,將混合物涂在一個藍色的發(fā)光二極管燈泡上,這個看上去不怎么好看的燈泡發(fā)出了一種白色的光,跟我們普通用的燈泡極為相似。發(fā)光二極管發(fā)出的光是普通60瓦燈泡的兩倍、且可以連續(xù)使用達5萬小時。據(jù)能源部估計,至2025年,使用發(fā)光二極管照明會為美國節(jié)約29%的能源。此外,發(fā)光二極管不會散熱,這也有助于能源節(jié)約。與此同時。與傳統(tǒng)燈泡比起來發(fā)光二極管更不易碎。量子點混合物可以涂在任何事物的表層,通電后會產(chǎn)生一道道色彩,其中涉及白色。我們未來的光源很也許不再是燈泡,相反地,它可以是任何東西,比如一張餐桌,一道墻,甚至是一支餐叉。2023年職稱英語教材理工類概括大意第六篇:HowWeForm附譯文wordHowWeFormFirstImpression

1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.

2Theanswerisrelat(yī)edtohowyourbrain,allowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson’seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelat(yī)iontoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent1.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming“signals”arparedagainst2ahostof“memories”storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals“mean.”

3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays“familiarandsafe.‘‘Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,“new—potentiallythreatening.”Thenyourbrainstartstomat(yī)chfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother“known”memories;Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,“Thisisnew.Idon’tlikethisperson.”Orelse,“I’mintrigued.“Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsays:“Ilikethisperson.”Butthesepreliminary“impressions”canbedeadwrong4.

4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking(notunliketheimmat(yī)urethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanleamaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecat(yī)egorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.?5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson’scharacter,weuseadifferent,moremat(yī)urestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.

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