高中英語語法歸納總結(jié)

高中英語語法之小茂解析第一章主謂一致主謂一致（Subject-VerbAgreement），指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball. 可分為:語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z（一）語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù) ,謂語用單數(shù) ,主語為復(fù)數(shù) ,謂語也用復(fù)數(shù) .以下為注意事項(xiàng):單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有 with,alongwith,togetherwith,like（象）,but（除了）,except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan（而不是）,including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語 ,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù) .如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì) .Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner. 除了兩個仆人外 ,沒有一個人遲來用餐。用and連接的并列主語 ,如果主語是同一個人 ,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù) .如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.（一個人）Ahammerandasawareusefultools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具 .（兩樣物）用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體,如:breadandbutter（黃油抹面包）,knifeandfork（刀叉）等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。不定式（短語）,動名詞（短語）,或從句作主語時 ,謂語動詞用單數(shù) .如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福 .Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。用連接的并列主語被 each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù) .Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zeachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù) .復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語動詞用單數(shù) .如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個人都有話要說。若主語中有 morethanone或manya/an,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù) ,但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone做主語時，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球 .Morethanonestudentwaslate. 不只一個學(xué)生遲到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一個人來幫助我們。none做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù) ,也可用復(fù)數(shù) ;但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù) ,因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù) .如:Noneofusare(is)perfect. 人無完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses 等作主語時 ,謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù) .如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) apairof,謂語一般用單數(shù) .如:桌上有一副眼鏡。Apairofglassesisonthedesk.

桌上有一副眼鏡。形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國名如:theUnitedStates;報紙名如:theNewTimes;書名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<聯(lián)合國>等作主語時 ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)?！癮+名詞+andahalf“, “oneandahalf+名詞”, “thenumberof+名詞”等作主語時 ,謂語動詞要用單數(shù) .如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+注意:oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.（二）內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語中有all,half,most,therest時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 ,如:參觀了一兩個地點(diǎn)。等,以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) +名詞”做主語.如:剩下的自行車，今天出售。這個蘋果的 60%都被這個小男孩吃大部分的蘋果都是爛的。這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。不定數(shù)量的詞組,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù) .如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。這個蘋果的一部分被豬Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。加減乘除用單數(shù) .如:

Fifteenminusfiveisten.15 減去5等于10。表示時間,金錢,距離,度量等的名詞做主語時 ,盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式 ,它們做為一個單一的概念時 ,其謂語動詞用單數(shù) .如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一個相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù) .如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public 等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim. 委員會決定解雇他。6.the+形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原則由here,there,where等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時 )謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致 .如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車來了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?2.用連詞or,either 2.用連詞or,either or,neither???.nor,notonly….butalso 等連接的如：并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。如：學(xué)生和老師Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事 .Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意:oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。Theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that./which引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。主謂一致練習(xí)About60percentofthestudents fromthesouth,therestofthem fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/are C.is/areD.areHalfoftheworkershere under30 .A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofageNowTomwithhisclassmates footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplaying C.playsD.isplayingThenumberofpagesinthisdictionary abouttwothousand.A.areB.has C.haveD.isThirtydollars tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.beTheaudience solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.hasThesecretaryandprincipal atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech"Ifanybody ,pleaseputdown name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/herNothingbutonedeskandsixchairs intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleftHavingarrivedatthestation, .A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleft D.hefoundthatthetrainhadleftBetweenthetworoads aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.standEitherofyou goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.areYouaswell right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIareAllbutDick inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyouWheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussedItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichareEverystudentandeveryteacher .A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeetingThreefourthsofthebread byBob,andtherestofthebread leftonthetable.A.waseaten/were B.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/wasThispairofshoes .A.isherB.ishers C.arehersD.areher nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobegroupof areeating and atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafsfamilyraisealotof ,includingtwo .A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattleshesaysandwhathedoes .A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagreeboyandthegirleach toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherownistheonlyoneamongthe writerswho storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwriterailwaystationis fromourschool.A.twohour'sdriveB.twohours'driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdriveandJohn's .A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersfatherareteachersD.fathersareteachergreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occurtheclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandTheofficeandofthehomework today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinishedthan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople'slivingstandardgreatdealofgreatmanylargenumberofrestofthemagazines withinhalfanhour.soldoutsoldoutsoldoutsoldout alotofsugarinthejar.A.has36. “All presentandall goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.is,areisaretheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting..aswellashersisters ChineseinChina.studyingstudiedrich notalwayshappy.40. canbedone done.,havebeenthat,havebeenhasthat,hasbeenoftheplans equallydangerous.police themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedintheatre.searching searchingforsearching searchingfortrousers dirty,youmust have washed.ititthemthemOlympicgames heldeveryfour .yearsyearsyearyearistheolyoneofthestudentswho elected.46. agoodenoughpriceforthisbookyuansareyuanareyuansisyuanisbirdandnobeast inthelonelyislandseenseenmeans preventthewaterfrom usedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingusedto,pollutedusedto,beingpollutedofthe intheship.hashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomhavetheirownroomhashisownroomweneed goodtextbooks.yousaidjustnow todowiththematterwearediscussing.somethingsomethingsomethingsomethingyourparentsoryourelderbrother toattendthemeetingtomorrow.goingofthenovelswhichpopularwithusbeentranslatedintoChinese.hashavehavehasboyandeverygirltoattendtheeveningparty.hopinghasbeendone.一ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非謂語動詞不定式(infinitive)、分詞(participle)、動名詞(gerund)是非謂語動詞，在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。 (，表示可以?????????在句中擔(dān)任的語法成分，X則表示不可以。)種尖、"主語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語表語定語狀語不定式VVVVVV動名詞VVXVVX分詞XXVVVV非謂語動詞在句中的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項(xiàng)分述如下:第一節(jié)、非謂語動詞作主語可作主語的非謂語形式為：不定式和動名詞。其表達(dá)形式為：不定式：主動態(tài)todo;被動態(tài)tobedone; 動名詞：主動態(tài)doing;被動態(tài)beingdone。例1:Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能的。

例3:Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4: Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday? Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，今早開車上班非常慢。一般說來，動名詞和不定式作主語，可以互換，其意義沒有多大差別，但須注意以下兩點(diǎn)：.表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動作，傾向用不定式 （如例2）。表示無時限的泛指動作（如例3）或描述當(dāng)時的情況（如例4）,傾向用動名詞。.在下列句型用動名詞作主語Itisnogooddoing.（ 沒有用）Thereisnodoing.（ 不可能）Itisnogoodarguingwithhim. 和他爭論沒有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.練習(xí)：1.（改錯）Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts..（改錯）Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully..（選擇）tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone 'sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1.learnflearning 原形動詞不能作主語。.arefis單個動名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。.答案Do句義：遭太陽暴曬對皮膚有害。本題考查動名詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，待選項(xiàng)在句中作主語，又因?yàn)槿伺cexpose為被動關(guān)系，所以選Do第二節(jié)、非謂語動詞作表語可作表語的非謂語動詞為：不定式，動名詞。.YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任務(wù)是把這個郵件送給史密斯教授。 （不定式解釋主語內(nèi)容）.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps. （動名詞解釋主語內(nèi)容）.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.（99全國）A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake.分析句子是否正確:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有兩個表語，兩者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對稱。第一個表語為不定式tomakelifeeasier,則第二個表語也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選tomakelifeeasier,則第二個表語也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選Bo2、正確。當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動詞 do時，作表語的不定式可以省略 to;若沒有實(shí)義動詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語可作賓語的非謂語動詞為：不定式和動名詞。.不定式作賓語例1.Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2.Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight. 那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。英語中有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的動詞，只能以不定式作賓語。如：agree（同意），decide,refuse,pretend（假裝），manage（設(shè)法），promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo （表示愿望）affordtodo（買得起，承擔(dān)得起），bothertodo（特意），choosetodo（愿意或決定）attempt/seektodo（試圖）learntodo （學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會）短語wouldlike（love）todo,wouldprefertodo（更愿意），beabouttodo（即將）,介詞but/excepttodo例1）Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.）Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except 前有實(shí)義動詞do,其后to必須省去請注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）疑問代詞如what,which;疑問副詞如when,whether（why除外）引導(dǎo)的不定式可作know,decide等的賓語，在意義上相當(dāng)與一個未曾發(fā)生的賓語從句。例1.Wehaventdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.fWehaventdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2.Ireallydon，tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.fIreallydon'tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作主語和表語例1.Whattodonextremainstobediscussed. 下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。例2.Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2）為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)的動詞原形，而保留“to”。例： Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme? I'dloveto,butIcan'tspareanytimeatpresent.（to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou）3）不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)

形式時間概念形式時間概念todo（一＞時）1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語動作同時tobedone同左tobedoing（進(jìn)行時）謂語動作發(fā)生時，正在進(jìn)行tohavedone（完成時）發(fā)生在謂語動作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的進(jìn)行時和完成時常用在下列句型中:seem/appear （似乎）to）S（人，物）happen（碰巧）topretendto besaid（據(jù)說）tobethought/supposed/considered/believed （據(jù)認(rèn)為）to）S（人，物）bereported（據(jù)報導(dǎo)）tobeknown（知道）to請注意：考查不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday. 據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貓蠹堉笇?dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice. 人們者B知道他曾被警察逮捕過。）was/weretohavedone;wouldliketohavedonewished（hoped/wanted/intended/meant）tohavedone表示當(dāng)時想做，而實(shí)際不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.我當(dāng)時真IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當(dāng)時真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時身無分文。2.動名詞作動詞或介詞的賓語Ican'timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort. 我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident. 在那次車禍中我死里逃生。他承認(rèn)偷了我的自行車。再爭議下去毫無意義。keep（on）（繼續(xù)），他承認(rèn)偷了我的自行車。再爭議下去毫無意義。keep（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習(xí)），Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.1）下列動詞必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語：understand （理解），admit（承認(rèn)），

finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯過，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避）,suggest（建議）,dislike （討厭）,enjoy（喜歡）,delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反對）。另外，有的詞既可帶動名詞做賓語， 亦可帶不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語， 請區(qū)別清楚。如：allowdoing （比較：allowsb.todo）advisedoing （比較：advisesb.todo））下列短語必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語：beworth（值得），payattentionto（注意），objectto（反對），can'thelp（情不自禁），devoteoneselfto（致力于），putoff（推遲），be/getusedto（習(xí)慣于），feellike（想要），lookforwardto（盼望），getdownto（開始做，認(rèn)真做某事），how/whatabout（ 怎么樣），Thereisnopoint（in）doingsth（做某事毫無意義））下列動詞可以用不定式作賓語，也可以用動名詞作賓語，但有明顯的語義差別。rememberdoingremembertodo回憶起過去做過的事記住要做的事rememberdoingremembertodo回憶起過去做過的事記住要做的事forgetdoingforgettodoregretdoingregrettodoforgetdoingforgettodoregretdoingregrettodo忘記了曾做過的事忘記該做的事對已發(fā)生的事表示后悔對現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉meandoing 意味著，意思是meantodo 打算，想要trydoing 試一試某種方法trytodo 設(shè)法去做一件事我不打算放棄這個計劃。比較1.Idon'tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放棄這個計劃。汽車半路拋Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個小時。比較2.Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling （havingsold）thefarm.我一直為賣掉這個農(nóng)場而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100. 我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語動詞作狀語作狀語的非謂語動詞為：分詞和不定式.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，譯為“令人……”；過去分詞表示被動，譯為“感到???”，這是兩者最重要的區(qū)別Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過去分詞。I don'tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.（it指"象這樣的壞人受到懲罰”這件事）Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes. 她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。（人的表情是情感的具體表現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)用過去分詞來修飾 expression）2）現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞通常表示動作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves..現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式時間概念形式時間概念doing1）正在進(jìn)行2）與謂語動作同時beingdone動作正在進(jìn)行havingdone分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動作N刖havingbeendone同左.分詞表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說明等a）分詞做時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語的表達(dá)形式如下：doing donehavingdoneS. （主語）+VhavingbeendoneS （主語）+V一（主動關(guān)系） 戢動關(guān)系）Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.（表原因：understanding與句子主語he之間是主動關(guān)系，同謂語動詞 asked同時發(fā)生）Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.（表時間：makeadecision與句子主語之間是主動關(guān)系且發(fā)生于謂語動詞 setout之前）Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于這一新產(chǎn)品已實(shí)驗(yàn)過多次，不久將投入批量生產(chǎn)。（表原因：experimented與主語product為被動關(guān)系，且先于謂語動詞put之前發(fā)生）詞作上述狀語時，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.選擇：Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit.（02全國）A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginning D.begun本題考查狀語從句的省略，難度較大。若時間、原因、條件和讓步狀語從句的主語與主句主語相同，且從句部分有be時，可省略從句主語及be。省略后的形式如下：when（while,until,once,as,if,though 等）+doing從句謂語動詞與主語為主動關(guān)系when（while,until,once,as,if,though 等）+done從句謂語動詞與主語為被動關(guān)系表示“某一事件的開始”，begin既可用主動態(tài)，也可以用被動態(tài)。狀語從句表達(dá)形式：1）Onceitbeings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。Onceitisbegun。具備省略條件（有be）。省略后的形式為： Oncebegun。所以本題選 D。b）分詞作伴隨狀語時，其形式為：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，取決于該動作與句子主語是主動還是被動關(guān)系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.（04重慶）Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一個人做在黑洞洞的房間里，嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。注意：作伴隨狀語的分詞，與謂語動作同時。這是判斷一個動詞是否作伴隨狀語的主要尺度。請注意下列固定短語在作狀語時的表達(dá)形式：Generallyspeaking一般地說Strictlyspeaking從嚴(yán)格意義上說Judgingfrom/by…根據(jù)??判斷Given/Allowingfor 考慮至UGiventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob. 在缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的情況下，他們的工作算是做得不錯。4．不定式用作表目的，結(jié)果，方式和形容詞原因狀語）目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭取過來，他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus. （notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一強(qiáng)調(diào)形式））結(jié)果不定式作結(jié)果狀語，常見結(jié)構(gòu)有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd（精明的）abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個非常精明的商人，不會接受我們的開價。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio? 請把收音機(jī)開小一點(diǎn)。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事，讓你等這么長的時間。注意：表示一種事先沒有預(yù)料的結(jié)果，用不定式。不定式前可用 only來加強(qiáng)意想不到的語氣。如：（04福建卷）Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft. 然而，要表示在事情發(fā)展過程中必然會產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，就要用分詞來表達(dá)。分詞前可加thus,加強(qiáng)必然的語氣。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。）方式狀語結(jié)構(gòu)：S（人，物）be+adjtodo特點(diǎn)（1）句子的主語在邏輯關(guān)系上為不定式動作的賓語（2）形容詞為：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous 等。booksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書讀起來很有趣，但學(xué)起來很討厭。telephonenumberiseasytoremember. 他的電話號碼很難記。manisdifficulttodealwith. 那個人很難對付。riverisdangeroustoswimin._注意：以上句子，盡管句子的主語不際定式動作為被動關(guān)系，但只能用主動形式；若不定式動詞為不及物，應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)介詞，如例4。4）形容詞原因狀語。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評價行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.（04 湖南）第五節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語作賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞是不定式和分詞。?????英語中有相當(dāng)一批動詞必須以不定式作賓語補(bǔ)充語。Myparentsdon'tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動詞和短語為：wish,want,ask,require/request （要求）；order,warn（警告）allow/permit,forbid（禁止）,expect,remind（提醒），encourage,inspire（激勵）callon （號召，要求），dependon,longforsb.todo （渴望）請?zhí)貏e記住下列動詞的賓補(bǔ)形式，表達(dá)的意義及判斷的依據(jù)。doJ 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系。.make（使）+O+Cdone 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系。todo 主語與不定式動作為主動關(guān)系。S+bemade）done 主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。注：句型“O'代表賓語，為名詞或代詞；"C'代表賓補(bǔ)。例：Thosewhowon'tworkshouldbemadetowork. 那些不愿工作的人應(yīng)

強(qiáng)制他們?nèi)スぷ鱄ecouldn'tmakehimselfheard.他無法讓別人聽到他說的話。.Keep（leave）+IO+Cdoing 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系。（使……處于某種狀未） done 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系。doing1r 主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系。S+be+kept\（left）done 主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生被迫整天埋頭讀書。他丟下工作不去干。3finddoing他丟下工作不去干。3finddoing（發(fā)現(xiàn)）+O+Cdone賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系。doing 主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系S+be+founcdone 主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。smoking例：（03全國）Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundinthekitchen.smoking. doing 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系with+O+C'done 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系todo （動作未發(fā)生）例：layonthegrasslandwithhisjacket coveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。alotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.（02上海春季）由于很多棘手的問題要解決，那為新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)處境艱難。.catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing該句型表示（偶然或突然）撞見、發(fā)現(xiàn)。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger. （04北京春季）他向四周看，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個人把手伸進(jìn)一個旅客的口袋. do「 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。have（使）+ojCdoing 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某一動作一直在進(jìn)行。done 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系。（ 表示：1）讓某事由別人做。2）表達(dá)主語的遭遇。）例：wouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保羅在做飯時，手被嚴(yán)重燙傷。

. toIdo 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為主動關(guān)系。 Getsbtodo=havesb.doo 1get(使)+O+Cdone 賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作為被動關(guān)系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例：You'llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?.感官動詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do『do『常性發(fā)生。 *hear+O+CdoingdonetodoI經(jīng)常發(fā)生|S+be+hearddoingdone賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作是主動關(guān)系。該動作正在進(jìn)行。賓語與賓補(bǔ)動作是被動關(guān)系。主語與不定式動作為主動關(guān)系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束或主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系。該動作正在進(jìn)行。主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn'tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯:)NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA BCD)Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABC D)Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.A BCD)Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.—ABCD)Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.A BC D答案：1)B錯arehopedfarewishedhopesb.todo典型病句)8錯totakef(should)takedemand句型：1)demandtodo2 )demandthat(should)do)C錯becomingfbecome現(xiàn)在分詞doing不能做make的賓補(bǔ)。)C錯tobesungfsung）B錯remained-remaining。remain“乘U下”是不及物動詞，只有主動形式。注意：以上動詞的賓補(bǔ)形式的考查是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。第六節(jié)、非謂語動詞作定語1.不定式作定語在三種情況下需用不定式作定語：）動作未發(fā)生，被修飾的名詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動作的賓語。不定式用主動形式還是被動形式，由句子的主語與不定式的邏輯關(guān)系決定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看來今天我們沒有東西可以帶給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive .（03上海春季）她會告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此龔?qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為在使地球成為更好住處這一點(diǎn)上，我們每個人都有可以發(fā)揮的作用。若作定語的不定式動詞為不及物動詞，需加適合介詞。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan'tfindanyonetotalkwith.）被修飾的詞為抽象名詞，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解釋其內(nèi)容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.）被修飾的詞，其前有序數(shù)詞 first,second,last,only作定語。Heisalwaysthefirst （one）togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash. 她是這次空難中唯一的幸存者。2.分詞作定語以下情況常用分詞作定語：）被修飾名詞與作定語的動詞為主動關(guān)系，該動作正在進(jìn)行，或與謂語動作同時進(jìn)行，或是經(jīng)常性行為時，用現(xiàn)在分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater. "（99全國）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語在意義上相當(dāng)于一個時態(tài)為進(jìn)行時或一般時的定語從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater. ”=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater. ”）若被修飾的名詞與作定語的動詞為被動關(guān)系，動詞采用以下三種形式：a）動作已發(fā)生或?yàn)榻?jīng)常性行為，用done。b）若動作正在進(jìn)行用beingdonec）動作未發(fā)生，用tobedone。例1:Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A.consideringB.toconsiderC.consideredD.beingconsidered

2 :Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A.toperformB.beingperformedC.performedD.tobeperformed例1答案為C例2答案為Do非謂語動詞練習(xí)一、高考典型考題重現(xiàn)Youweresillynotyourcar.（04 湖南卷）A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglockedHavingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtimetheexam.（04福建卷）A.passB.topass C.passedD.passingI'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhatinmynewjob.（2000全國）A.expectedB.toexpect C.tobeexpectingD.expectsTheoldman,abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.（04江蘇卷）A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworkedateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.（01 匕京春季）A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.HavingsleptThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlythefilmstarshadleft.（04福建卷）A.totell B.tobetold C.tellingD.toldTheflowerssweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海卷）beautyofnature.（04上海卷）tosmellsmellingC.smeltD.tobesmelttosmellsmellingC.smeltD.tobesmeltLindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,as3M.（04浙江卷）A.knowingB.known CbeingknownD.tobeknownDon'tleavethewater whileyoubrushyourteeth.（04 天津卷）A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torunIfyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,betterit—you'vegotsomebigbillscoming.（04 廣東卷）A.forget B.forgotC.forgetting D.toforgetA.forget B.forgotC.forgetting D.toforget1-5BDBDA6-10BBBBA、提高練習(xí).DidontimemakeourteacherangrynothercomingD.herA.shenotcomeB.shenottocomeCnotcomingnothercomingD.herIinthequietcountrysideinsteadofinthebusycity.A.feellikeliving B.wouldpreferlivingC.disliketoliveD.wouldrathertohewanted.YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhavehadwhathewanted.A.todoB.doingC.doneD.tobedoingA.todoB.doingC.doneD.tobedoing4.Thestudentsexpectedtheremor4.Thestudentsexpectedtheremorereviewingclassesbeforethefindexam..beingC.havebeenD.tobeA.is5.Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyearsthedisabledis.beingC.havebeenD.tobenowconsideredofgreatvalue.A.tohelp；beingB.tohelpingtobeC.helptobeD.helping;beingIdeeplyappreciatetheopportunitytogoabroadforfurtherstudy.A.togivemeB.tohavegivenmeC.beinggiventhatIhavebeengivenHerewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemedoffthemountain.A.havingbeenblown.thatithadbeenblownC.tobeblown.tohavebeenblownTheleadersusinourdiscussion,butowingtomoreimportantbusinesstheycouldntcome.A.weretojoinB.wouldliketojoinC.intendedtojoinweretohavejoinedIwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goinghavinggone—Howdidyoufindthelecturetoday?Very.IdoubtifIwillcomeforhislecturenexttime.A.inspiringB.surprisednowconsideredofgreatvalue.A.tohelp；beingB.tohelpingtobeC.helptobeD.helping;beingIdeeplyappreciatetheopportunitytogoabroadforfurtherstudy.A.togivemeB.tohavegivenmeC.beinggiventhatIhavebeengivenHerewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemedoffthemountain.A.havingbeenblown.thatithadbeenblownC.tobeblown.tohavebeenblownTheleadersusinourdiscussion,butowingtomoreimportantbusinesstheycouldntcome.A.weretojoinB.wouldliketojoinC.intendedtojoinweretohavejoinedIwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goinghavinggone—Howdidyoufindthelecturetoday?Very.IdoubtifIwillcomeforhislecturenexttime.A.inspiringB.surprised.disappointing.puzzledfromhearttroubleforyears;ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A.SufferedB.SufferingC.HavingsufferedD.Beingsufferedtunderstandit..Havingbeenexplained.Itwasexplainedtunderstandit..Havingbeenexplained.ItwasexplainedeverythingtheremoreA.Havingexplained BC.ThoughitwasexplainedDThesunwasshiningbrightly,beautiful.A.making,lookB.tomake,lookC.making,lookingD.