2023年考研外語沖刺密卷12

考研外語沖刺密卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1、Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In(1)_____worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"(2)_____meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewary,however,of(3)_____thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisa(n)(4)_____toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe(5)_____developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin(6)_____.

Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein(7)_____andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreased,thenumberofpotentiallisteners(8)_____,andthustherewassome(9)_____intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommon,socametheflourishingofreadingasa(10)_____activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibraries,railwaycarriagesandoffices,wherereadingaloudwould(11)_____distractiontootherreaders.

Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill(12)_____argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated(13)_____,andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway(14)_____weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.(15)_____itsvirtues,theoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas(16)_____bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora(17)_____readershipontheother.

Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate,(18)_____notimpossible,fortheoralreader.Thesocial,cultural,andtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly(19)_____whattheterm"reading"(20)_____.

A.contemporary

B.modem

C.medieval

D.western

2、(2)

A.undoubtedly

B.really

C.absolutely

D.accordingly

3、(3)

A.assuming

B.consuming

C.resuming

D.imagining

4、(4)

A.interruption

B.distraction

C.bother

D.pressure

5、(5)

A.historical

B.historic

C.history

D.historian

6、(6)

A.quality

B.character

C.personality

D.distinctiveness

7、(7)

A.literate

B.illiterate

C.literacy

D.literature

8、(8)

A.receded

B.declined

C.increased

D.expanded

9、(9)

A.limitation

B.necessity

C.reduction

D.shrink

10、(10)

A.private

B.overt

C.public

D.secret

11、(11)

A.cause

B.effect

C.produce

D.realize

12、(12)

A.considerable

B.considerate

C.moderate

D.immoderate

13、(13)

A.respectively

B.honorably

C.respectfully

D.relatively

14、(14)

A.largely

B.intelligently

C.mentally

D.physically

15、(15)

A.However

B.Whatever

C.Whichever

D.Wherever

16、(16)

A.replaced

B.taken

C.followed

D.distinguished

17、(17)

A.specific

B.special

C.specified

D.specialized

18、(18)

A.and

B.if

C.but

D.or

19、(19)

A.translated

B.differed

C.shifted

D.altered

20、(20)

A.inferred

B.advised

C.induced

D.implied

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld'sbiggestforensicDNAdatabase,whichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.

OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabase(NDNAD)wassetup,in1995,samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwith"recordable"offences.Ifasuspectwasnottried,orwasfreed,thesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.

Thatlawwasabandonedin2022,aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal—theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeepconvictedof,andsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200,000samplesthatworldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7,591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenes,includingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2022,policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffence,evenifchargesdonotensue.

ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamples,butithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase."EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnow,"saysChrisAsplen,aconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.

TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwain,abarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistry,recentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant'sDNAwasonthegunthatwasused,butthedefencearguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegym,andthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.

Thetextmainlytalksabout

A.morepopulouscountrieshavemorecrime.

B.BritishcitizensarequiteknowledgeableaboutDNA.

C.Britain'sforensicDNAdatabaseistheworld'sbiggest,andgrowingfast.

D.thedevelopmentofDNADatabases.

2、

AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995,

A.itwasdifficultforittoexpandthecollection.

B.itheldsamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulation.

C.manypeoplefromEnglandandWalesoffendedit.

D.itcollectedsamplesonlyfromthoseoffencesthatmayleadtojailterms.

3、

Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapeinparagraph3

A.provedthattheformerruleofNDNADshouldbeabolished.

B.ledtothedestroyof200,000samplesinNDNAD.

C.resultedinthetwomenbeingconfinedinprison.

D.showedtheimportanceoftheDNAevidence.

4、

TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat

A.itisholdingprofilesfrommorethan20%ofalladults.

B.policeareabletotakesamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffence.

C.BritainistheearliesttotakeDNAasaninvestigativetool.

D.othercountriesarenoteagertododatabasing.

5、

Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.DNAevidenceshouldbeusedmorewidely.

B.JohnSwaindefendedthemansuccessfullybyDNAtechnology.

C.DNAtestsaretoosensitivetobereliable.

D.Thedefendantlefthisfingerprintontheweaponoftherobbery.

6、OnSeptember30thstudentsattheUniversityofMassachusettsthrewatoga(aceremonialgown)party.Thecopsshowedup,uninvited.Theychargedthehost,JamesConnolly,withunderagedrinking,makingtoomuchnoise,andhavingakegwithoutalicence.Forpunishment,hehadtoputonhistogaagainandstandinfrontofthepolicestationforanhour.

DanMarkelofFloridaStateUniversityreckonsthatsuch"shamingpunishments"areontherise.In2022acoupleofteenagerswhodefacedanativitysceneinOhiohadtoparadethroughtownwithadonkey.

"Thepunishmentmustfitthecrime,"explainedthejudge,MichaelCicconetti.Severalcitieshaveairedthenamesofmencaughtsolicitingprostituteson"JohnTV".In2022,afederalappealscourtagreedthatamailthiefcouldbemadetostandoutsideaCaliforniapostofficewearingasandwichboard."Istolemail,"itread."Thisismypunishment."InVirginia,ifyoufailtopaychildsupport,youmayfindyourcarwheel-clamped:pinkifyouareneglectingagirl,blueforaboy.

Manysupportshamingpunishments.AmitaiEtzioniofGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhasarguedthattheyareagoodwaytoexpresscommunalvalues.Fines,incontrast,implythatyoucanbuyaclearconscience.Andshameseemstobeapowerfuldeterrent.Mr.Cicconettisaysheseesfewrepeatoffenders.CheerfulHobbesiantypeswanteveryonetoknowwhothebadguysare,sothatdecentcitizenscanavoidthem.

Othersaredoubtful.AccordingtoMr.Markel,shamingpunishmentsunderminehumandignity.Hesuggestsalternativepunishmentsthatomitthepublic-humiliationfactor.Alandlordwhofloutsthehealthcode,forexample,couldbemadetostayinoneofhisownslums.Anditistruethatthereissomethingunpleasantaboutthedesiretoseeotherpeoplehumiliated.RememberthematronwhoobjectstoHesterPrynne'sscarletletter:"Why,lookyou,shemaycoveritwithabrooch,orsuchlikeheathenishadornment,andsowalkthestreetsasbraveasever!"

Butvotersappeartobecomfortableonthehighhorse.TedPoe,aformerdistrictjudgefromTexas,madehisreputationbyissuingastringofembarrassingsentences.Hecalledthis"Poeticjustice."Once,hesentencedamanwhostolepistolsfromtheLoneRangertoshovelmanureintheHoustonpolicestables.In2022Mr.PoewaselectedtotheHouseofRepresentativesathisfirstattempt.

Whichofthefollowingexampleshowsthatthepenaltyissuitableforthecrime?

A.Amaninvolvedinsexualserviceshastoparadethroughcitywithadonkey.

B.Aletterthiefisforcedtostandoutsideapostofficetoadmithiswrongdoing.

C.ApersonnotpayingchildsupportisairedonTV.

D.Astudentdrinkingalcoholmuststandinfrontofschoolgateforanhour.

7、

Alotofpeopleapprove"shamingpunishments"because

A.theyareawaytobuyaclearconscienceinsteadoffines.

B.theycanbettershowpeople'scommonvalues.

C.shameisapowerfultooltomakecriminalssurrender.

D.theytellotherswhothebadguysareandhelpthemtocorrect.

8、

Thosewhosuspect"shamingpunishments"arguethat

A.theycanimpairself-respectofthosecriminals.

B.theymayleadtounpleasantoutcome.

C.theyarenotenoughpenaltyforthosecriminals.

D.theywillencouragepeopletocommitfurthercrime.

9、

Mr.PoebecametheHouseofRepresentativesmainlybecause

A.hecanmakevotersliveacomfortablelife.

B.heisafamousdistrictjudgeforwritinggreatpoems.

C.hesetaseriesofcourtjudgementtoshamecriminals.

D.hepunishedathiefbyforcinghimtoshovelmanure.

10、

Thebesttitleforthetextis

A.Poeticjustice.

B.Avogueforshamingwrongdoers.

C.Doubtfulpunishments.

D.Criminalsshouldbeshamed.

11、Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynews,peopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.Atmeditationcenters,prayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStates,moreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet.Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;others,toprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobably"about70percent"ofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.This"quiettime"helpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactis,though,thatheisnotalone.

Acrossthecountry,manyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstress,theseclassesbringpeopletogether,inthesamewaythatreligiousServicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniques,buttheyshareacommonbasis-focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathing,anobjectsuchasacandleflame,orarepetitivemovement,asinwalkingortaiji.

Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowed,meditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivity,reducedmuscletension,slowerbreathing,andashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves,italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody.

Forages,meditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.However,let'snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.So,forthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenter,thereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.Atanother,JesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseveryday,andatstillanother,BuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsites'allowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.Thefactisthatwhetheronline,atyogaclasses,oratlocalspiritualcenters,morepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation.

Theincreasingpopularityofmeditationresultsfrompeople'sneedfor

A.copingwithgrowingstresses.

B.seekingrefugefromsocialunrest.

C.escapingpainfulexperiences.

D.maintainingemotionalhealth.

12、

TheChicagomanisintroducedtoshow

A.thepsychologicalbenefitsofyogaexercises.

B.theseriousimpactofterrorismonU.S.people.

C.theimmediateeffectofyogaandmeditation.

D.thephysicaladvantageofmeditativepractice.

13、

Variousmeditativetechniquesallrequires

A.modesidenticaltoreligiousservices.

B.restlessrepetitionofacertainprayer.

C.continuousmovementsoftaiji.

D.agreatdealofmentalconcentration.

14、

Fromthepassage,weknowthatmeditation

A.willbeusedinthepracticeoftaiji.

B.hasbeenidentifiedbyofficialdepartment.

C.maychangethespeedofbrainwaves.

D.cancurehighbloodpressurebetterthanmedicines.

15、

Inthisnewera,meditationischaracterizedby

A.lotsofprayergatherings.

B.availabilityofonlineresources.

C.awidevarietyofitsprocedures.

D.forcefulevidenceofitsbenefits.

16、Wehavetorealizehowold,howveryold,weare.Nationsareclassifiedas"aged"whentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65orabove,andbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocieties,withover13percentabove65,allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolder,andthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth,theolderitspopulationislikelytobe—atleast,foranyfuturethatconcernsusnow.

Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeadded,someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeath.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio—thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan—ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworld,becauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange.

If"revolution"isarapidresettlementofthesocialstructure,andiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructure,thentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.@Takentogether,thesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.Thesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheraboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicy,heldatVichyinFrance.

ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhere,ratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathrate,thatwehavegrownsoold.Butthisiswhatelementarydemographymakesclear.Longlifeisalteringoursociety,ofcourse,butinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathasprecededusanywhere,andthiswillcontinue.Buttoomuchofthatlengtheningexperience,eveninthewealthyWest,willbeexperienceofpovertyandneglect,unlesswedosomethingaboutit.

Ifyouareinyourthirties,yououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenow,thegreaterthisproportionwillbe,andgreaterstillifyouareawoman.

Fromparagraph1,weknowthatreallyagedsocietiesmayinclude

A.alldevelopednationswithoutexception.

B.everyoneofWesternEuropeancountries.

C.countriesinNorthwesternEurope.

D.someEuropeanandAmericannations.

17、

Theauthorarguesthatthemaincauseofagedsocietiesis

A.theincreaseinbirthrate.

B.thedropindeathrate.

C.asmuchthegrowthinbirthrateasthedeclineindeathrate.

D.notsomuchthedecreaseindeathrateasthefallinbirthrate.

18、

Youngersocietiesaredisadvantageouscomparedwitholderonesinthat

A.oldpeoplearemoredependentthanbabies.

B.childrenarelessactivethantheaged.

C.theinactiveagedaremorereliablethanchildren.

D.Infantsaremoreofahandicapthantheelderly.

19、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.anadvancedsocietyistosufferagradualchangefromyoungtoold.

B.peopleunder60inEuropeallwitnessedsocialreshaping.

C.theworldconferenceaboutagingwasheldasachallengetocurrentpolicy.

D.amanagedthirtycanexpecttoliveuptoninety,andawomanstilllonger.

20、

Itcanbeinferredthat

A.thegrowthinnumberoftheoldisliableforthefallinthatoftheyoung.

B.theseeminglyimpossiblestatementaboutthemaincauseofagedsocietiesisquitevalid.

C.thegreaterdependencyofbabiesissubjecttothechangeinsocialstructure.

D.thefavorableconditionsforcontinuedlivingareperfectinmodernsocieties.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutparentingandresponsibility.Choosethemostsuitableheadingforeachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.

Therearestillsignificantgapsbetweenwomenandmenintermsoftheirinvolvementinfamilylife,thetaskstheyperform.andtheresponsibilitiestheytake.Yet,atleastindevelopedWesterncountries,bothwomenandmenexpressadesireforgreaterequalityinfamilylife.Itisevidentthatintermsofattitudesandbeliefs,theproblemcannotsimplybethoughtofintermsofwomenwantingmentosharemoreequallyandmenbeingreluctanttodoso.Thechallengenowistodeveloppoliciesandpracticesbasedonapresumptionofsharedresponsibilitybetweenmenandwomen,andapresumptionthattherearepotentialbenefitsformenandwomen,aswellasforfamiliesandthecommunity,ifthereisgreatergenderequalityintheresponsibilitiesandpleasuresoffamilylife.Thesearebecomingkeyconcernsofresearchers,policymakers,communityworkersand,moreimportantly,familymembersthemselves.

(41)______.

Despitethesignificantincreaseinthenumberofwomenwithdependentchildrenwhoareinthepaidworkforce,Australianresearchstudiesoverthelast15yearsareconsistentinshowingthatdivisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareveryrigidindeed(Watson1991).Intermsoftime,womenperform.approximately90percentofchildcaretasksand70percentofallfamilywork,andonly14percentoffathersarehighlyparticipantintermsoftimespentonfamilywork(Russell1983).DemoandAcock(1993),inarecentUSstudy,alsofoundthatwomencontinuetoperform.aConstantandmajorproportionofhouseholdlabour(68percentto95percent)acrossallfamilytypes(firstmarriage,divorced,step-familyornevermarried),regardlessofwhethertheyareemployedornon-employedinpaidwork.

(42)______.

Divisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareparticularlyproblematicinfamiliesinwhichbothparentsareemployedoutsidethehome(dual-workerfamilies).Employedmothersadjusttheirjobsandpersonallivestoaccommodatefamilycommitmentsmorethanemployedfathersdo.Mothersarelesslikelytoworkovertimeandaremorelikelytotaketimeoffworktoattendtochildren'sneeds(VandenHeuvel1993).Mothersspendlesstimeonpersonalleisureactivitiesthantheirpartners,afactorthatoftenleadstoresentment(DemoandAcock1993).

(43)______.

Theparentalroleiscentraltothestress-relatedanxietyreportedbyemployedmothers,andamajorcontributortosuchstressistheirtakingagreaterroleinchildcare(VandenHenvel1993).EdgarandGiezer(1992)foundthatcloseto90percentofbothhusbandsandwivesagreedthatthemanshouldshareequallyinchildcare,yet55percentofhusbandsandwivesclaimedthatthemenactuallydidthis.(Theseclaimsaredespitethefindingsmentionedearlierthatpointtoamuchlowerparticipationratebyfathers.)Amother'swantingherpartnertodomorehouseworkandchildcareisabetterpredictorofpoorfamilyadjustmentthanisactualtimespentbyfathersinthesetasks(DemoandAcock1993).Itisthisdesire,togetherwithitslackoffulfillmentinmostfamilies,thatbringaboutstressinthefemaleparent.

(44)______.

Familytherapistsandsocialworkresearchersareincreasinglydefiningfamilyproblemsintermsofalackofinvolvementandsupportfromfathersandareconcernedwithdifficultiesinvolvedinhavingfatherstakeresponsibilityforthesolutionoffamilyandchildbehaviourproblems(EdgarandGlezer1986).Yet,afatheracceptingresponsibilityforbehaviourproblemsislinkedwithpositiveoutcomes.

(45)______.

Research

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Oneofthemostfashionabletrea