公共英語三級閱讀文章

公共英語三級閱讀文章公共英語三級閱讀文章對于閱讀理解來說，練習(xí)是最好的方法。只有在反復(fù)的閱讀中，才能培養(yǎng)良好的能力。下面，就為大家送上3篇三級閱讀文Apainterhangshisorherfinishedpictureonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Aposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,fortheposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatrainingtobeeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobeeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm——twoentirelydifferentmovements.Singersandinstrumentalistshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianotuner'sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties:thehammersthathitthestringshavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundswithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.Techniqueisofnouseunlessitisbinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以欣賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔(dān)子可謂不輕。一名學(xué)音樂的學(xué)生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長期的、嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生一樣。絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須到達(dá)與運發(fā)動或巴蕾舞演員相當(dāng)?shù)乃?。歌手們每天都練?xí)吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習(xí)的那么是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用右手前后拉動琴弓——兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協(xié)調(diào)。鋼琴家們那么不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào)音師的職責(zé)。但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處：他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的首錘，不能讓首錘發(fā)出的聲首象是打擊樂器,而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理是學(xué)生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學(xué)會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發(fā)音之道。他們還必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結(jié)合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。音樂方面的知識和悟性結(jié)合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。Pricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisaplexworkposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe"system"ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,plicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine"price",manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwords,thatpriceisthemoneyvalueofaproductorserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Forapleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytothetransaction,guaranteesontheproductorservice,deliveryterms,returnprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerandsellershouldbefullyawareofallthefactorsthatprisethetotal"package"beingexchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymayevaluateagivenprice.價格決定資源的使用方式。價格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與效勞在買方中的配給手段。美國的價格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中一切產(chǎn)品買賣的價格，也包括名目繁多的各種效勞，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運輸、公共事業(yè)等效勞的價格。所有這些價格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價格系統(tǒng)。任何一種個別產(chǎn)品或效勞的價格都與這個龐大而復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。如果隨機(jī)挑選一群人，問問他們?nèi)绾味x"價格"，許多人會答復(fù)價格就是根據(jù)賣方提供的產(chǎn)品或效勞，買方向其付出的錢數(shù)。換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品或效勞的貨幣量。該定義就其本身來說自有其道理。但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認(rèn)識，就必須考慮到大量"非貨幣"因素的影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對交易物的質(zhì)量保證、交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價格的通盤細(xì)節(jié)。TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyaeptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentiremunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect——suessinhuntorbattle,theingrain,therevivaloftheSun——asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Aordingtothisviewtales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人承受的理論假設(shè)認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來。這個觀點是這樣進(jìn)展論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些的、令人恐懼的力量。那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保存下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。隨著時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材。認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認(rèn)為那些儀式包含了戲劇的根本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、面具和服裝