大學(xué)英語應(yīng)用文寫作教程課件(主編龔雪萍)

（一）操作方法

Chapter1Chapter2 Chapter3Chapter4Chapter5Chapter6

Chapter7Chapter8Chapter9Chapter10Chapter11Chapter12

Chapter13Chapter14Chapter15Chapter16Chapter17ContentChapterOne

ChoiceofWordsnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverContentPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverPartI:PrewritingI.Prewritingskill:inquiring

寫作是一個連續(xù)、不斷提高的過程。從一句話到一個段落再到一篇文章，用英語遣詞、造句、謀篇布局，無不經(jīng)歷這一過程。在你提筆開始寫作時，你對寫什么以及怎樣寫要做到胸有成竹。寫完初稿，你要仔細閱讀并加以修改。如你所知，寫作包括幾個步驟，其中第一個步驟就是Prewriting或brainstorming。在這個步驟里，對寫什么以及怎樣寫你需要收集大量的素材，其目的是從這些素材中找出與主題相關(guān)的資料，從而讓你寫作更快，達到事半功倍的效果。

寫作前，收集素材通常有四種技巧。本節(jié)介紹第一種：詢問問題（inquiring）。下列實踐告訴你如何通過詢問收集素材。

Let’sgetideasfirstnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverPartI:PrewritingII.Practice1.Workwithyourpartner(s)

Discusswithyourpartner(s)aboutoneoftheinterestingpersonsyou’dliketotalk.Thefollowingquestionsaresomecluesforyou.nextpreviousbackindexoverbreakWhoishe/she?Howoldishe/she?Wheredoeshe/shelive?Whatdoeshe/shedo?Ishe/shefamous?Whyishe/shefamous?Whatotherfactsdoyouknowabouthim/her?Whatoutstandingcharacteristicsdoeshe/shehave?Whatoutstandingabilitydoeshe/shehave?Whatunfavorablequality(ifany)doeshe/shehave?nextpreviousbackindexoverPartI:Prewritingbreak11)

Whatisthedeepestimpressionhe/shegivestoyou?12)Doyoulikehim/her?13)Isthereanythingyoudislike?14)Howhashe/sheinfluencedyou?15)Howhadhe/sheinfluencedotherpeople?16)Whatcanyoulearnfromhim/her?17)Inwhatwaydoyouthinkthatyoucanlearnfromhim/her?18)Whatagegroupofpeopleadmireshim/hermost,why?19)Doyouadmirehim/her?20)Whatarethereasonsforyoutoadmirehim/her?nextpreviousbackindexoverPartI:PrewritingbreakPractice2Listsomepeopleyouadmire,suchasafamouspersoninhistory,anationalhero,apopularsingerordancer,anoutstandingworldleader,orsimplysomeoneinyourfamilyoramongyourclosefriends.Chooseoneyoudecidetowriteandtalktoyourpartner(s).Writedownyournotes.Youmayusethelistofquestionsinpractice1asyourreference.Addmoreyouandyourpartner(s)thinkimportant.nextpreviousbackindexoverPartI:PrewritingbreakPartI:PrewritingIII.ModelEssay

Readthefollowingstudent’smodelessaycarefully,payattentiontoitspunctuationandcapitalization,andanswerthequestionsbelow.QuestionsontheModelWhatisthemainideaaboutCousinPatricia?Howmanyparagraphsareusedtosupportthismainidea?Whatisthemainideaofparagraph2andparagraph3?Underlinethem.Whatdoyouthinkaboutthewriter’schoiceofwords?Whatisthetensethewriterusedtodescribepeople?Isthereanypunctuationorcapitalizationerror?nextpreviousbackindexoverbreakPartI:PrewritingMyCousinPatriciaMyCousinPatriciaisateacherandworksforSantaMariadeFatimaHighschool,inPeru.Shehasbeenteachingthereforthelastsixyears.Sheis32,butlooksmuchyounger.Pattyisaverynicepersontogetalongwithandhassomeverygoodqualities.Patriciabelievesallpeopleareequal.Shelikestoshowpeoplethatwomenaswellasmencandonextpreviousbackindexoverbreakanythingandbesuccessful.Whenshetalksaboutcurrentevents,shelikestomentiontheachievementsofmenandwomenofallracesandnations.Sheoftenasksherstudentstodoresearchonorganizationsinwhichpeopleworktogethertomaketheworldabetterplace.Mycousinisagoodteacher.Ifyoueverhadachancetojoinanyofhergroupmeetings,youwouldnoticerightawayhowsheenjoysleadingothersPartI:Prewritingnextpreviousbackindexoverbreakwhileencouragingthemtoparticipateinwhatisgoingon.Whentherearedecisionstobemade,shelistenstoeveryone’sopinionsandrespectseveryone’ssuggestions.Peoplewhoknowthataspectofherlikeherverymuch.Peopleliketobewithher,andshehasmanyfriends.TheonlythingbadIcansayaboutheristhatIdon’tseeheroftenenough.Inconclusion,mycousinpatriciaisveryniceinPartI:Prewritingnextpreviousbackindexoverbreakmanyways,isaverygoodteacher,andisthebestcompanyapersoncouldhave.Iwishshedidn’tlivesofaraway,butsomedaymaybeshewillcometolivenearmyfamily.Thatwillbeawonderfulday.PartI:PrewritingnextpreviousbackindexoverbreakPartII:BasicWritingSkillLet’sstudytheskillsnextpreviousbackindexover遣詞（ChoiceofWords）原則包括：得體性（appropriateness）、準確性（exactness）、簡潔性（conciseness）。breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover寫作中如何遵循遣詞的得體性？其中最根本的原則是使用普通詞，避免使用生僻的詞、俚語、行話等非標準詞匯。比較下面兩組句子：Couldyoupleasealternateyoureatinghabits?Couldyoupleasechangeyoureatinghabits?Hedidn’toughttohavespentthemoney.Heshouldn’thavespentthemoney.InappropriateRevisedRevisedInappropriatebreakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover

與漢語言文字一樣，英語的詞也有本義和引申義、廣義和狹義、褒義和貶義之分。用詞的準確性要求在寫作時，根據(jù)不同的語言環(huán)境，選擇不同的詞語，從而準確地傳達作者的意圖。如何準確用詞？可從以下幾方面考慮：

準確區(qū)別同義詞（ToDistinguishSynonyms）準確掌握同音異義詞和同形異義詞（ToDistinguishHomonyms）準確掌握詞組的固定搭配及成語（ToUseFixedIdiomsorSet Phrases）breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover比較下面兩組句子：Heisrenownedgangster.Heisanotoriousgangster.WearegoingtocommenceourlongvacationonthefollowingMonday.WearegoingtostartourlongvacationonthefollowingMonday.Improper?！皉enowned”是褒義詞，不可用來修飾”gangster”。Right.“start”是一個極為普通的詞匯。Improper。“commence”是非常正規(guī)用語。Right.“notorious”是貶義詞，可修飾”gangster”。breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover英語語言中包括大量的同音異義詞和同形異義詞。注意區(qū)分以下易混淆詞：adapt,adept,adoptalley,allyarraign,arrangebean,beenblock,blocborne,borncannon,canoncarton,cartooncostume,customflea,fleemarital,martialprescribe,proscribeprinciple,principalreceipt,recipesteal,steelstatue,statutewaive,wavebreakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover和漢語一樣，英語中有一部分詞已形成固定搭配，這種搭配是不可以任意更正的。例如：atsixesandsevens亂七八糟intwosandthrees三三兩兩astone’sthrow一箭之遙setthecatamongthepigeons制造緊張空氣breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover1.刪去啰唆的贅語；1）刪去不必要的詞或詞組；Wordy:Mariaisattractiveinappearance,soeverybodylikesher.Concise:Mariaisattractive,soeverybodylikesher.2）把從句變成短語，如果可能，把短語變成詞組或詞；Wordy: SmithCollege,whichwasfoundedin1871,isthepremierall-women'scollegeintheUnitedStates.Concise:Foundedin1871,SmithCollegeisthepremierall-women'scollegeintheUnitedStates.如何做到用詞的簡潔性？breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover2.如果一個詞足以能明確表達一個概念時，避免使用由兩個或兩個以上的詞所組成的詞組；Wordy: Atthispointintime,moreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceofprotectingenvironment.Concise:Nowmoreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceofprotectingenvironment.3.避免笨拙的重復(fù)；Awkward:TheimportantsubjectonwhichIwasgoingtospeakiscareeropportunities,asubjectofgreatimportancetocollegestudents.Revised:I’mgoingtospeakoncareeropportunities,asubjectofgreatimportancetocollegestudents.breakPartII:BasicWritingSkillnextpreviousbackindexover4.多用動詞，少用由動詞轉(zhuǎn)換而來的名詞短語；Wordy:NowI’dliketomakeananalysisofourcurrentsituation.Concise:NowI’dliketoanalyzeourcurrentsituation.breakPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexover

除了上述遣詞原則外，寫作中，作者會使用其它輔助方法，清楚無誤地表達其寫作目的。其必須使用的輔助方法有

大寫規(guī)則（Capitalization）標點符號規(guī)則（Punctuation）

breakPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexoverThefirstwordsifasentence.ThepronounI

Intitles,thefirst,lastandallimportantwords,butnotarticles,prepositionsandcoordinationconjunctions.Namesofspecificpersons,placesandgeographicallocations.Namesoffamilyrelationswhenusedassubstitutesfornames.Namesofthedaysoftheweek,monthsandholidays,butnotonthenamesofseason.Historicalevents.breakPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexover8.Namesofnations,nationalities,languagesandwordsbasedonsuchwords.9.Brandnamesandthenamesofacourseusedasatitle.10.Titleswhentheyprecedenames.11.Abbreviationandacronyms.12.Namesofdeities.13.Namesofspecificstructuressuchasbuildingandbridges.14.Namesofspecificorganizations.breakPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexoverPeriodisusedattheendofasentence.Exclamationisusedtoshowstrongfeeling.Questionmarkisusedattheendofaquestionsentence.QuotationMarkisusedinadirectspeech.Semicolonisusedbetweenindependentclausesthatarenotconnectedbyacoordinatingconjunctioninacompoundsentence.Hyphenisusedtoformacompoundwordorindicatethatawordiscontinuedfromonelinetothenext.Apostropheisusedtoshowthepossessivecase.

breakPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexoverisusedtoseparateitems.isusedtoseparatethepartsofanaddressinasentence.isusedtoseparatethedayofthemonthfromtheyearandaftertheyear.isusedbeforeacoordinationconjunctioninacompoundsentence.Commaisusedafterasentenceconnectorinacompoundsentence.isusedbeforeandafteranon-restrictiveclause.isusedafteradependentadverbialclausefollowedbyanindependentclauseinacomplexsentence.isusedaftermosttransitionalwordsatthebeginningofasentence.isusedbeforeandafternon-restrictiveappositives.breakPartIV:CaseAnalysisnextpreviousbackindexover仔細閱讀下面某學(xué)生的作文，指出詞性用錯的詞。

對比修改的文稿與分析。RevisedWheretoseeaMovie?Withtheimprovementoflivingconditions,manypeopleliketoseemoviesatacinema,whileothersstillliketoenjoythemathome.Thetwowaysoflifehavetheiradvantagesaswellasdisadvantages.Thebiggestadvantageofwatchingmoviesathomeisobvious:itischeapandeconomical.Weonlyneedtospendhalf,orevenless,ofthemoneytoentertainourselves.Anotheradvantageisthatthereisnotimelimit.Itmeansonecouldseewhathelikesatanytimehefeelsfit.Butwhenyoucompareitwithseeingmoviesatacinema,theSampleofStudent'sEssayWheretoseeaMovie?Withtheimprovementoflivingconditions,manypeopleliketoseemoviesatacinema,whileothersstillliketoenjoythemathome.Thetwowaysoflifehavetheiradvantagesaswellasdisadvantages.Thebiggestadvantagetowatchmoviesathomeisobvious:itischeapandeconomy.Weonlyneedtospendhalf,orevenless,ofthemoneytoentertainourselves.Anotheradvantageisthatthereisnotimelimit.Itmeansonecouldseewhathelikesatanytimehefeelsfit.Butwhenyou

compareitwithseeingmoviesataIt’sasetphrase.Shoulduseanadjectiveinsteadofanoun.breakPartIV:CaseAnalysisnextpreviousbackindexovercinema,thedisadvantageisalsoobvious.BecauseyoudonnothaveHi-fisetsandfullscreenathome,youwillnothavethefeelthatyouwerepersonallyonthescene,especiallywhenyouseemovieshavegrandsceneslikeHeroandPearlHarbor.Onthecontrary,gotothemoviesatthecinemaisaneleganttasteofenjoyment.Sittingcomfortablewithperfectcharmsoundsurrounding,youcouldgofromEgypt

mummytothecenteroftheearth,fromthedeafeningbombingandexplodeinPearlHarbortothemagicworldofHarryPotter…Nodoubtitcansatisfyyoursenseofwonderatthemost.Yethereagainthereisadisadvantage,disadvantageisalsoobvious.BecauseyoudonnothaveHi-fisetsandfullscreenathome,youwillnothavethefeelthatyouwerepersonallyonthescene,especiallywhenyouseemovieshavinggrandsceneslikeHeroandPearlHarbor.Onthecontrary,seeingmoviesatthecinemaisaneleganttasteofenjoyment.Sittingcomfortablywithperfectcharmingsoundsurrounding,youcouldgofromEgyptianmummytothecenteroftheearth,fromthedeafeningbombingandexplodeinPearlHarbortothemagicworldofHarryPotter…Nodoubtitcansatisfyyoursenseofwonderattheutmost.Yethereagainthereisadisadvantage,Shouldbeapresentparticiplemodified“movies”.Shouldbeapresentparticiplephraseusedasthesubject.Shoulduseadverbaftertheparticiple“sitting”.Shouldbeanadjectivemodified“mummy”.Shoulduseanadjectivemodified“soundsurrounding”.It’sasetphrase.breakPartIV:CaseAnalysisnextpreviousbackindexover

thatis,youhavetopunctualinenteringthecinema.Ifyouhavesomethingonhand,youhavetogiveitup.PersonallyIpreferabalanceofboth.Itdependsonyourconditionandinterest.thatis,youhavetobe

punctualinenteringthecinema.Ifyouhavesomethingonhand,youhavetogiveitup.PersonallyIpreferabalanceofboth.Itdependsonyourconditionandinterest.“Punctual”isanadjective,itshouldhavealinkingverbbeforeit.breakPartV:WritingProcessnextpreviousbackindexover本節(jié)要求完成你在第一節(jié)中所開始的全部寫作過程。寫一篇短文，題為“我崇拜的人”，下面是供你參考的寫作步驟:Step1:PrewritingtogetideasStep2:OutlinetheideasStep3:WritearoughdraftStep4:ReviseyourroughStep5:EdityouressayStep6:Writeyourfinalcopyandhandinforyourinstructor’sfinalevaluationbreaknextpreviousbackindexoverPartV:WritingProcessBeginyourparagraphwithasentencethatnamethepersonyouadmire.e.g.Lucyisanicefriendadmiredbyalmosteveryoneinourclass.Davidisagreatmagicianthatpeopleallovertheworldadmire.Basedonyournotestowritearoughdraft.Usespecificfacts,examplestoshowreasonwhyyouadmirehim/her.Endyourparagraphwithasentencethattellswhyyouadmirehim/her.e.g.Inshort,Lucyiseasygoing,funnyandalwaysreadytohelpothers,sowealladmireher. Forthesewonderfulmagicperformances,allpeopleadmireDavid.breakChapterTwo

MakingofSentencesnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverContentPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVPartVnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverPartI:PrewritingI.Prewritingskill:freewriting前一章講述了一種寫作前集思廣益技巧:詢問問題。本節(jié)講述第二種技巧：發(fā)散思維（freewriting）。它是寫作前收集寫作素材的另一種行之有效的方法。美國麻薩諸塞州立大學(xué)英語教授PeterElbow將這種發(fā)散思維定義如下：

Let’sgetideasfirstnextpreviousbackindexbreakover

Freewritingis"towriteandnotstopforanything.Goquicklywithoutrushing.Neverstoptolookback,tocrosssomethingout,towonderhowtospellsomething,towonderwhatwordorthoughttouse,orthinkaboutwhatyouaredoing."It’sausefulwaytogetideasbeforeyoubegintowrite.

PartI:Prewritingnextpreviousbackbreakover1)在紙的上方寫下文章的題材。2)盡可能多地寫出你頭腦中所能想到的一切與此題材相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。在此階段，你不必考慮拼寫、語法、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞、造句或是否切題。3)當(dāng)你大腦窮盡素材時停筆。4)對你剛完成的發(fā)散思維（freewriting）的結(jié)果重新組織。5)找出主題，同樣，你可以再次使用發(fā)散思維（freewriting）方法搜尋與此主題相關(guān)的一切寫作素材。一般地說，freewriting這一發(fā)散思維方法包括以下幾個步驟:Thefollowingisanexampleoffreewritingusedtodescribeanevent.indexPartI:PrewritingAMemorableEventinMyLifeI’msupposedtofreewritefortenminutesaboutamemorableeventinmylife.Idon’tknowwhattowriteabout.Maybeaboutmybrother’sboataccident.Weweresoscared.Wethoughhewasgoingtodrown.Hewastrappedunderanoverturnedboatanddidn’thaveanyairtobreathe.Butitendedallright.Hewasrescuedandonlyhadabrokenarm.WhatelsecanIwriteabout?Oh!Iknow.AdayIwillalwaysrememberwasthedayInextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartI:PrewritingleftmycountrytocometotheUnitedStates.Thatwasasad/happyday.Ifeltsadandhappyatthesametime.MaybeIshouldwriteaboutsomethinghappy.Ourfamilyvacationlastsummerwasfun.Wedrovetothecoastandcampedforaweekinthebeach.Thentherewasthedaytheearthquakehappened.Nowthatwasdefinitelyamemorableevent.Iwillneverforgetit.Iwasathomewithmyoldersisterandbrother….

nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartI:PrewritingnextpreviousbackbreakoverII.PracticeAboutanevent.Youarerequiredtofreewriteaboutyourmemorableeventorexperiencewithintenminutes.Itcanbeanexcitedgathering,amiserableevent,andembarrassingmoment,aninterestingvacationetc.Keepyourfreewriting,andyou’lluseitlatertowriteanessay.indexPartII:BasicWritingSkillsnextpreviousbackbreakoverindexLet’sStudytheskills為了達到預(yù)期的寫作效果，除了前一章所講述的遣詞原則外，你還應(yīng)該掌握造句原則，這是寫出好文章的又一個秘訣。如你所知，文章的最終目的是清楚而又有效地表達出作者的觀點、態(tài)度、想法等，從而引起讀者的共鳴，達到預(yù)期的交際目的。本節(jié)著重討論兩方面：1)造句原則：多樣性、統(tǒng)一性和連貫性；

2)英語的基本句型。

nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills什么樣的句子算得上好句？一般說來，好句應(yīng)該具備多樣性、統(tǒng)一性、連貫性、詞語的洗練性、中心表意的明確性等特點。本節(jié)著重討論造句最重要的三個原則：多樣性（句子多樣性是指輪流使用不同結(jié)構(gòu)、不同類型和不同長度的句子，從而避免寫出呆板、單調(diào)、沉悶的句子）統(tǒng)一性（句子的統(tǒng)一性，是指一個句子，無論長短，無論是簡單句，還是復(fù)雜句，都應(yīng)該具有一個單一的、完整的思。下列三種情形違反了句子的統(tǒng)一性原則

）連貫性（句子的連貫性要求句子意思完整、主次分明、前后連貫。從語義上看，句子各部分應(yīng)該是緊密聯(lián)系在一起，表達一個完整的意思；從語法角度來看，正確的句子應(yīng)該是結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、關(guān)系一致、語序正確；從修辭角度來看，好的句子應(yīng)該是中心突出、邏輯性強、準確簡練

）nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills如何使句子富有多樣性？1)使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。試看第一個例句，你可以通過下面五種方式表達同一概念，從而使句子多樣化。例：Deergrazedpeacefullyinthevalleyandwereunawareoftheadvancinghunter.a.在句首使用分詞短語；Grazingpeacefully,thedeerinthevalleywereunawareoftheadvancinghunter.b.在句首使用介詞短語；Inthevalleythedeergrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheadvancinghunter.c.在句首使用存在句型；Thereweredeergrazingpeacefullyinthevalley,unawareoftheadvancinghunter.d.在句首使用并列連詞；Andthedeer,grazingpeacefullyinthevalley,wereunawareoftheadvancinghunter.e.在句首使用從句；Astheygrazedpeacefullyinthevalley,thedeerwereunawareoftheadvancinghunter.2)使用不同長度的句子。

nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills下列三種情形違反了句子的統(tǒng)一性原則。

1)如果一個句子包括了多個彼此并非緊密相關(guān)的意念，例如：●BroughtupbyhisuncleinthesouthofAmerica,hewasconsideredapromisingyouthandhelikedmusicverymuch.●Broughtupbyhisuncle,whowasfierceinnature,theboywasaggressive.2)如果一個句子表達的思想不完整，例如：●Heplaysmoreskillfully.●Heplaysmoreskillfullythanmostboysofhisage.3)如果每一個單獨的句子表達的思想完整，但當(dāng)把它們組織在一塊時，卻只能分別表達各自的思想，而無一個整體的思想，例如：●Theearliereditionsofthisoutlineweremuchcriticized.Thecomplaintwasfrequentlyrepeatedthatthedevelopmentoftheartswasdisregarded.Thecomplaintreferredparticularlytothedevelopmentofmusic.●Inthecriticismoftheearliereditionsofthisoutline,thecomplaintwasfrequentlyrepeatedthatthedevelopmentoftheartsandparticularlyofmusicwasdisregarded.FaultyFaultyFaultyImprovedImprovedImprovedPartII:BasicWritingSkillsnextpreviousbackbreakoverindex怎樣保持句子的連貫性？1)正確使用過渡詞（transitionalwords），使句與句之間自然而邏輯地過渡。過渡詞將一個句子與隨后的句子自然、邏輯地連接在一起。這樣的詞很多，例如，first/second,moreover,however,inbrief，在句中與段落中起承上啟下的作用。(關(guān)于過渡詞，詳細內(nèi)容參閱第三章)2)保持主謂一致，同時保持時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、人稱、性、數(shù)的一致。違反句子的連貫性就會產(chǎn)生多種錯誤。比較下列各組中的句自，分析并總結(jié)錯誤的原因，然后將你分析的結(jié)果與隨后的表格內(nèi)容相比較。3）正確使用并列結(jié)構(gòu)。nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills從組成結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，英語句子可分為四類：簡單句，復(fù)合句，復(fù)雜句和帶復(fù)雜句的復(fù)合句。

1.SimpleSentence（簡單句）:只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）的句子叫簡單句。簡單句是最基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。簡單句，實際上是一個可以獨立使用而又表達完整意義的句子，例如：Therainfellforaweek.Everystreetinthecitywasflooded.nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills2.CompoundSentence（復(fù)合句）復(fù)合句由兩個或兩個以上的可以獨立使用而又表達完整意義的從句（independentclauses），卽簡單句組成。簡單句間通常有下列三種連接方式。（注意簡單句間的標點符號的正確使用）A.簡單句間使用并列連詞and,for,nor,but,or,yet,so等進行連接。e.g.Therainfellforaweek,andeverystreetinthecitywasflooded.Wedidnotlikeher,soshehadtoleave.Wedidnotlikeher,butshestillstayedtherewithus.B.簡單句間使用分號和過渡詞如therefore,moreover,otherwise,furthermore,however等進行連接。e.g.Therainfellforaweek;therefore,everystreetinthecitywasflooded.Therainshouldstop;otherwise,allthestreetsinthecityweregoingtobeflooded.C.簡單句間使用分號等進行連接e.g.Therainfellforaweek;everystreetinthecitywasflooded.IlikewatchingTV;mysisterlikesplayingthepiano.nextpreviousbackbreakoverindexPartII:BasicWritingSkills3.ComplexSentence（復(fù)雜句）:復(fù)雜句由一個主句（簡單句）和一個或多個非獨立的從句（dependentclauses）組成。非獨立的從句可以位于簡單句前，也可以在其后。其中用與引導(dǎo)非獨立的從句的詞稱為從屬連詞（subordinatingconjunction），例如：which,who,before,because等。e.g.Becausetherainfellforaweek,everystreetinthecitywasflooded.Everystreetinthecitywasfloodedbecausetherainfellforaweek.Wehavetomakeanother50milesbeforeitisgettingdark.4.Compound-complexsentence（帶復(fù)雜句的復(fù)合句）帶復(fù)雜句的復(fù)合句由一個或多個簡單句、多個非獨立的從句和一個或多個復(fù)雜句組成。下例是由一個簡單句、一個復(fù)合句和一個位于句首非獨立的從句所組成的帶復(fù)雜句的復(fù)合句。（畫線成分屬于非獨立的從句）e.g.Becausetherainfellforaweek,everystreetinthecitywasflooded,andpeopleabandonedtheirhomesasthefloodoverfloweditsbanks.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakover本節(jié)主要討論句子寫作中出現(xiàn)的常見病句。通過對常見病句的分析，有助于你識別、改正這些病句，從而提高寫作水平，使你的文章具有更高的可讀性。

1.ChoppySentences2.SentenceFragment3.Run-onSentence4.DanglingModifier5.FaultyComparisonPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverChoppysentences指一系列簡短的簡單句所構(gòu)成的句子群。試比較下面兩個短文：短文一：Thomasismysister’shusband.Heishandsome.Heservedinthearmy.Everyweekmysisterboughtcigarettesforhim.Mysisterlockedtheminadrawerinhercloset.Mysisterdidnotpermithimtotakecigaretteshimself.Hehadnoaccesstothem.短文二：Thomas,mybrother-in-law,servedinthearmy,andeveryweekmysisterboughtcigarettesforhimwhichshelockedinadrawerinhercloset.Withoutmysister’spermission,hehadnoaccesstothem.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverSentencefragment指的是一個不完整的句子，它只不過是構(gòu)成句子的一部分，不能單獨表達一個完整的意思。有些時候，它甚至有自己的主語和謂語動詞，通常以一些引導(dǎo)狀語從句的詞，例如when,after,before,because等開頭，此時，它成了狀語從句，不能單獨成為一個完整的句子來表達一個完整的意思。它必須與一個主句連接才能表達一個完整的概念。在口語中,交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.但在書面語中就不同了,片語，卽不完整的句子，無法清楚地表達意思，從而加深讀者理解的難度，同時造成誤解。試看下面兩個片語：Histearsdroppingdown.Thoughhefeltpuzzledwhenhesawhismothershoutedtohim.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakover如何糾正寫片語的毛病?

片語通常是由于對動詞短語，介詞短語，同位語短語，主從復(fù)合句等，錯誤使用標點符號所引起的?？梢酝ㄟ^如下4種辦法來修改：1.Byusingaverbalphrase:ProfessorJonathonagreedtoseeus.Totalkaboutourproposal.ProfessorJonathonagreedtoseeustotalkaboutourproposal.2.Byusingaprepositionalphrase:Theremustalwaysbesecretes.Evenbetweenyouandme.Theremustalwaysbesecretes,evenbetweenyouandme.3.Byusingasubordinatingclause:KarintookEnglishcompositionandprogramdesign.Becausethesetwoobjectsarerequires.

KarintookEnglishcompositionandprogramdesignbecausethesetwoobjectsarerequires.4.Byusinganappositivephrase:Thatisourdean.Amanfullofhumorandknowledge.

Thatisourdean,amanfullofhumorandknowledge.FragmentFragmentFragmentFragmentRevisedRevisedRevisedRevisedPartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverRun-onsentence（不間斷句子）指以下兩種情形：

1.第一種情形是指用一個逗號來連接兩個或兩個以上的主句，這是許多學(xué)生常犯的毛病。例如：Thewindblewallnight,theleavesonthetreearegone.如何改正不間斷句子?1)在主句間使用并列連詞；2)將其間的逗號換成分號；3)將其間的逗號換成句號，變成幾個獨立的句子。但得注意避免變成choppysentences。4)根據(jù)意思，將其中一個主句變成從句，這是較有效的方法。試看下面的例子:Run-onSentence:Thewindblewallnight,theleavesonthetreearegone.RevisedA:Thewindblewallnight,andtheleavesonthetreearegone.RevisedB:Thewindblewallnight;theleavesonthetreearegone.RevisedC:Thewindblewallnight.Theleavesonthetreearegone.RevisedD:Thewindblewallnight;asaresult,theleaveonthetreearegone.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakover2.第二種情形是指將兩個或兩個以上的主句簡單地放在一起，其間不使用任何標點符號。例如：Robisongazeduponthebroadoceanhisheartwasfilledwithfear.你可以使用上述方法來修改這類病句。Run-onSentence:Robisongazeduponthebroadoceanhisheartwasfilledwithfear.RevisedA:Robisongazeduponthebroadocean,andhisheartwasfilledwithfear.RevisedB:Robisongazeduponthebroadocean;hisheartwasfilledwithfear.RevisedC:Robisongazeduponthebroadocean.Hisheartwasfilledwithfear.RevisedD:WhenRobisongazeduponthebroadocean,hisheartwasfilledwithfear.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakoverDanglingmodifier

（懸垂修飾語）是指當(dāng)非謂語動詞短語、介詞詞組、省略分句作狀語修飾主句時，其邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。垂懸修飾語是又一種常見的語病，它的出現(xiàn)使句子意義表達不清，使邏輯關(guān)系混亂，同時還會產(chǎn)生歧義。例如：

Readingherson’sletter,hertearsdroppeddown.上面句中，“readingherson’sletter”這一現(xiàn)在分詞短語被用來修飾“hertears”，也就是說，“readingherson’sletter”的邏輯主語是“hertears”，而不是人，這時，“readingherson’sletter”就成了一個懸垂修飾語。如何修改懸垂修飾語?

1.重寫句子，使修飾語正確地修飾應(yīng)該修飾的部分；2.把懸垂修飾語變成一個從句；

PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpreviousbackindexbreakover懸垂修飾語包括分詞懸垂修飾語，動名詞懸垂修飾語，不定式懸垂修飾語，介詞懸垂修飾語以及省略句懸垂修飾語。1)Danglingparticiples（分詞懸垂修飾語）:Danglingmodifier:Readingherson’sletter,hertearsdroppeddown.RevisedA:Readingherson’sletter,shewassoexcitedthathertearsdroppeddown.RevisedB:Whenshereadherson’sletter,hertearsdroppeddown.2)Danglinggerunds（動名詞懸垂修飾語）:Danglingmodifier:Beforemakingtheexcursion,ournecessitieswerereplenished.RevisedA:Beforemakingtheexcursion,wereplenishedournecessities.RevisedB:Beforewemadetheexcursion,wereplenishedournecessities.PartIII:GrammarandMechanicsnextpre