商務(wù)英語復(fù)習(xí)資料

UnitOneI.I.英譯漢：tradingblocimportshareproductionanddistributionsharingglobalreorientationconductinternationalbusinessinsurancecompanyprovideforefficienttransportationforgeanetworkofgloballinkagesinternationalinvestmentuseandacceptanceofthecommon貿(mào)易集團(tuán)進(jìn)口額度合作生產(chǎn)和分配共享全球性的重新定位從事國際商務(wù)保險公司提供便利交通形成全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)(聯(lián)網(wǎng))國際投資coinage采用和接納同一貨幣制度II.漢譯英II.漢譯英.貿(mào)易慣例.石油危機(jī).市場份額.完成交易.以市場為基礎(chǔ)的商業(yè)交易.跨國公司.國際貿(mào)易量.主要經(jīng)濟(jì)大國.提高生活水平.股票市場.年銷售額.國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值世界貿(mào)易格局大件貨物或易腐爛商品自然資源的主要消費者businesspracticeoilshockmarketsharecarryouttransactionmarketbasedbusinesstransactionmultinationalcorporationvolumeofinternationaltrademajoreconomicpowersimprovethestandardsoflivingstockmarketannualsalesgrossdomesticproductUnitTwoI.英譯漢.patternsofworldtrade.bulkyorperishablegoods.aheavyconsumerofnaturalresources.anelitegroupofmerchantsandentrepreneurs商業(yè)和企業(yè)家的精英群體.outlawstripminingofcoal 立法禁止采礦.resistforeigninvestmentinone'sindustry 抵制外國在某國工業(yè)方面的投資.undertakestepstolimitoilconsumption采取措施限制石油消費8.imposetariffsandquotasonimporteditems采取對進(jìn)口商品征收關(guān)稅和實行配額9.InternationalBauxiteAssociation(IBA) 國際鋁礦協(xié)會10.OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)石油輸出國組織II.漢譯英.初級產(chǎn)品 primarycommodities.價格下跌 pricedrop

.勞動成本..勞動成本.生產(chǎn)國和消費國.糧食主要出口商.國際收支.第二方.批量生產(chǎn).比較成本理論.金屬含量.期貨交割.商品期貨交易.采取保護(hù)主義措施.消費國.運輸費用.減緩對石油的依賴.炸糖加工設(shè)備.外匯m.短文翻譯producingandconsumingnationsdominantexportersofgrainsbalanceofpaymentsathirdpartymass-producetheoryofcomparativeadvantagemetalcontentfuturesdeliverycommodityfuturestradingtakeprotectionistmeasuresconsumingcountriestransportationexpenseslessenone,sdependenceonoilsugarprocessingfacilitiesforeignexchangeThetheoryofinternationaltradehaschangeddrasticallyfromthatfirstputforwardbyAdamSmith.TheclassicaltheoriesofAdamSmithandDavidRicardofocusedontheabilitiesofcountriestoproducegoodsmorecheaplythanothercountries.Theearliestproductionandtradetheoriessawlaborasthemajorfactorexpensethatwentintoanyproduct.Ifacountrycouldpaythatlaborless,andifthatlaborcouldproducemorephysicallythanlaborinothercountries,thecountrymightobtainanabsoluteorcomparativeadvantageintrade.國際貿(mào)易理論自從亞當(dāng)史密斯第一次提出后就發(fā)生了很大的變化。亞當(dāng)和大衛(wèi)的傳統(tǒng)理論強(qiáng)調(diào)了國家所具有的比其他國家便宜生產(chǎn)商品的能力，最早的生產(chǎn)貿(mào)易理論把勞動力視為獲得產(chǎn)品的主要支出因素。如果某個國家可以支付較少的勞動力費用。同時在體力勞動中比其他國家生產(chǎn)的多的話，這個國家就可能在貿(mào)易當(dāng)中獲得絕對和相對的優(yōu)勢。Subsequenttheoreticaldevelopmentledtoamoredetailedunderstandingofproductionanditscosts.Factorsofproductionarenowbelievedtoincludelabor(skilledandunskilled),capital,naturalresources,andotherpotentiallysignificantcommoditiesthataredifficulttoreproduceorreplace,suchasenergy.Technology,onceassumedtobethesameacrossallcountries,isnowseenasoneofthepremierdrivingforcesindeterminingwhoholdsthecompetitiveedgeoradvantage.Internationaltradeisnowseenasacomplexcombinationofthousandsofproducts,technologies,andfirmsthatareconstantlyinnovatingtokeepupwithorgetaheadofthecompetition.Moderntradetheoryhaslookedbeyondproductioncosttoanalyzehowthedemandsofthemarketplacealterwhotradeswithwhomandwhichfirmssurvivedomesticallyandinternationally.Theabilitiesoffirmstoadapttoforeignmarkets,bothinthedemandsandthecompetitorsthatformtheforeignmarkets,haverequiredmuchofinternationaltradeandinvestmenttheorytosearchoutnewandinnovativeapproachestowhatdeterminessuccessandfailure.

Finally,asworldeconomiesgrewandthemagnitudeofworldtradeincreased,thesimplisticidealsthatguidedinternationaltradeandinvestmenttheoryhavehadtogrowwiththem.Thechoicesthatmanyfirmsfacetodayrequirethemtodirectlymovetheircapital,technology,andknow-howtocountriesthatpossessotheruniquefactorsormarketadvantagesthatwillhelpthefirmkeeppacewithmarketdemands.UnitThreeI.英譯漢.corporationbond.closecolumn.crossdeal.enterintoacontract.foreignexchangecommunity.twosetsofquotations.postsavingscertificatenawrittenlegalform.anunwrittencodeofconduct.handlesth.inaninformalmanner.thebanknominatedbythepurchaser.applytheindirectquotationsystem.makepaymentupondelivery14.InternationalMonetaryMarket(IMM)II.漢譯英公司債券收盤匯率欄套匯交易公司債券收盤匯率欄套匯交易簽訂合同外匯界兩組標(biāo)價郵政儲蓄憑證用書面的法律形式為成文行為準(zhǔn)則用非正規(guī)方式處理某事買方指定的銀行采用間接標(biāo)價法交貨付款國際貨幣市場.短期國庫券.外匯交易日.外匯匯率4貨幣主管當(dāng)局.簽定合同.套匯匯率.政府債券.起息日.電匯匯率.立即交貨.直接標(biāo)價法.期貨市場.波動匯率.外國證券m.短文翻譯foreignexchangedealersforeignexchangeratemonetaryauthoritiesmakeacontractcrossrategovernmentalbondvaluedatetelegraphictransferrateimmediatedeliverydirectquotationsystemfuturesmarketfluctuateexchangerateforeignsecurityTheexchangeofcurrencyisnecessaryforinternationaltradeandcommerce.Thepurposeofexchangeratesystemsistoprovideafreeandliquidmarketfortheworld's

currencieswhileprovidingsomedegreeofstabilityandpredictabilitytocurrencyvalues.Themodernhistoryoftheinternationalmonetarysystemhasseenperiodsofsuccessandfailureintheaccomplishmentsofthispurpose.Thegoldstandard,whichwasinwideuseduringtheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcentury,wasahighlyrestrictivesystem.Theabilitytoconvertcurrencytogoldimposedrestrictionsontheabilityofcountriestoruninflationarymonetarypoliciesorconductimbalancedtradeforsubstantialperiodsoftime.Butthegoldstandardwasalsoinflexible,andmanyhavearguedthatitslowedeconomicgrowthundulybylimitingtheamountofmoneythatcouldbeputintogrowingeconomies.TheBrettonWoodsAgreementsignedin1944,inanticipationofthereconstructionoftheworldeconomyafterWorldWar,wasaninternationalmonetarysysteminwhichtheU.S.dollarswasthecenterpieceandliterally"googasgold".Althoughitworkedwellfor25years,itsawitsnaturaldeclineastheworldeconomychangedandworldcurrencymarketsneededtochangewithit.Theresult,thefloatingexchangeratesysteminusetoday,reflectsthedominanceofmarketeconomies,marketforces,andthegrowthininternationalcommerce.Twoofthemostinfluentialmultilateralinstitutionsinoperationtoday,theInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBank,arosefromtheBrettonWoodsAgreement.國際貿(mào)易需要貨幣兌換。匯率體制目的是在為世界的各種貨幣提供自由流動的市場。同時在某種程度上使貨幣值具有穩(wěn)定性和可預(yù)測性。從國際貨幣體制的近代史中可以看到實現(xiàn)此目的所經(jīng)歷了很多的成功和失敗。在20世紀(jì)早期，廣泛的使用黃金的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一種具有很多限制的體系，能否把貨幣轉(zhuǎn)換為黃金，它制約了國家長期實行限制通貨膨脹的貨幣政策和處理失衡的貿(mào)易能力，但黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也缺乏靈活性。許多人認(rèn)為它減慢了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展投資的金額，以致于極大地延緩了經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長。布雷頓森林協(xié)議是在1944年簽署的。它的目的是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后重建經(jīng)濟(jì)，此協(xié)議是一種國際貨幣體系，在這個體系當(dāng)中，它重點強(qiáng)調(diào)了美元和黃金一樣堅挺的作用.雖然布雷頓森林個協(xié)議在過去的25年中發(fā)揮了很好的作用。但它的作用在下滑，因為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生變化，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)市場也要隨之改變。結(jié)果浮動匯率的體系今天已被采用，它反映了市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場力和國際貿(mào)易增長的主導(dǎo)地位。當(dāng)今具有影響力的兩個國際多邊機(jī)構(gòu)，國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行，它們都是從布雷頓森林協(xié)議中提出的。UnitFour加速折舊科研津貼外國有價證券投資戰(zhàn)略性目標(biāo)不同地區(qū)的銷售部加速折舊科研津貼外國有價證券投資戰(zhàn)略性目標(biāo)不同地區(qū)的銷售部分擔(dān)資本支出和專有技術(shù)與經(jīng)銷商續(xù)簽合同因賣出產(chǎn)品而獲得傭金打入外國市場accelerateddepreciationResearchsubsidyForeignportfolioonloansStrategicobjectiveVariousregionalsalesofficessharecapitaloutlayand"know-how"RenewthecontractwiththedistributorsReceiveacommissiononproductssoldForeignmarketentry

Achievethehighestpossibleefficiency 達(dá)到可能的最高的生產(chǎn)效益Obtainthemaximumreturnoninvestment 最大限度或得投資收益Beauthorizedtomanufacturetheproductunderlicense授權(quán)憑許可證生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品Makeanacquisitionofanexistingmanufacturingplant收購現(xiàn)存的力口工廠Acquirepartoralloftheequityofanexistingforeigncompany購買外國現(xiàn)有公司的全部或部分的股份InternationalTelephoneandTelegraph國際電話電報公司.漢譯英.經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化.勞動權(quán)利法.經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化.勞動權(quán)利法.資本流通性.投資鼓勵措施.采取戰(zhàn)略性方針.投資預(yù)期收益.投標(biāo)一億九千萬美元.得到專利使用費.授予國外經(jīng)銷權(quán).現(xiàn)金流量預(yù)測.培訓(xùn)津貼.收益率.許可證貿(mào)易的缺點.集中各種資源.不同合作者m.短文翻譯drawbackoflicensingpoolallone,sresourcesrespectivepartnerAjointventurecanbedefinedastheparticipationoftwoormorecompaniesinanenterpriseinwhicheachpartycontributesassets,ownstheentitytosomedegreeandsharesrisk.(Theventureisalsoconsideredlongterm.)Thereasonforestablishingajointventurecanbedividedintothreegroups:(1)governmentsuasionorlegislation,(2)onepartner'sneedsofotherpartners'skills,and(3)onepartner'sneedsforotherpartners'attributesorassets.Equalityofthepartnershasthemajorityofventures;eachpartner,scontributions--typicallyconsistingoffunds,technology,plant,orlabor--alsovary.Thekeytoajointventureisthesharingofacommonbusinessobjective,whichmakesthearrangementmorethanacustomer-vendorrelationshipbutlessthananoutrightacquisition.Thepartnersrationalesforenteringintothearrangementmayvary.AnexampleisnewUnitedMotorManufacturingInc.(NUMMI),thejointventurebetweenToyotaandGM.ToyotaneededdirectaccesstotheU.S.market.WhileGMbenefitedfromthetechnologyandmanagementapproachesprovidedbyitsJapanesepartner.Jointventuresmaybetheonlywayinwhichafirmcanprofitablyparticipateinaparticularmarket.Forexample,Indiarestrictsequityparticipationinlocaloperationsbyforeignersto40percent.Otherentrymodesmaylimitthescaleofoperation

substantially;forexample,exportsmayberestrictedbecauseoftariffbarriers.ManyWesternfirmsareusingjointventurestogainaccesstoeasternandcentralEuropeanmarkets.Jointventuresarevaluablewhenthepoolingofresourcesresultsinabetteroutcomeforeachpartnerthatifeachweretoconductitsactivitiesindividually.Thisisparticularlythecasewheneachpartnerhasaspecializedadvantageinareasthatbenefittheventure.Forexample,afirmmayhavenewtechnologyyetlacksufficientcapitaltocarryoutforeigndirectinvestmentonitsown.Throughajointventurethetechnologycanbeusedmorequicklyandmarketpenetrationachievedmoreeasily.Similarly,oneofthepartnersmayhaveadistributionsystemalreadyestablishedorhavebetteraccesstolocalsuppliers,eitherofwhichpermitsagreatervolumeofsalesinashorterperiodoftime.合資企業(yè)是由兩個或多個公司組成的企業(yè)。各方都對此企業(yè)提供資金，部分的擁有該企業(yè)的實體并分擔(dān)企業(yè)的風(fēng)險（合資企業(yè)也被視為一種長期的合作項目），建立合資企業(yè)的原因有3種：（1）政府鼓勵或者立法（2）一方需要合伙人的技術(shù)（3）一方需要合伙人的地位或資產(chǎn)。合伙人在合作之前無需地位平等，在某些合資企業(yè)中，每位合伙人持有相同的股份，合伙人所做的貢獻(xiàn)也不同，主要體現(xiàn)在所提供的資金、技術(shù)、工廠和勞動力等方面。合資企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵是有一個共同的商業(yè)目標(biāo)，它使得合伙者的關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不同于顧客和小販，但是卻還沒有達(dá)到全部收購的地步。合伙人參與合資的原因可能不同，例如，新聯(lián)合汽車制造公司NUMMI），是由日本豐田和美國通用組建的合資企業(yè)。（Toyota）豐田需要直接的途徑打入美國市場，而通用受益于日本合作伙伴提供的技術(shù)和管理方法。合資企業(yè)可能是公司進(jìn)入特定市場，并從中獲利的唯一途徑。例如，印度把外國人以合股的形式進(jìn)入地方商業(yè)運作的股份限制到40%，其他的運作方式也許會極大地限制其運作規(guī)模。例如，出口可能會受到關(guān)稅的限制，很多西方公司正在利用合資企業(yè)去打開東方和歐洲市場的大門進(jìn)入中歐市場。UnitFive.英譯漢discretionaryincomeoperatingsuppliersrepairitem.英譯漢discretionaryincomeoperatingsuppliersrepairitemhandleprocurementpersonalsellingproductionfacilitiesnewlineofmerchandiselatestbest-sellingnovelsproduct'sfinalspecificationsidentifythebuyer'sneedssettleonafairpriceconsumer'sattitudeandbehavior可自由支配的收入營業(yè)用品維修用品經(jīng)營采購個人推銷生產(chǎn)設(shè)施新系列商品最新暢銷小說產(chǎn)品最終規(guī)格確定買方需要確立公平價格消費者的態(tài)度和行為II.漢譯英1.營銷組合marketingmix2.保養(yǎng)用品maintenancegoods3.購買動機(jī)motivationtopurchase4.輔助設(shè)備accessoryequipment5.銷售手冊salesmanual6.形式效用formutility7.目標(biāo)市場targetmarket8.產(chǎn)品的生命周期product,slifecycle9.符合消費者期望meettheexpectationsofbuyer's10.制定商品的初步設(shè)計workupapreliminarydesignofthemerchandise11.國民生產(chǎn)總值GrossNationalProduct(GNP)12.特色商品specialtygoods13.采購部purchasingdepartment14.自動售貨機(jī)Vendingmachine15.分銷渠道channelofdistribution16.營銷手段marketingapproach17成品finishproduct18.銷售人員管理salesforcemanagement19.品味變化changesintastesm.短文翻譯About$20billionindomesticandexportsalesareestimatedtobelostbyU.S.companiesannuallybecauseofproductcounterfeitingandtrademarkpatentinfringementofconsumerandindustrialproducts.Counterfeitgoodsareanygoodsbearinganunauthorizedrepresentationofatrademark,patentedinvention,orcopyrightedworkthatislegallyprotectedinthecountrywhereitmarketed.Thepracticeofproductcounterfeitinghasspreadtohightechnologyandservicesfromthetraditionallycounterfeitedproducts:high-visibility,strongbrandnameconsumergoods.Inaddition,anewdimensionhasemergedtocomplicatethesituation.Previously,theonlyconcernwaswhetherafirm'sproductwasbeingcounterfeited;now,managementhastoworryaboutwhetherrawmaterialsandcomponentspurchased