英語修辭學(xué)第七章

英語修辭學(xué)第七章第一頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.1Introduction7.2Alliteration（押頭韻）7.3Assonance（押元音韻）7.4Consonance（押輔音韻）7.5Onomatopoeia（擬聲）7.6Aposiopesi（話語中斷法）7.7Apostrophe（呼語）7.8Pun（雙關(guān)）ContentsofThisChapter2第二頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.1Introduction

(1)Alllanguageshavesound.Oratorsinancienttimesknewhowtousethesoundsoftheirlanguageformaximumrhetoricaleffect,andclassicalrhetorichadanumberofsounddevicesbasedonthe“echoing”ortherhymingofsounds.ModernEnglishhasinheritedsomeofthesedevices.Thesedevicesarealsocalledphoneticfiguresofspeech.(2)AgoodknowledgeofsomeEnglishphoneticfiguresofspeechishelpfulnotonlytostudentsofEFLaswriters,butalsoasreadersofEnglisharticles.(3)ThebasicfeaturesofEnglishsounds:Englishsoundsareclassifiedphoneticallyintovowelsandconsonants,andthepronunciationofwordsisdonebycombinationsofvowelsandconsonants.Thevowelsandconsonantsnotonlyhavephoneticqualities,butalsohavesomesensoryqualities,whichsuggestcertainimpressions.3第三頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Forexample:Theshort,lax,spreadvowel/i/issupposedtoconveybright,light,fleet,happyimpression,asin:

Spring,thesweetSpring,istheyear’spleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddothnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing.(T.Nash:“Spring”)2)Thesounds/ɑ:/and/o/areconsideredmorepleasanttotheears,asforexamplein“doll”,“holiday”,“l(fā)ark(嬉戲,玩樂)”,“dance”,“hearty”,etc.3)Mostpeoplefeelthattheconsonants/k/,/g/andtheirclusters/kl/,/kr/,/gl/,/gr/aresuggestiveofunpleasantnessorugliness,asin“kick”,“kill”,“clack(嘮叨，喋喋不休)”,“crack”,“groan”,“glut(暴食：過量地吃或過度耽溺于，沉湎于)”,“haggle(討價(jià)還價(jià)，爭(zhēng)論不休)”,“anger”,etc.4第四頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.2Alliteration（押頭韻）Definition:ThewordalliterationderivesfromLatin,meaning“repeatingandplayinguponthesameletter”.Therefore,alliterationistherepetitionofinitialconsonantintwoormorewords.Itisaveryoldrhetoricaldevice,andthefirstfiguresofspeechadoptedinEnglish.(2)Applicableareas:InPoetryInproseInnewspaperheadingsInproverbsIntonguetwistersInadvertisementsandslogans5第五頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日E.g.InproseNexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.

Weshouldnotdemean貶低ourdemocracywiththepoliticsofdistraction,denialanddespair.(AlGore)

我們不可用消解、拒絕和絕望的托辭貶屈我們的民主。

Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden.(JohnF.Kennedy)(2)Newspaperheadlines:BreadNotBombsCutCrimewithJobs---NotJailsBattleforBalancedBudget對(duì)于好動(dòng)的美國人來說，幸福不僅取決于健康、愛情、舒適和溫暖的家庭，還取決于汽車。6第六頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(3)ProverbsTimeandtidewaitfornoman.Manyaman,manyamind.Sparetherod,spoilthechild.Deathpaysalldebts.(4)IntonguetwisterPeterpiperpickedapeckofpickledpepper.Shesellssea-shellsonthesea-shore.CutCostsWithoutCuttingCorners.(advertisingforcars)人多心不齊。不教不成材；不打不成器一死百了時(shí)不我待；機(jī)遇不可錯(cuò)過7第七頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(5)Inadvertisementsandslogans標(biāo)語VitaminsforVimandVigor(advertisingforvitamins)Sea,Sun,Sand,Seclusion----andSpain!(advertisingforspanishseashorescenicpots.)8第八頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(3)Advantages:Asafigureofspeech,itisgoodforsoundrhyme,musicaleffectandsignificantemphasis.Forexample,1)Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree;

WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.2)Bye,Bye,BalancedBudget3)GunkGroundstheSecondShuttleAlliterationisagreathelptomemory.Byhighlightingthesoundsofwords,alliterationcatchestheattentionoftheaudienceandmakestheideaimpresseddeeplyontheaudienceandthuseasierforthemtoremember.Forexample,9第九頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日E.g.Pennywise,poundfoolish.

小處精明,大處浪費(fèi);小事聰明,大事糊涂

Practicemakesperfect.

四川人有句俗語非常好，把天上飛的，地上跑的，水里游的叫做“陸空”，翻譯成英語應(yīng)該叫“feather，feetorfin”，就長(zhǎng)羽毛的、長(zhǎng)腳的，還有長(zhǎng)鰭的。Farfowlshavefairfeathers.（遠(yuǎn)處的鳥羽毛更美麗）“遠(yuǎn)來的和尚會(huì)念經(jīng)”。說某人“面善心惡”，英語是Afairfacehidesafoulheart;說“酒后說胡話”，英語是Whenwinesinks,wordsswim;現(xiàn)在許多人擇偶條件中有一條，要求對(duì)象既有“才”，還要有“趣”，有“才”有“趣”用英語表達(dá)就可以用上頭韻技巧：“amanofwisdomandwit”。如果遇上amanofwisdomandwit，可要錯(cuò)過機(jī)會(huì)，嫁給他做wife吧。MoreExamples:10第十頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日在翻譯中，恰如其分地運(yùn)用押頭韻的手法可以使譯文增色不少。在上海世博會(huì)的申辦報(bào)告中，原文有“上海迅速發(fā)展成為一個(gè)充滿生機(jī)和希望的城市”，我們把它翻譯為：“Shanghaihasbeendevelopingrapidlyintoacityfullofvigorandvitalityandshowingagreatpromise.”其中，“充滿生機(jī)”的譯文fullofvigorandvitality就是了押頭韻的技巧。11第十一頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日例如：TheRelentlessPursuitofPerfection.(Lexusautomobile)

譯文：追求完美，近乎苛求；凌志轎車，永不停歇！

這是Lexus牌汽車廣告，其基本含義為“近乎苛求地追求完美”。這則廣告一組押頭韻詞語是圍繞/P/這個(gè)輔音展開的：Pursuit和Perfection.Pursuit和Perfection都屬該語篇的核心詞匯，所構(gòu)成的押頭韻使整個(gè)語篇顯得富有韻律和節(jié)奏感。漢語譯文采用了四字格形式的排比結(jié)構(gòu)，由兩部分構(gòu)成：第一部分描述了源語語篇核心詞匯所含的主要概念意義“追求完美”，和源語語篇副詞所含的概念意義“近乎苛求”；第二部分首先寫出商品品牌，在品牌“凌志轎車”后加了“永不停歇”，以表示汽車制造者的決心和志向。四個(gè)并列的四字詞語，使譯文語言顯得明快流暢，節(jié)奏優(yōu)美和諧。

12第十二頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日某掃描儀廣告:Slim，stylish，silver.

譯文1：銀色線條顯精簡(jiǎn)，時(shí)尚光輝在閃現(xiàn)

譯文2：外顯精簡(jiǎn)之美，內(nèi)藏時(shí)尚韻味。

這則廣告語篇屬于描述體語篇體裁，由三個(gè)關(guān)系過程小句的省略形式構(gòu)成。三個(gè)用來描述這種掃描儀器特點(diǎn)的形容詞都以輔音/s/開頭，構(gòu)成押頭韻修辭，語言簡(jiǎn)潔工整，令人倍感時(shí)尚。13第十三頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(4)However,alliteration,usedtoexcess,canbelaughableandharmfultotheconveyanceofthought.E.g.1)a.Perhapshispunyprofitsposenopersistentlyseriousproblem.2)b.Itisunlikelythathissmallprofitswillbecomeaseriousdifficulty.14第十四頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.3Assonance（押元音韻）Definition:Assonanceistherepetitionorresemblanceofvowelsoundsinthestressedsyllablesofasequenceofwords,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants.Forexample,“l(fā)ateandmake”,“fishandchip”,“adeepgreenstream”,“ahotcoppersky”,“childrenjustletloosefromschool”,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Assonanceisoftenusedinpoeticlanguagetocreatemusicalrhythmforaparticulareffectofeuphony.Forexample,

Ishallneverseehermorewherethereedsandrushesquiver,Shiver,quiver;Standbesidethesobbingriver,Sobbing,throbbing,inthefallingTothesandylonesomeshore.

(JeanIngelow:TheHighTideontheCostofLincolnshire(1571))15第十五頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Assonanceisnotonlyusedinpoetrybutalsousedinprose,speech,advertising,newsreport,etc.E.g.Everyonewilltellyouthatduringthe1980sthemoodofBritainchanged.Noweverythingisleanerandmeaner,cleanerandkeener.Concretegiveswaytoglass,sexgiveswaytomoney.(MalcolmBradbury,TheNewYorkTimesMagazine,Dec.11,1988)Assonanceisevenmorecommoninproverbs.E.g.Spendadime,saveyoutime.Hastemakeswaste.Greatboast,smallroast.Creditorshadbettermemoriesthandebtors.欲速則不達(dá)說得天花亂墜，成事微乎其微。

債主的記性比債戶強(qiáng)。16第十六頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.4Consonance（押輔音韻）Definition:Consonancereferstotherepetitionofthefinalandidenticalconsonantswhoseprecedingvowelsaredifferent.Forexample,sing----rang,won----ran,dash----fish,laugh----tough,add----read,oddsandends,firstandlast,astrokeofluck,lastbutnotleast,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Consonanceisoftenemployedinpoetry.Consonanceisalsocommonlyusedinprose,slogansandnewspaperheadings.E.g.Women:Don’tAgonize,OrganizeFarmsNotArmsWhenIlentIwasafriend,whenIaskedIwasunkind.17第十七頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Withhowsadsteps,Omoon——PhilipSydneyWithhowsadsteps,OMoon,thouclimb'sttheskies!Howsilently,andwithhowwanaface!What,mayitbethate'eninheavenlyplace

Thatbusyarcherhissharparrowstries!Sure,ifthatlong-with-love-acquaintedeyes

Canjudgeoflove,thoufeel'stalover'scase,Ireaditinthylooks;thylanguish'dgrace,Tome,thatfeelthelike,thystatedescries.Then,e'enoffellowship,OMoon,tellme,18第十八頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Isconstantlovedeem'dtherebutwantofwit?Arebeautiesthereasproudasheretheybe?Dotheyabovelovetobeloved,andyet

Thoseloversscornwhomthatlovedothpossess?Dotheycallvirtue,there,ungratefulness?19第十九頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日月啊，你用悲哀的步伐-------菲利普·錫德尼多么悲哀的腳步啊，月亮，你爬上天空一張蒼白的臉頰，多么寂寞。莫非是那忙碌的小愛神在天上玩弄著他的弓箭？如果相思瞞不過久已苦于相思的眼睛，那么我敢說，你也處在戀愛的心情，你那憔悴的美麗讓我明白了一切——我們?cè)谏钌類壑?。同在相思中的月亮啊，你能告訴我嗎，矢志的愛情在天界是否被看作不智？那里的女子是否也這般傲慢？是否喜歡被愛，而又輕蔑真愛著她的人？在天界，是否負(fù)心被稱作美德？注：菲利普·悉尼(PhilipSidney1554—1586)英國詩人與月亮談心,和天神對(duì)話,借以發(fā)愛情之遐想、述思辨的哲理。20第二十頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.5OnomatopoeiaDefinition:

Onomatopoeiaisatermusedtodescribethephenomenonoflanguagesoundinglikethethingitrefersto.Forexample,moo,meow,bow-bow,hiss,roarandbaaarerespectivelyimitativeofthecriesorcallsofcows,cats,dogs,snakes,lionsandsheep.Inthesameway,trainstoot,doorsbang,windowsrattle,firecrackles,machinesclang,andracingcarsgovroom-vroom,etc.(2)Applicableareas:Onomatopoeiaisverycommoninverseandfairlycommoninproseandliteraturesatalltimes.

21第二十一頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(3)Advantages:Onomatopoeiahelpsmakedescriptionlifelike.Itisoftenusedforthepurposeofaddingvividnessorvitalitytothedescription.Forexample,ineachpairofthefollowingsentences,sentencebismorevividandmorelifelikethansentencea:a.Thestreamflowsthroughthewoods.b.Thestreammurmursthroughthewoods.a.Dasistartedlaughing.b.Dasistartedgiggling.a.Thedoorwaspushedopen.b.Thedoorbangedopen.a.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.b.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.22第二十二頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(4)Classification:Accordingtothesound-maker,onomatopoeiacanfallintodifferentkinds:HumanbeingsandmovementE.g.ouch,ow,pooh,uoh,boo,mumble,grunt,giggle,whimper,chuckle,patterDifferentanimalsE.g.Wow-wow,Mew-mew,Grunt-grunt,Quack-quackNaturalobjectsE.g.Swish,Splash,Squelch,Plop,Gurgle23第二十三頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.6Aposiopesis(說話中斷法)Definition:Aposiopesisistherhetoricaldeviceofsuddenlystoppinginmid-sentence,asiftosaymorewouldbesuperfluous,orasifwordsfailone,orasifthelistenerorreaderwouldnowbeabletocompletethesentencesuitably.Aposiopesisisusuallyusedinthemomentsofemotionforthetruerepresentationofaspeaker’stoneandmood.(2)Classification:Aposiopesisgenerallyfallsintothreecategories:Thespeakerabruptlyhaltshalfwayinasentence,eitherbeingtooexcitedtogivefurtherarticulationtohisthoughtortryingtoimpressreaderswithavaguehintofanidea.24第二十四頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Thespeakerintentionallyleavestherestofasentenceunsaid,implyingastrongsenseofmenaceorintimidation.Insuchcontext,theaudiencecaneasilyfigureoutwhatisleftunsaid.Forexample,1)Theguardsaidtotheprisoner,“Stop!Anotherstepforwardandyouwill……”

2)“IfonlyIknewwhokilledthatcherrytree,”hecried,“Iwould……yes,Iwould……”3)“IfonlyIknewwhokilledthatcherrytree,”hecried,“Iwould….Yes,Iwould….”Thespeakerdoesnotfinishhiswordsonpurpose,leavingsuspenseonthelistener.25第二十五頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.7Apostrophe(呼語)Definition:Apostrophereferstotheorator’sturningasidefromhisimmediateaudiencetoaddresssomeotherperson,whetherheisphysicallypresentornot,as“Judge,Oyougods”inthefollowing:

ForBrutus,asyouknow,wasCaesar’sangel.

Judge,Oyougods,howdearlyCaesarlovedhim.(Shakespeare)Anotherexample,

OwildWestWind,thoubreathofAutumn’sbeing.(P.B.Shelly)26第二十六頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日7.8PunDefinition:Punis,innature,aword-play.Apuninvolvestheuseofapolysemouswordtosuggesttwoormoremeanings,commonlyliteralmeaningversusfigurativemeaning,orinvolvestheuseofhomonyms.Thewholepointofapunistheuser’sintenttoproduceahumorousorwittyeffectfromthejuxtapositionofmeanings.(2)Homonym,Homophone&HomographAhomonymisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationandspellingbutnotinmeaning.E.g.arms(partofthebody)arms(weapons)lie(tomake)anintentionalfalsestatementlie(tohaveone’sbodyinamoreorlesshorizontalpositionalonggroundofsurface27第二十七頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日Ahomophoneisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinpronunciationbutnotinspellingandmeaning.E.g.bale(alargebundle)bail(toremovewaterfromaboat)meet(tocomeuponbychanceorarrangement)meat(theediblefleshofanimals)Ahomographisawordthatisidenticaltoanotherwordinspellingbutnotinpronunciationandmeaning.E.g.Wind(airinmoreorlessrapidnaturalmotion)Wind(goincircular,spiralcourse)28第二十八頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(3)PunsbasedonhomonymsE.g.Ifwedon’thangtogetherwe’llhangseparately.(BenjaminFrankling)What’sthedifferencebetweenasoldierandayounggirl?Onepowderstheface,theotherfacesthepowder.BenBattlewasasoldierboldAndusedtowar’salarm;Butacannonballshotoffhislegs.Sohelaiddownhisarms.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.

Englishhasalwaysbrokenloose(掙脫)fromtheEnglish,justasLatinbrokeloosefromtheRomans.29第二十九頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日E.g.Itisbettertoliverichthantodierich.WithIBMwehavethepowertomanagethepower.Tommywenttolawschoolandpassedthebar,andIwentofftotownandboughtabar.Amansitsdownatatableinarestaurantandasks,“Doyouservecrabshere?”Thewaitersays,“Sure,sitdown,weserveanybody.”Crab:螃蟹,類似螃蟹的動(dòng)物;脾氣乖戾的人,吹毛求疵30第三十頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日(4)PunsbasedonhomophonesSignonaMen’sGymdoor:“Wehavecoursestomakegrownmenyoungandyoungmengroan.”What’sincreasinglylucrative,however,issellingnamingrights.Itmaynotmakesense,butitmakessomecents.Americanscareaboutmoney.OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.Whenawomancomplainedtoabutcherthatthesesausagestastedlikemeatatoneendbutlikebreadcrumbattheother,hereplies,“Madam,intimeslikethese,nobutchercanmakebothendsmeet.”31第三十一頁，共三十八頁，2022年，8月28日“Waiter!”“Yes,sir.”“What’sthis?”“It’sbeansoup,sir.”“Nomatterwhatit’sbeen,whatisitnow?”“Wa