版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
語言學(xué)教程之句法1第一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日1.TheStudyofMeaningSemantics:
Themeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningofsentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningLinguisticsemanticsvs.Logicalsemantics/philosophicalsemantics2第二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日2.SemanticMeaningSemanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandthenlinguists.E.g.Laozi(China)Plato&Aristotle(Greek)Ogden&RichardsLeech3第三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Logiciansandphilosophershavetendedtoconcentrateonarestrictedrangeofsentences(typically,statements,or‘propositions’)withinasinglelanguage.Thelinguisticapproachisbroaderinscope,aimingtostudythepropertiesofmeaninginasystematicandobjectiveway,withreferencetoaswidearangeofutterancesandlanguagesaspossible.4第四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日3.ThemeaningofmeaningC.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.16majorcategories,6sub-categoriesJohnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.5第五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Healthmeanseverything.Hislookwasfullofmeaning.6第六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Whatisthemeaningoflife?7第七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Whatdoes‘capitalist’
meantoyou?8第八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Whatdoes‘cornea’眼角膜mean?Thetransparent,convex凸面的,anteriorportionoftheouterfibrous纖維的coatoftheeyeballthatcoverstheiris虹膜andthepupilandiscontinuouswiththesclera鞏膜.9第九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning:logical,cognitive,denotativecontentConnotativemeaning:WhatlanguagereferstoSocialmeaning:socialcircumstancesoflanguageuseAffectivemeaning:thefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writerReflectedmeaning:associationwithanothersenseofthesameexpressionCollocativemeaning:AssociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordThematicmeaning:WhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasisAssociativeMeaning10第十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(1)Conceptualmeaning:thecentralpartAlsocalled‘denotative’or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.Cf.reference11第十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(2)ConnotativemeaningConnotationvsdenotation:philosopherHuman:biped,featherless,rationalLeech:someadditional,emotivemeaningPoliticianvsstatesman12第十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(2)ConnotativemeaningThecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychologicalandsocialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.13第十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Anycharacteristicofthereferent,identifiedsubjectivelyorobjectively,maycontributetotheconnotativemeaningoftheexpressionwhichdenotesit.14第十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日15第十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Stepmother16第十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日17第十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日18第十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(3)SocialmeaningWhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Dialect:thelanguageofageographicalregionorofasocialclass.Time:thelanguageofthe18thc.,etc.Province:languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.Status:polite,colloquial,slang,etc.Modality:languageofmemoranda,lectures,jokes,etc.Singularity:thestyleofDickens,etc.19第十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日domicile:veryformal,officialresidence:formalabode:poetichome:generalsteed:poetichorse:generalnag:slanggee-gee:babylanguage20第二十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日ThefiveclocksbyMartinJoosFrozenFormalConsultativeCasualIntimateFormal<>Informal21第二十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日ThefiveclocksbyMartinJoosFrozen:Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.(貴客立即經(jīng)樓梯上樓。)Formal:Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.(諸位馬上從樓梯上樓。)Consultative:Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway,please?(請(qǐng)大家馬上從樓梯上樓,好嗎?)Casual:Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.(大家現(xiàn)在馬上上樓。)Intimate:Upyougo,chaps!(伙計(jì)們,上樓!)22第二十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(4)AffectivemeaningReflectingthepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.You’reavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate,andIhateyouforit!I’mterriblysorrytointerrupt,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.orWillyoubeltup.23第二十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日‘Colorful’meaningCommendatory
tough-mindedresolute,firmshrewdchildlikewisemanmanofusualtalentportly,stout,solid,plumslender,slimDerogatory
ruthlessobstinatesly,craftychildishwiseguyfreakfleshy,fat,tubbylean,skinny,lanky,weedy,scraggy24第二十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(5)ReflectedmeaningArisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Whenyouhear‘clickthemousetwice’,youthinkofGerrybeinghittwicebyTomsoyoufeelexcited.Manytabootermsareresultofthis.25第二十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(6)CollocativemeaningTheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.pretty:girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,colour,village,etc.handsome:boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.26第二十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日(7)ThematicmeaningWhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.MrsBessieSmithdonatedthefirstprize.ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrsBessieSmith.Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor.Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped.27第二十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日FourwaystoexplainthemeaningofawordPointingtotheobjectDescribeitverballyParaphraseit,Translating(equivalentinotherlanguages)28第二十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日4.TheReferentialTheory:
TheTheoryofReferenceWords→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things
–PlatonicExplainingthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto:(propernouns,definitenounphrarases)theUSA,theP.R.ChinaThemostinfluentiallinguistNoamChomskyteachesatMIT.29第二十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日TheReferentialTheoryProblems:bird,cup,bowl,deskReal-timething/entityvs.GeneralConceptConcretevs.AbstractMaterialworldvs.metalmindsWords→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richards:TheMeaningofMeaningConcept:Abstractthing,noexistenceinthematerialworld,sensedinthemind30第三十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日airplane31第三十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日DirectrelationvsMediatingnotionthought/concept/imagesymbolizes
referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)32第三十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日5.Sense‘Meaning’isnotsomekindof‘entity’separatefromlanguage.Thatwords‘havemeaning’meansonlythattheyareusedinacertainwayinasentence.Thereisno‘meaning’beyondthemeaningofindividualwordsandsentences.33第三十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference:howlanguagereferstothisexternalworldBetweenaword(alinguisticunit)andathing(non-linguisticunit)Sense:thewaypeoplerelatewordstoeachotherwithintheframeworkoftheirlanguageWiththeintralinguisticrelations34第三十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Thefamilytree(sense,notreference)舅父=‘mother’sbrother’叔叔=‘father’syoungerbrother’伯父=‘father’selderbrother’姨母=‘mother’ssister’姑母=‘father’ssister’35第三十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日6.SenseRelationsSynonymy(sameness)Antonymy(oppositeness)Hyponymy(inclusiveness)GradableComplementaryConverse36第三十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日6.1Synonymybuy/purchase(style)thrifty/economical/stingy(connotation)autumn/fall(dialect)flat/apartment(dialect)tube/underground(dialect)37第三十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日6.2antonymyThreeMainSub-types:GradableantonymyComplementaryantonymyConverseantonymy38第三十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日GradablegoodbadlongshortbigsmallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.39第三十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日
Complementaryantonymyalive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss40第四十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Converseantonymybuy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee41第四十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日6.2HyponymyInclusivenessAisincludedin/akindofB.Cf.:chairandfurniture,roseandflowerSuperordinate/hypernym:themoregeneraltermFurniture,flowerHyponym:themorespecifictermDesk,roseCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclassRose,tulip,violet,carnationAuto-Hyponym:asuperordinateisthesuperordinatetoitself.42第四十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日
Animal
birdfishinsectanimal
humananimal
tigerlionelephant...43第四十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日SpecialrelationsAsuperordinatemaybemissing.Adjectiveofthecolourterms:red,green,blueHyponymsmayalsobemissing:Uncle:舅舅,叔叔,姑父,伯伯Rice:稻,谷,米,飯44第四十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日7.ComponentialAnalysisDistinctivefeaturesinphonologySemanticfeatures/semanticcomponentsSmallerthanthewordsBoy(HUMAN,YONG,MALE)Girl(HUMAN,YONG,FEMALE)Binary-unitYong=~ADULTFEMAL=~MALE45第四十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日HUMANman(ADULT,MALE)woman(ADULT,FEMALE)boy(NON-ADULT,MALE)girl(NON-ADULT,FEMALE)46第四十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日7.1Animalwords47第四十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日7.2Domesticanimals48第四十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日7.3Englishmotionverbs49第四十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日7.4MorecomplexonesHowaboutforsomewordswhichinvolvearelationbetweentwoentities?Logicexpressionsfather:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)Therearetwopersons(x,y)xisaparentofy,andxismale.y?50第五十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)))Therearetwoentities(x,y)xcausesxtohavey.x?y?give:CAUSE(x,(~HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxnottohavey.51第五十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日SynonymousAntonymshyponyms52第五十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.Meaning&SyntacticStructureThemeaningofasentenceisobviouslyrelatedtothemeaningsofthewordsusedinit,butitisalsoobviousthatsentencemeaningisnotsimplythesumtotalofthewords.SNPVNP53第五十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Thecatischasingthemouse.Themouseischasingthecat.Ihavereadthatbook.ThatbookIhaveread.ThedaughterofQueenElizabeth’ssonisthesonofQueenElizabeth’sdaughter.54第五十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.1CompositionalityAnintegratedtheoryKatz&Fodor(1963):Thestructureofasemantictheory.A40longpaperpublishedinLanguage.“Themethoditselfisyearsoutofdatebutthedebateabouttheprincipleofcompositionalityisbynomeansover.”(Cruse,2004:77)55第五十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Theideabehindtheprinciplewastosolvetheproblemofgeneratinggrammaticalbutmeaningless(?)sentenceslike Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.56第五十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Globalwarmingisafact,andwhiletheword“global”makestheproblemseemsobig,youcanhelp,evenifitis
onasmallscale.Youcanstartinyourownhome,with“greenliving.”VanityFair’sVirtualGreenwebsitegivesgreatgreenideas,roombyroom.Forthekitchen,forexample,
thepeopleat
Virtual
Greensuggestasmart,cute,andeco-friendlystool,the“chiquitastool,”madeofrattanandrecycledsteel.57第五十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日GreenproductGreenbuildingGreenlifeGreenguideGreenearthGreenenvironmentGreenenvironmentalmaterialsGreenenergyGreenbusinessGreenconsumptionGreeninternetserviceGreenagricultureGreenrevolutionGreenOlympicsGreeneconomics58第五十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Accordingtotheprincipleofcompositionality,eachwordinthelexiconisequippedwithcertaincomponentsandcombinationsofwordsintosentencesmustgothroughcertainselectionrestrictionsinordertoproduceacceptablesentences.Thuswecansaycolorfulballbecause59第五十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日colorful{Adj}(Color)[aboundingincontrastorvarietyofbrightcolors]<(PhysicalObject)or(SocialActivity)>(Evaluative)[havingdistinctivecharacter,vividness,orpicturesqueness]<(AestheticObject)or(SocialActivity)>60第六十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日ball{NC}(SocialActivity)(Large)(Assembly)[forthepurposeofsocialdancing](PhysicalObject)[havingglobularshape](PhysicalObject)[solidmissileforprojectionbyengineofwar]61第六十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Thenitispossibletoworkoutfourreadingsofthecombinationsofcolorandball,andfurthercombinationswithotherwords(projections)willdeterminewhichofthefouristheactualmeaninginthesentenceJohnhitthecolorfulballsandWehadacolorfulballlastnight.62第六十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.2NoncompositionalmeaningIdioms:cannotbebuiltupasthesumofitsparts.Idiomsarephrasesderivedbymetaphorandothertypesofsemanticextension.getuponthewrongsideofthebedinthedoghousegreenwithenvykickthebucketfacethemusic
63第六十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日kickthebucket:which?A.Becauseshegotmad,thathenkickedabucket.B.Acartoonpainterabouttokickabucketofpaint.
C.theprocessofdying
64第六十四頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Frozenmetaphors:aclassofidiom-likeexpressionswhichmayshowsomeofthefeaturesofsyntacticfrozennesstypicalofidioms,suchasresistancetomodification,transformation,andsoon,butwhichdifferfromidiomsinanimportantrespect:theeffectofsynonymsubstitutionisnotacompletecollapseofthenon-literalreading.65第六十五頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Theball’sinyourcourtnow.
onyoursideofthenetAcat
canlookataqueen.
mouse
anarchbishopIcanreadherlikeanopenbook.
decipherHehasonefootinthegrave.
bothfeet
tomb
oneleg
coffin66第六十六頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Igavehimapieceofmymind.
part
conceptualsystemHedrivesmeupthewall.
forces
roompartitionHehasabeeinhisbonnetaboutit.
hornet
helmet67第六十七頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.4Collocations68第六十八頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.5Clichés陳詞濫調(diào)I’vemademypositionabsolutelyclear.I’vegivenanunambiguousexpositionofmyviews.It’srainingdogsandcats.Hearrivedsafeandsound.69第六十九頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.6Nouncompoundspocketknife:knifethatcanbecarriedinthepocketkitchenknife:knifeforuseinthekitchenmeatknife:knifeforcuttingmeattablecloth:clothusedtocoveratabledishcloth:clothusedtowipedishes70第七十頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日8.7“Activezones”aredhat:wholehatisredaredbook:outsidecoversareredaredapple:asignificantportionofouterskinisredayellowpeach:innerfleshisyellowapinkgrapefruit:innerfleshispink71第七十一頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日aredtrafficsign:symbolsonlyareredaredpencil:(1)redonoutside;(2)writesredredeyes:
‘white’ofeyesisredblueeyes:irisisblue72第七十二頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日9.PropositionalLogicTruthcondition:conditionswhichmustholdforthesentencetobeusedtomakeatruestatement(atleastifitisusedliterally).Thus,beforewecantruthfullysay,onsomeoccasion,Thecatisonthemat,theremustbesomerelevantfelineoccupyingaspecificpositionrelativetoanappropriateitemoffloorcovering.
73第七十三頁,共八十六頁,2022年,8月28日Thoseaspectsofthemeaningofasentencewhichdetermineitstruthconditionsarecollectiv
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2025年度鍋爐安全防護(hù)設(shè)施承包合同
- 2025年度國(guó)際物流法律法規(guī)咨詢合同范本
- 2025年度房產(chǎn)抵押貸款合同終止條件范本
- 2025版借款臺(tái)賬打印與裝訂服務(wù)合同3篇
- 二零二五年度生態(tài)園林景觀工程土壤修復(fù)與改良合同3篇
- 2025年度品牌廣告內(nèi)容制作與版權(quán)交易合同規(guī)范
- 2025年度智能電網(wǎng)建設(shè)合同更改擔(dān)保協(xié)議
- 2025年度家禽鮮蛋冷鏈物流設(shè)施建設(shè)與運(yùn)營(yíng)合同
- 二零二五年度國(guó)際稅收籌劃與避稅合同
- 2025年度酒水行業(yè)廣告投放合同范本
- 蘇北四市(徐州、宿遷、淮安、連云港)2025屆高三第一次調(diào)研考試(一模)生物試卷(含答案)
- 安全生產(chǎn)法律法規(guī)匯編(2025版)
- 監(jiān)察部部長(zhǎng)崗位職責(zé)
- 山西省太原市杏花嶺區(qū)年三年級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)第一學(xué)期期末考試模擬試題含解析
- 《農(nóng)機(jī)化促進(jìn)法解讀》課件
- 最高法院示范文本發(fā)布版3.4民事起訴狀答辯狀示范文本
- 2023-2024學(xué)年度上期七年級(jí)英語期末試題
- 2024年燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)值班員技能鑒定理論知識(shí)考試題庫-下(多選、判斷題)
- 交通法規(guī)課件
- (優(yōu)化版)高中地理新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)【2024年修訂版】
- 《Python程序設(shè)計(jì)》課件-1:Python簡(jiǎn)介與應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論