課件教程c5t2閱讀

READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.Thebirthof In1907,LeoHendrickBaekeland,aBelgianscientistworkinginNewYork,discoveredandpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.Hisinvention,whichhenamed'Bakelite,’wasofenormoustechnologicalimportance,andeffectivelylaunchedthemodernsticsindustry.---Q11Theterm'stic'comesfromtheGreekssein,meaning'tomould'.Somesticsarederivedfromnaturalsources,somearesemi-synthetic(theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance),andsomeareentirelysynthetic,thatis,chemicallyengineeredfromtheconstituentsofcoaloroil.Someare'thermostic',whichmeansthat,likecandlewax,theymeltwhenheatedandcanthenbereshaped.---Q1Othersare'thermosetting':likeeggs,theycannotreverttotheiroriginalviscousstate,andtheirthermosettingstic.---Q2Thehistoryoftoday'ssticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemi-synthetic petusbehinddevelopmentoftheseearly ratedbyanumberoffactors—immensetechnologicalprogressinthe oupledwithwiderculturalchanges,andthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfordwindling of'luxury'materialssuchastortoisesBaekeland'sinterestinsticsbeganin1885when,asayoungchemistrystudentinBelgium,heembarkedonresearchintophenolicresins,thegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol(carbolicacid)combineswithanaldehyde(avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol).Hesoonabandonedthesubject,however,onlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYorker,havingrecentlymadehisfortunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelandhadbeenbusilyamassingdollars,someadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopmentofstics.Theyears1899and1900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemi-syntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.Inpurelyscientificterms,Baekeland'smajorcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryofthematerialtowhichhegavehisname,butratherthemethodbywhichareactionbetweenphenolandformaldehydecouldbecontrolled,thusmakingpossibleitspreparationonacommercialbasis.On13July1907,Baekelandtookouthisfamouspatentdescribingthispreparation,theessentialfeaturesofwhicharestillinusetoday.---Q11Theoriginalpatentoutlinedathree-stageprocess,inwhichphenolandformaldehyde(fromwoodorcoal)wereinitiallycombinedundervacuuminsidealargeegg-shapedkettle.TheresultwasaresinknownasNovalakwhichbecamesolubleandmalleablewhenheated.---Q4Theresinwasallowedtocoolinshallowtraysuntilithardened,thenbrokenupandgroundintopowder.Othersubstanceswerethenintroduced:includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton---Q5,whichincreasestrengthandmoisture ,catalystssubstancestospeedupthereactionbetweentwochemicalswithoutjoiningtoeither)andhexa,acompoundofammoniaandformaldehydewhich dtheadditionalformaldehydenecessarytoformathermosettingresin.---Q6Thisresinwasthenlefttocoolandharden,andgroundupasecondtime.TheresultinggranularpowderwasrawBakelite---Q7,readytobemadeintoavastrangeofmanufacturedobjects.Inthelaststage,theheatedBakelitewaspouredintoahollowmouldoftherequiredshapeandsubjectedtoextremeheatandpressure,thereby'setting'itsformforlife.---Q8ThedesignofBakeliteobjects,everythingfromearringstoevisionsets,wasernedtoalargeextentbythetechnicalrequirementsofthemoldingprocess.Theobjectcouldnotbedesignedsothatitwaslockedintothemouldandthereforedifficulttoextract.--Q9Acommongeneralrulewasthatobjectsshouldtapertowardsthedeepestpartofthemould,andifnecessarytheproductwasmoldedinseparatepieces.MouldshadtobecarefullydesignedsothatthemoltenBakelitewouldflowevenlyandcompleyintothemould.---Q10Sharpcornersprovedimpracticalandwerethusavoided,givingrisetothesmooth,streamlined'stylepopularinthe1930s.Thethicknessofthewallsofthemouldwasalsocrucial:thickwallstooklongertocoolandharden,.afactorwhichhadtobeconsideredbythedesignerinordertomakethemostefficientuseofmachines.Baekeland'sinvention,althoughtreatedwithdisdaininitsearlyyears,wentontoenjoyanunparalleledpopularitywhichlastedthroughoutthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury---Q12.Itbecamethewonderproductofthenewworldofindustrialsexpansion—‘thematerialofathousanduses’.Beingbothnon-porousandheat-resistant,Bakelitekitchengoodswerepromotedasbeinggerm-andsterilisable.Electricalmanufacturersseizedonitsinsulatingproperties,andconsumerseverywhererelisheditsdazzlingarrayofshades,delightedthattheywerenow,atlast,nolongerrestrictedtothewoodtonesanddrabbrownsofthepresticera.---Q13Itthenfellfromfavouragainduringthe1950s,andwasdespiseanddestroyedinvast ties.Recently,however,ithasbeenexperiencingsomethingofarenaissance,withreneweddemandfororiginalBakeliteobjectsinthecollectors'marketce,andmuseums,societiesanddedicatedindividualsonceagainappreciatingthestyleandoriginalityofthisinnovativeQuestions1-CompletetheChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-3onyouranswersheet.SomeSomesticsbehaveinasimilarwayto1…candlewax……inthattheymeltunderheatandcanbemouldedintonewforms.Bakelitewasuniquebecauseitwasthefirstmaterialtobebothentirely2…synthetic……inorigin,andthermosetting.Therewereseveralreasonsfortheresearchintosticsinthenineteenthcentury,amonythemthegreatadvancesthathadbeenmadeinthefieldof3…chemistry………andthesearchforalternativestonaturalresourceslikeivory.答案在第二段中找到定位詞melt和heated，就很快能找到similar的同義詞like。Someare'thermo stic',whichmeansthat,likecandlewax,theymeltwhenheatedandcanthenbereshaped.答案distinctionfirstuniquethernosettingsyntheticBakeliteBakelitehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirsttotallysynthetic 答案根據(jù)nineteenthcentury和ivory定位，然后仔細(xì)尋找greatadvances對(duì)應(yīng)詞immensetechnologicalprogress，隨后馬上可以看到field的對(duì)應(yīng)詞 Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearly sticswasgeneratedbyanumberoffactors—immensetechnologicalprogressinthe ofchemistry一系列原因促成了這些早期塑料的發(fā)展——Questions4-Completetheflow-ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes4-8onyouranswersheet.通過called和knownasTheoriginalpatentoutlinedathree-stageprocess,inwhichphenolandformaldehyde(fromwoodorcoal)wereinitiallycombinedundervacuuminsidealargeegg-shapedkettle.TheresultwasaresinknownasNovalakwhichbecamesolubleandmalleablewhenheated.原始專利有三個(gè)階段，首先將苯酚原始專利有三個(gè)階段，首先將苯酚 混合在一個(gè)真空的雞蛋形狀的罐中答案答案很好選定，找到和cotton，asbestosOthersubstanceswerethenintroduced:includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton.答案此題目位置稍有顛倒，但是明白compound是混合物的意思就能找到答案。Othersubstanceswerethenintroduced:includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton,whichincreasestrengthandmoisture ,catalystssubstancestospeedupthereactionbetweentwochemicalswithoutjoiningtoeither)andhexa,acompoundofammoniaandformaldehydewhich dtheadditionalformaldehydenecessarytoformathermosettingresin.棉花，棉花，還有催化劑來加快反應(yīng)速度，以及乙烯糖醛酸，它是一種胺 的合物，這些物質(zhì)能夠提供額外 來形成熱固性樹脂答案第五段先找到cool和hardenBakeliteThisresinwasthenlefttocoolandharden,andgroundupasecondtime.TheresultinggranularpowderwasrawBakelite.答案找到第五段extremeheattheheatedBakelitewaspouredintoahollowmouldoftherequiredshapeandsubjectedtoextremeheatandpressure,thereby'setting'itsformforlife.TheProductionofQuestions9andChooseTWOlettersA-Writeyouranswersinboxes9and10onyouranswerNBYouranswersmaybegivenineitherWhichTWOofthefollowingfactorsinfluencingthedesignofBakeliteobjectsarementionedinthetext?thefunctionwhichtheobjectwouldtheeasewithwhichtheresincouldfillthethefacilitywithwhichtheobjectcouldberemovedfromthethelimitationsofthematerialsusedtomanufacturethethefashionablestylesoftheAD與其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)相差太遠(yuǎn)，可以直接排除。然后按照上一大題位置將此題定位在第六段中。C答案對(duì)應(yīng)Theobjectcould….difficulttoextract.B答案對(duì)應(yīng)Mouldshadtobe…compleyintothemould.Theobjectcouldnotbedesignedsothatitwaslockedintothemouldandthereforedifficulttoextract. yintotheMouldshadtobecarefullydesignedsothatthemoltenBakelite yintotheDothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes11-13onyouranswersheet,TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis sticpreparationisbasedonthesameprinciplesasthatpatentedin答案launch1907年獲得專利的技術(shù)開啟了現(xiàn)代塑料工業(yè)的大Hisinvention,whichhenamed'Bakelite,’wasofenormoustechnologicalimportance,andeffectivelylaunchedthemodern sticsindustry.On13July1907,Baekelandtookouthisfamouspatentdescribingthispreparation,theessentialfeaturesofwhicharestillinusetoday.Bakelitewasimmedia edasapracticalandversatile答案到歡迎。下面的文章又提到itthenfellfromfavouragainduringthe1950s.Baekeland'sinvention,althoughtreatedwithdisdaininitsearlyyears,wentontoenjoyanunparalleledpopularitywhichlastedthroughoutthefirsthalfofthetwentiethBakelitewasonlyavailableinalimitedrangeof答案定位到第七段…delightedthattheywere…這句話告訴我們?cè)谒芰习l(fā)展的初期，人consumerseverywhererelisheditsdazzlingarrayofshades,delightedthattheywerenow,atlast,nolongerrestrictedtothewoodtonesanddrabbrownsofthepresticREADINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.What'ssoJohnMcCronereviewsrecentresearchonThejokecomesovertheheadphones:'Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?Theleft.'No,notfunny.Tryagain.'Whichsideofadoghasthemosthair?Theoutside.'Hah!Thepunchlineissillyyetfitting,temptingas,evenalaugh.Laughterhasalwaysstruckpeopleasdeeplymysterious,perhapspointless.ThewriterArthurKoestlerdubbedittheluxuryreflex:‘uniqueinthatitservesnoapparentbiologicalpurpose.’--Theoriesabouthumorhaveanancientpedigree.toexpressedtheideathathumorissimplyadelightedfeelingofsuperiorityoverothers.KantandFreudfeltthatjoke-lingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichissafelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofthepunchline---Q16.ButmostmodernhumortheoristshavesettledonsomeversionofAristotle'sbeliefthatjokesarebasedonareactiontoorresolutionofincongruity---Q17,whenthepunchlineiseitheranonsenseor,thoughsilly,hasacleversecondGraemeRitchie,acomputationallinguistinEdinburgh,studiesthelinguisticstructureofjokesinordertounderstandnotonlyhumorbutlanguageunderstandingandreasoninginmachines.---Q18Hesaysthatwhilethereisnosingleformatforjokes,manyrevolvearoundasuddenandsurprisingconceptualshift.Acomedianwillpresentasituationfollowedbyanunexpectedinterpretationthatisalsoapt.Soevenifapunchlinesoundssilly,thelistenercanseethereisacleversemanticfitandthatsuddenmental'Aha!'isthebuzzthatmakesuslaugh.Viewedfromthisangle,humorisjustaformofcreativeinsight,asuddenleaptoanew.However,thereisanothertypeoflaughter,thelaughterofsocialappeasementanditisimportanttounderstandthistoo.yisacrucialpartofdevelopmentinmostyoungmls.Ratsproduceultrasonicsqueakstopreventtheirscufflesturningnasty.Chimpanzeeshavea‘y-face’—agaexpression paniedbyapanting'ahah'noise---Q20.Inhumans,thesesignalshavemutatedintos andlaughs.Researchersbelievesocialsituations,ratherthancognitiveeventssuchasjokes,triggertheseinstinctualmarkersofyorappeasement.Peoplelaughonfairgroundridesorwhentickledtoflagaysituation,whethertheyfeelamusedornot.Bothsocialandcognitivetypesoflaughtertapintothesameexpressivemachineryinourbrains,theemotionandmotorcircuitsthatproducesandexcitedvocalizations.However,ifcognitivelaughteristheproductofmoregeneralthoughtprocesses,itshouldresultfrommoreexpansivebrainactivity.PsychologistVinodGoelinvestigatedhumorusingthenewtechniqueof'singleevent'functionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI).AnMRIscannerusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestotrackthechangesinoxygenatedbloodthat panymentalactivity.Untilrecently,MRIscannersneededseveralminutesofactivityandsocouldnotbeusedtotrackrapidthoughtprocessessuchascomprehendingajoke.Newdevelopmentsnowallowhalf-second'snapshots'ofallsortsofreasoningandproblem-solvingactivities.AlthoughGoelfeltbeinginsideabrainscannerwashardlytheidealceforappreciatingajoke,hefoundevidencethatunderstandingajokeinvolvesawidespreadmentalshift.Hisscansshowedthatatthebeginningofajokethelistener'sprefrontalcortexlitup,particularlytherightprefrontalbelievedtobecriticalforproblemsolving.---Q21Buttherewasalsoactivityinthetemporallobesatthesideofthehead(consistentwithattemptstorousestoredknowledge)andinmanyotherbrainareas.---Q22Thenwhenthepunchlinearrived,anewareasprangtolife—theorbitalprefrontalcortex.Thispatchofbraintuckedbehindtheorbitsoftheeyesisassociatedwithevaluatinginformation.---Q23Makingarapidemotionalassessmentoftheeventsofthemomentisanextremelydemandingjobforthebrain,animalorhuman.---Q24Energyandarousallevelsmayneedtoberetunedintheblinkofaneye.Theseabruptchangeswillproduceeitherpositiveornegativefeelings.Theorbitalcortex,theregionthat esactiveinGoel'sexperiment,seemsthebestcandidateforthesitethatfeedssuchfeelingsintohigher-levelthoughtprocesses,withitscloseconnectionstothebrain'ssub-corticalarousalapparatusandcentresofmetaboliccontrol.Allwarm-bloodedanimalsmakeconstanttinyadjustmentsinarousalinresponsetoexternalevents,buthumans,whohavedevelopedamuchmorecomplicatedinternallifeasaresultoflanguage,respondemotionallynotonlytotheirsurroundings,buttotheirownthoughts.---Q25Wheneverasought-foranswersnapsintoce,thereisashudderofpleasedrecognition.Creativediscoverybeingpleasurable,humanshavelearnedtofindwaysofmilkingthisnaturalresponse.Thefactthatjokestapintoourgeneralevaluativemachineryexinswhythelinebetweenfunnyanddisgusting,orfunnyandfrightening,canbesofine.Whetherajokegivespleasureorpaindependsona 'soutlook.---Q26Humormaybealuxury,butthemechanismbehinditisnoevolutionaryaccident.AsPeterDerks,apsychologistatWilliamandMaryCollegeinVirginia,says:'Iliketothinkofhumourasthedistortedmirrorofthemind.It'screative,perceptual,yticalandlingual.Ifwecanfigureouthowthemindprocesseshumor,thenwe'llhaveaprettygoodhandleonhowitworksingeneral.'---Q27Questions14-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes14-20onyouranswersheet,TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisArthurKoestlerconsideredlaughterbiologicallyimportantinseveral文中明文中明 笑的獨(dú)特之處，而題目說它從生物學(xué)的很多方面而言都很重要所以是抵觸型的ThewriterArthurKoestlerdubbedittheluxuryreflex:‘uniqueinthatitservesnoapparentbiologicalpurpose.作家亞瑟將它稱為奢侈的反映：獨(dú)特之處在于作家亞瑟將它稱為奢侈的反映：獨(dú)特之處在于 務(wù)于顯著的生物目的tobelievedhumourtobeasignofabove-average NOTKantbelievedthatasuccessfuljokeinvolvesthecontrolledreleaseofnervous答案原文中的tension等同于energy，而safelypunctured等同于controlledrelease。KantandFreudfeltthatjoke- lingreliesonbuildingupapsychictensionwhichis和safelypuncturedbytheludicrousnessofthe和CurrentthinkingonhumourhaslargelyignoredAristotle’sviewonthe答案題目中的ignore和settleon決定這個(gè)觀 了ButmostmodernhumortheoristshavesettledonsomeversionofAristotle'sbeliefthatjokesarebasedonareactiontoorresolutionofincongruity.但是最潮的幽默理論家解決了但是最潮的幽默理論家解決了 理論的幾個(gè)版本，即笑話是基于對(duì)GraemeRitchie’sworklinksjokestoartificialin答案此題關(guān)鍵是理解atificialin GraemeRitchie,acomputationallinguistinEdinburgh,studiesthelinguisticstructureofjokesinordertounderstandnotonlyhumorbutlanguageunderstandingandreasoninginmachines.愛丁堡的計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)愛丁堡的計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué) ，研究了笑話的語言結(jié)構(gòu)從而能夠理解幽默Mostcomedians alsituationsasasourceofNOTChimpanzeesmakeparticularnoiseswhentheyare答案Chimpanzeeshavea‘ y-face’—aga expression paniedbyapanting'ahah'noise.黑猩猩有一種游戲表情，把嘴張的大大的，同時(shí)發(fā)出黑猩猩有一種游戲表情，把嘴張的大大的，同時(shí)發(fā)出“啊啊 Questions21-ThediagrambelowshowstheareasofthebrainactivatedbyLabletheChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-23onyouranswersheet.Rightprefrontalcortexlightsup-areaofbrainlinkedto21…problem答案problem問題要求填出rightprefrontalcortex與何種思維活動(dòng)有關(guān)，根據(jù)原味可得到答Hisscansshowedthatatthebeginningofajokethelistener'sprefrontalcortexlitup,particularlytherightprefrontalbelievedtobecriticalforproblemsolving.22………temporal eactive答案temporal題目中active對(duì)應(yīng)文中的activity，實(shí)際上這道題目若能將題目中的too和原文的also對(duì)應(yīng)上就能解出答案了。Buttherewasalsoactivityinthetemporallobesatthesideofthehead(consistentwithattemptstorousestoredknowledge)andinmanyotherbrainareas.Orbitaolprefrontalcortexisactivated-involvedwith23…evaluating答案evaluating題目中的involvedwith相當(dāng)于文中的associatedwithThenwhenthepunchlinearrived,anewareasprangtolife—theorbitalprefrontalcortex.Thispatchofbraintuckedbehindtheorbitsoftheeyesisassociatedwithevaluatinginformation.Questions24-CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Gbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes24-27onyouranswersheet.reactreacttotheirownhelpedcreatelanguageinrespondinstantlytowhateveris mayprovidevaluableinformationabouttheoperationoftheEcopewithdifficultrelateto’ssubjectiveledourancestorstoandthen24Oneofthebrain’smostdifficulttasksis答案Crespondinstantlytowhateverisextremelydemandingmostdifficultarapidemotionalassessment相當(dāng)于respondinstantlyto.Makingarapidemotionalassessmentoftheeventsofthemomentisanextremelydemandingjobforthebrain,animalorhuman.25Becauseofthelanguagetheyhavedeveloped,答案Areacttotheirown第十段buthumans,whohave….buttotheirownthoughts.buthumans,whohavedevelopedamuchmorecomplicatedinternallifeasaresultoflanguage,respondemotionallynotonlytotheirsurroundings,buttotheirown但是但是通過語言而發(fā)展處的更加復(fù)雜的 的人類，不僅能夠?qū)χ車?6Individualresponses26Individualresponsesto答案Frelateto ’ssubjectiveoutlook指觀點(diǎn)、觀念，相當(dāng)于答案中的subjectiveviewsWhetherajokegivespleasureorpaindependson 's27PeterDerksbelievesthat答案Dmayprovidevaluableinformationabouttheoperationofthe第十一段中ifwecanfigureout……itworksingeneral，其中mind相當(dāng)于答案中的brain，works相當(dāng)于operation。Ifwecanfigureouthowthemindprocesseshumor,thenwe'llhaveaprettygoodhandleonhowitworksingeneral.'READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.TheBirthofScientificWorldscienceisdominatedtodaybyasmallnumberoflanguages,includingJapanese,GermanandFrench,butitisEnglishwhichisprobablythemostpopulargloballanguageofscience.ThisisnotjustbecauseoftheimportanceofEnglish-speakingcountriessuchastheUSAinscientificresearch;thescientistsofmanynon-English-speakingcountriesfindthattheyneedtowritetheirresearchpapersinEnglishtoreachawideinternationalaudience.GiventheprominenceofscientificEnglishtoday,itmayseemsurprisingthatnoonereallyknewhowtowritescienceinEnglishbeforethe17thcentury.Beforethat,LatinwasregardedasthelinguafrancaforEuropeaninlectuals.---Q28TheEuropeanRenaissance(c.14th-16thcentury)issometimescalledthe'revivaloflearning',atimeofrenewedinterestinthe'lostknowledge'ofclassicaltimes.Atthesametime,however,scholarsalsobegantotestandextendthisknowledge.TheemergentnationstatesofEuropedevelopedcompetitiveinterestsinworldSuchexpansion,whichwastotaketheEnglishlanguagewesttoAmericaandeastto ,wassupportedbyscientificdevelopmentssuchasthediscoveryofmagnetismandhencetheinventionofthecompassimprovementsincartography scientificrevolutionofthemall—thenewtheoriesofastronomyandthemovementoftheEarthinrelationtothe Copernicus(1473-1543).---Q36Englandwasoneofthefirst

wherescientistsadoptedandpublicized.Copernicanideaswithenthusiasm.Someofthesescholars,includingtwowithinterestsinlanguage—JohnWallisandJohnWilkins—helpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyin1660.inordertopromoteempiricalscientificresearch.---Q37AcrossEuropesimilaracademiesandsocietiesarose,creatingnewnationaltraditionsofscience.Intheinitialstagesofthescientificrevolution,mostpublicationsinthenationallanguageswerepopularworks,encyclopaediaseducationaltextbooksandtranslations.OriginalsciencewasnotdoneinEnglishuntilthesecondhalfofthe17thcentury.Forexample,Newtonpublishedhismathematicaltreatise,knownasthePrincipia,inLatin,butpublishedhislaterworkonthepropertiesoflight—Opticks—inEnglish.---Q39TherewereseveralreasonswhyoriginalsciencetobewrittenintoLatin.Thefirstwassimplyamatterofaudience.Latinwassuitableforaninternationalaudienceofscholars,whereasEnglishreachedasociallywider,butmorelocal,audience.---Q40Hence,popularsciencewaswritteninAsecondreasonforwritinginLatinmay,perversely,havebeenaconcernforsecrecy.---Q28Openpublicationhaddangersinputtingintothepublicpreliminaryideaswhichhadnotyetbeenfullyexploitedbytheir'author'.Thisgrowingconcernaboutinlectualpropertyrightswasafeatureoftheperiod—itreflectedboththenotionoftheindividual,rationalscientistwhoinventsanddiscoversthroughprivateinlectuallabour,andthegrowingconnectionbetweenoriginalscienceandcommercialexploitation.Therewassomethingofasocialdistinctionbetween'scholarsandgentlemen'whounderstoodLatin,andmenoftradewholackedaclassicaleducation.Andinthemid-17thcenturyitwascommonpracticeformathematicianstokeeptheirdiscoveriesandproofssecret,bywritingthemincipher,inobscurelanguages,orinprivatemessagesdepositedinasealedboxwiththeRoyalSociety.SomescientistsmighthavefeltmorecomfortablewithLatinpreciselybecauseitsaudience,thoughinternational,wassociallyrestricted.DoctorsclungthemostkeenlytoLatinasan‘insiderlanguage’.---Q29AthirdreasonwhythewritingoforiginalscienceinEnglishwasdelayedmayhavebeentodowiththelinguisticinadequacyofEnglishintheearlymodernperiod.Englishwasnotwellequippedtodealwithscientificargument.Firstitlackedthenecessarytechnicalvocabulary.---Q30Second,itlackedthegrticalresourcesrequiredtorepresenttheworldinanobjectiveandim alway,andtodiscusstherelations,suchascauseandeffect,thatmightholdbetweencomplexandhypotheticalentities.Fortunay,severalmembersoftheRoyalsocietypossessedaninterestinLanguageandbecameengagedinvariouslinguisticprojects.---Q31&Q32Althoughaproposalin1664toestablishacommitteeforimprovingtheEnglishlanguagecametolittle,thesociety'smembersdidagreatdealtofoster

publicationofscienceinEnglishandtoencouragethedevelopmentofasuitablewritingstyle.ManymembersoftheRoyalSocietyalsopublishedmonographsinEnglish.OneofthefirstwasbyRobertHooke,thesociety'sfirstcuratorofexperiments,whodescribedhisexperimentswithmicroscopesinMicrographia(1665).Thisworkislargelynarrativeinstyle,basedonatranscriptoforaldemonstrationsandIn1665anewscientificjournal,PhilosophicalTransactions,wasinaugurated.PerhapsthefirstinternationalEnglish-languagescientificjournal,itencouragedanewgenreofscientificwriting,thatofshort,focusedaccountsofparticularexperiments.The17thcenturywasthusaformativeperiodintheestablishmentofscientificEnglish.InthefollowingcenturymuchofthismomentumwaslastasGermanestablisheditselfastheleadingEuropeanlanguageofscience.---Q33Itisestimatedthatbytheendofthe18thcentury401Germanscientificjournalshadbeenestablishedasopposedto96inFranceand50inEngland.However,inthe19thcenturyscientificEnglishagainenjoyedsubstantiallexicalgrowthastheindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheneedfornewtechnicalvocabulary,andnew,specialized,professionalsocietieswereinstitutedtopromoteandpublishinthenewdisciplines.---Q34Questions28-CompletetheChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes28-34onyouranswersheet.InInEurope,modernscie4nceemergedatthesametimeasthethenationstate.Atfirstthescientificlanguageofchoiceremained28…Latin………….Itallowedscientiststocommunicatewithothersociallyprivilegedthinkerswhileprotectingtheirworkfromunwantedexploitation.答案這道題目非常復(fù)雜，涉及對(duì)原文三個(gè)段落的理解。在首段末句，作者提到了beforethat，Latinwas…，可以感覺到拉丁文在學(xué)界的盛行，在第五和第六段，作者提到了盛行的原因，第六段開頭提到Asecondreasonfor…forsecrecy,等同題BeforeBeforethat,LatinwasregardedasthelinguafrancaforEuropean AsecondreasonforwritinginLatinmay,perversely,havebeenaconcernforSometimesthedesiretoprotectideasseemstohavebeenstrongerthanthedesiretocommunicatethem,particularlyinthecaseofmathematiciansand定位mathematicians定位mathematicians一詞，題目意思是有時(shí)候保護(hù)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn) 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于與 觀點(diǎn) ，空格需要一個(gè)表示職業(yè)的名詞DoctorsclungthemostkeenlytoLatinasan‘insiderInBritain,moreover,scientistsworriedthatEnglishhadneitherthe30…technicalvocabulary…………northe ticalresources………toexpresstheir30&3130&31答案technicalvocabularytical這兩空是并列關(guān)系，因此在原文中肯定也是并列關(guān)系的兩個(gè)詞，首先根據(jù)English定位到第七段，找到first和second兩個(gè)詞，是并列關(guān)系，答案可以進(jìn)而Firstitlackedthenecessarytechnical y,severalmembersoftheRoyalsocietypossessedaninterestinandbecameengagedinvariouslinguisticThissituationonlychangedafter1660whenscientistsassociatedwiththe32…RoyalSociety………setaboutdeveloEnglish.Anearlyscientificjournalfosteredanewkindofwritingbasedonshortdescriptionsofspecificexperiments.答案Royal y,severalmembersoftheRoyalsocietypossessedaninterestinLanguageandbecameengagedinvariouslinguisticprojects.AlthoughEnglishwasthenovertakenby33…German……,itdevelopedagaininthe19thcenturyasadirectresult