歐洲文化現(xiàn)實(shí)主義介紹REALISM英文版

歐洲文化現(xiàn)實(shí)主義介紹REALISMREALISMⅠ.

GeneralIntroductionⅡ.RealisminFranceⅢ.RealisminRussiaⅣ.RealisminNorthernEurope

ⅠGeneralIntroductionWhatisrealism？ThehistoricalbackgroundBackWhatisRealism?Realismnamedcriticalrealism.InartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentifyaliterarymovementinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesinthelastofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Stendhal(司湯達(dá)）GustaveCourbet(居斯塔夫庫貝爾）“Anovelisamirrorwalkingalongtheroad”Thisideaofliteraturemirroringthereallifewasadvancedinoppositiontothethenprevailingromanticism.Asenserealismmeantdoingawaywiththeartificialityofacademicartandlookingattheworldhonestly,straightforwardly,andfromthepersonalexperience.Hesaid:Icannotpaintanangel,becauseIhaveneverseenone.Hisattitudetowardstherealworldwasstrikinglyuncompromising.ThehistoricalbackgroundTherealistmovementwasgreatlyinfluencedbythedevelopmentofscienceinthe19thcentury.The19thcenturyisthecenturyofgreatestchangeinthehistoryofWesterncivilization.Greatsocialandeconomicchange:GermanyandItalyachievedtheirunification,thepredominanceofFrancewasbrokenandGreatBritainruledthesea.Severeproblemby3groups1liberals2nationalists3socialists1WantpoliticalreformbasedontheidealsoftheFrenchRevolution2Votingrightsforthepropertyowners,protectionofprivateproperty3FreedomofspeechWantedpoliticalindependencefornationalitiesTheNorwegiansdidnotwanttobepartofSweden.ThePolesandFinnsdidnotliketoberuledbyRussia.Germans,HungariansandItaliansdidnotwanttobedominatedbytheAustrians.TheEuropeanCommunistmovement,armedwithMarxistthought,madefierceattacksontheconceptofprivateownershiponwhichthecapitalistsystemwasbased.Roundaboutthe1830s,inFrance,PortugalandRussia,liberals,nationalistsandsocialistsledseveralrevolutions,butmostofthemfailed.In1848thereagainrevolutionthroughoutEuropeandonceagaintherevolutionstartedinFrance,buttheyallfailed.Thusfollowedatimeofdisillusionmentandlossofhope,andbroughtaboutarevulsionagainstRomanticism.Theneedwasfeltforareturntowhatwasplainandreal.Thereforethenamerealismwasgiventothenewmovementinliteratureandart.

RealisminFranceStendhal司湯達(dá)Balzac巴爾扎克GustaveFlaubert居斯塔夫?福樓拜EmileZola左拉GuydeMaupassant居伊?德?莫泊桑RealisminFranceFrance---thebirthplaceofrealismliterature---oneoftheearlyliterarycentersRealisminFranceStendhalHonoredeBalzacGustaveFlaubertEmileZolaGuydeMaupassantStendhal(1783-1842)aFrenchoutstandingcriticalrealismwriterthefirstimportantrealismwriterthefounderofrealismliteraturetheoryandcreation''關(guān)于司湯達(dá)的話，說不完道不盡。在我看來，這就是至高無上的褒獎。

-----瓦雷里L(fēng)ifetimeenlightenedsincechildhoodreadVoltaire,MontesquieuandRousseau'sworksatearlytimehadaspecialreverencetoRousseauregardedhimas''thepersonwhohasthemostnobleideasandthegreatintellect''LifetimechildhoodwasspentintheFrenchrevolutioninfectedbytheeraatmospheresympathizedwiththeFrenchrevolutionadvocatedtherepublicanformofgovernmentmotto:givemeliberty,orgivemedeathWorkArmanceandLeRougeetleNoir(TheRedandtheBlack)《紅與黑》---thestapleofrealismliteraturecriticalrealismmasterpiecehighlyunifiedinthoughtsandartistry"policalnovel"“若是你的人物不談?wù)危蔷鸵呀?jīng)不是一八三零年的法國人了，你的書也就不再是一面鏡子?！?/p>

---《紅與黑》第52章Red

Blacktheclothingofarmy

theblackrobeofpriestsrevolution

restorationwarmblood

mourningapparelenthusiasm

conspiracySymbolicMeaningBalzac(1799-1850)"theFrenchDickens"fatherofFrenchmodernnovelthegreatestrealismwriterofFranceoneoftheliterarygiantsintheworldheandLeoTolstoy'screationformthetwopeaksofthewesternliteraryrealism巴爾扎克畫像Balzac'sformerresidenceTheGraveyard

在最偉大的人物中間，巴爾扎克是第一等的一個；在最優(yōu)秀的人物中間，巴爾扎克是最高的一個。——雨果《巴爾扎克葬詞》WorkTheHumanComedy---thewholecollectionofhis90novels---ShowstheFrench

sociallifeattheearly19thcentury,iscalled"socialencyclopedia".WorkEugenieGrandet（1833）LePereGoriot(1834)laCousineBette(1846)GustaveFlaubert(1821—1880)居斯塔夫?福樓拜Hewasoneofthegreatliteraryartistsofthe19thcentury.1841hewasenrolledasastudentatthefacultyoflawinParis.1843hegotanervousillness.HereturnedhomeontheSeine.Writingstyle

authentic美學(xué)就是真實(shí)，現(xiàn)實(shí)并不屈從于理想，而是適合與理想

objective作者在他的作品里，必須向上帝在世界上一樣，到處存在而又到處不見

artistic藝術(shù)的目的，首先是美worksMadameBovarySentimentaleducationEmmaCapitalist

Shepursuesvanityandwealth.Shelongsforromanticandelegantlife.Thereisadistancebetweenidealityandreality.EmileZola(1840—1902)左拉Hewasthefounderofnaturalism.Hehadamiserablechildhood.Hisfriendsecuredhimajobwithapublisher.LesRougen-Macquarts《盧貢—馬卡爾家族》像母親有時為她所分娩的親愛生物而犧牲一樣，我們就不應(yīng)該愛惜自己，就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備為它的成功而捐棄我們的生命。人生在這里只有兩分半鐘的時間：一分鐘微笑，一分鐘嘆息，半分鐘愛，因?yàn)樵趷鄣倪@一分鐘中間他死去了。愚昧從來沒有給人帶來幸福；幸福的根源在于知識。

ZolaGuydeMaupassant(1850—1893)居伊?德?莫泊桑Hisparentsseparatedwhenhewaselevenandthebreak-upofthehomeleftalastingimpressiononhimandhiswork.Helearnedtheartofstory-tellingfromFlaubert.works世上真不知道有多少能成就功業(yè)的人，都因把難得的時間輕輕放過以致默默無聞了。

你明白，人的一生，既不是人們想象的那么好，也不是那么壞。魅力，眼神，微笑，語言是女人用來淹沒男人和征服男人的洪流。

MaupassantRealisminRussiaNikolaiGogol果戈里IvanSergeyevichTurgenev屠格涅夫FyodorDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基LeoTolstoy列夫·托爾斯泰Chekhov契訶夫RealisminRussia●Thereasonofit’sappearance出現(xiàn)●Thedevelopmentofliterature●

Themaincharactersofrealisticliterature●

ThedevelopmentofrealisticliteratureThereasonofit’sappearance●

Geography●

ThetransitionfromfeudalismtocapitalismThedevelopmentofliteratureNotexistPetertheGrate--reforms（18th）ModernRussialiteratureThemaincharactersofrealisticliterature●

Relatetopeople’sliberationmovement●

Irony&expose●Shape“nobody”小人物“fifthwheel”多余人“peopleofnewtype”新人●GuidanceofthemethodThedevelopmentofrealisticliterature●

Noblerevolutionperiod貴族革命時期（1830-1861）--formanddevelopment●

Civilianintellectualsperiod平民知識分子期間（1861-1895）--prosperous●Proletariatrevolutionperiod無產(chǎn)階級革命時期（1895-1917）--recessionNikolaiGogol(1809-1852)IronistFounderofsatiricliterature諷刺文學(xué)FounderofrealisticliteratureWritingstylesimilarwithLuXun’sFoundationofnaturalism自然派IncomparableworkShockthewholerussiaTurningpointinwritingcareerDirectionforhumorIvanSergeyevichTurgenev(1818-1883)ReflectsocialrealityLifelikecharacterslanguageMasterworkHisfirstrealisticworkExposeRealsceneBecamefamousFyodorDostoyevsky(1921-1881)RussiannovelistShortstorywriterEssayistLoveliteratureWorksMainworks陀思妥耶夫斯基通常被認(rèn)為是個批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家，他本人也時常用“現(xiàn)

實(shí)主義”一詞來說明自己的創(chuàng)作方法。但是陀思妥耶夫斯基的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”

是異常獨(dú)特.他在給斯特拉霍夫的信中更明確地說：“我對現(xiàn)實(shí)（藝術(shù)中的）有自己特殊的看法。大多數(shù)人稱之為超乎尋常的和虛幻的東西，對于我來說有時則構(gòu)成最本質(zhì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)。平常的現(xiàn)實(shí)以及對現(xiàn)實(shí)通行的看法，我認(rèn)為還不是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，而且甚至相反。”Hisrealism1,natureofthelife2,developmentofspirit3,idealismFantasyrealismLeoTolstoy(1828-1910)RussianwriterLovepeaceworksAnnaisKarenin’swife,abeautifulwoman.LossallthingSuicideContradiction,tensionandfearNightmareanddeathHero’ssympathyforthesufferingofthepeopleandthecontradictionsintheprocessofrepentance,notonlysummarizestheprogressofthethoughtofsomearistocrary,butalsoreflectstheauthor’sideologicalcontradictions.Meanwhile,the“resurrection”alsoshowthatTolstoy’sdeterminationof”tearoffallthemasks”andthepassionofcriticizingtheoldworld.

RussianphysicianDramaturgeAuthorAmongthegreatestwritersofshortstoriesinhistoryChekhov(1860-1094)契訶夫introduction1,unhappychildhood2,educationHeattendedaschoolfrom1867-1868HisstyleandrealismObjectivestanceSimple,OpenendingrealismChekhov’sworkscreatetheeffectofprofoundexperiencetakingplacebeneaththesurfaceintheordinarylivesofunexceptionalpeople.Ⅳ.RealisminNorthernEuropeHenrikIbsen易卜生AugustStrindberg斯特林堡BackRealisminNorthernEuropeInthe50softhe19thcenturyNorthernEurope：Norway,Denmark,SwedenCriticalofthehypocrisyandseamyofthebourgeoispoliticiansandprovinciallifeHenrikIbsen（1828-1906）Amajor

19th-century

Norwegianplaywright,

theatre，director,andpoet.Heisoftenreferredtoas“thefatherofrealism”andisoneofthefoundersof

modernism

inthetheatre.LifeandworksEarlytime(1850—1868)-Romanticism:

national-romanticdramas&historicaldrama

Theme:singingfolkheroes‘praise

transitionalworks：Brand，PeerGyntMiddletime（1868-1884）-Realism：

dramasofideas&realisticcontemporarydramasProblemplayIdea

:questtouncovernegativesidesofsociety,hypocrisyanddissimulation&untiringdemandsfortruthfullnessandfreedom

works：PillarsofSociety(1877)，

ADoll’sHouse(1879)，Ghosts(1881)，AnEnemyofthePeople(1882)Latertime（after1884）-Symbolism：

psychologicalandsymbolismdramas

works：TheWildDuck，TheMasterBuilderProblemplayThe

problemplay

isaformofdramathatemergedduringthe19thcenturyaspartofthewidermovem