巖土工程數(shù)值計(jì)算方法

學(xué)院：土木與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院姓名：xxxxxx學(xué)號(hào)xxxxxxxx巖土工程數(shù)值計(jì)算方法報(bào)告三維有限差分穩(wěn)定性分析一、FLAC3D基本原理FLAC（FastLagrangianAnalysisofContinua）是由美國(guó)Itasca咨詢(xún)公司研究開(kāi)發(fā)的顯式有限差分程序，可用于工程力學(xué)計(jì)算，模擬巖石、土等材料的力學(xué)行為。由于其采用了顯式拉格朗日算法及混合離散劃分單元技術(shù)，使得該程序能較好地模擬地質(zhì)材料在達(dá)到強(qiáng)度極限或屈服極限時(shí)發(fā)生的破壞和塑性流動(dòng)，分析漸進(jìn)破壞和失穩(wěn)，特別適用于模擬大變形。材料通過(guò)單元和區(qū)域表示，根據(jù)計(jì)算對(duì)象的形狀構(gòu)成相應(yīng)的網(wǎng)格。每個(gè)單元在外載和邊界約束條件下，按照給出的本構(gòu)關(guān)系產(chǎn)生力學(xué)響應(yīng)。FLAC軟件主要是為巖土工程穩(wěn)定性分析開(kāi)發(fā)的巖石力學(xué)計(jì)算程序，它包括了反映地質(zhì)材料力學(xué)效應(yīng)的特殊計(jì)算功能，能夠計(jì)算地質(zhì)類(lèi)材料的高度非線性（包括應(yīng)變硬化/軟化）、不可逆剪切破壞和壓密、粘彈（蠕變）、空隙介質(zhì)的應(yīng)力一滲流耦合及動(dòng)力學(xué)行為等。FLAC提供了多種材料本構(gòu)模型：各向同性彈性模型、橫觀各向同性彈性模型、摩爾-庫(kù)侖塑性模型、應(yīng)變硬化/軟化塑性模型、德魯克-普拉格塑性模型、遍布節(jié)理模型、雙屈服塑性模型、霍克-布朗模型、空單元模型等。另外，程序設(shè)有界面單元，可以模擬斷層、節(jié)理和摩擦邊界的滑動(dòng)、張開(kāi)和閉和行為。支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)，如砌襯、錨桿、支架等與圍巖的相互作用也可以在FLAC中進(jìn)行模擬。同時(shí)，用戶可根據(jù)自己的需要在FLAC中創(chuàng)建自己的本構(gòu)模型，進(jìn)行各種特殊修正和補(bǔ)充。FLAC采用顯式算法來(lái)獲得模型全部運(yùn)動(dòng)方程的時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)解，從而可以追蹤材料的漸進(jìn)破壞和跨落，這對(duì)研究開(kāi)采的時(shí)間效應(yīng)和空間效應(yīng)是非常重要的。此外，程序允許輸入多種材料類(lèi)型，亦可在計(jì)算過(guò)程中改變某個(gè)局部的材料參數(shù)，增強(qiáng)了程序使用的靈活性，用來(lái)提供采動(dòng)區(qū)域的跨落過(guò)程和開(kāi)采中的充填過(guò)程。FLAC具有強(qiáng)大的后處理功能，用戶可以直接在屏幕上繪制圖形，或以文件形式創(chuàng)建和輸出打印多種形式的圖形。使用者還可以根據(jù)需要，將若干個(gè)變量合并在同一幅圖形中進(jìn)行研究分析。FLAC3D的計(jì)算過(guò)程如圖1.1所示，在每個(gè)時(shí)步內(nèi)，首先，根據(jù)高斯定律，由節(jié)點(diǎn)速度求出新的應(yīng)變速度；根據(jù)本構(gòu)方程計(jì)算出各時(shí)步內(nèi)單元新的應(yīng)力；然后，由運(yùn)動(dòng)方程計(jì)算新的結(jié)點(diǎn)速度和位移。在各個(gè)時(shí)步內(nèi)進(jìn)行循環(huán)計(jì)算，當(dāng)計(jì)算達(dá)到平衡狀態(tài)時(shí)，不平衡力趨近于0，如果有塑性流動(dòng)產(chǎn)生，則不平衡力趨近某一數(shù)值。

圖1.1FLAC3I循環(huán)求解過(guò)程二、節(jié)理化模型節(jié)理化模型是各向異性塑性模型，它包括了包含在摩爾一庫(kù)侖體內(nèi)特殊方向上的弱面。根據(jù)應(yīng)力狀態(tài)、弱面走向以及模型體和弱面的材料特性的不同，屈服可能發(fā)生在模型體內(nèi)，或者發(fā)生在弱面上，或者在兩個(gè)部位同時(shí)發(fā)生。這種模型在FLAC中的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法是首先判別總體破壞，同時(shí)應(yīng)用到和FLAC中摩爾一庫(kù)侖模型中相同的相關(guān)塑性修正，然后對(duì)更新的應(yīng)力在弱面上產(chǎn)生的破壞進(jìn)行分析，同時(shí)對(duì)這些應(yīng)力分別進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的校正。弱面內(nèi)的破壞準(zhǔn)則存在于包含了拉應(yīng)力路徑的摩爾一庫(kù)侖屈服條件的局部形式中，與局部剪切流動(dòng)法則不相關(guān)聯(lián)而與局部拉應(yīng)力流動(dòng)法則相關(guān)聯(lián)。圖1.2顯示了整體坐標(biāo)系（x，y）和局部坐標(biāo)系（x'，y'）下存在于摩爾一庫(kù)侖體內(nèi)的軟弱面。y圖1.2整體坐標(biāo)系中沿0角方向的軟弱面為了簡(jiǎn)化這部分的符號(hào)，定義。訂它對(duì)應(yīng)于由各階段總體破壞的塑性修正的應(yīng)用引起的應(yīng)力分量，這種總應(yīng)力分解成局部應(yīng)力后可表示為：b'=bcos20+2bsin0cos6+bsin20

b'—bsin20-2bsin0cos0+bcos20b，—b3333b，=-（b-b）sin0cos6+b（cos2。一sin20）式中：0——節(jié)理夾角（從x坐標(biāo)軸逆時(shí)針?lè)较蛩闫穑?。依照約定，由T表示弱面上切向引力分量的大小，相應(yīng)的應(yīng)變變量為Y,可以看到：b，12e，12有了這兩個(gè)符號(hào)，彈性增量的法則的局部表達(dá)式可以表示為:△b，=以&'。+以(&'e+&'e)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z1111122233△b，=以&'。+以(&'e+△efe)2213321122△b，=以&'e+以(Ae'e+△e'e)3313321122△T=2^丫e式中：a：K+4G/3，氣二K—2G/3，上標(biāo)e代表“彈性部分”。軟弱面的破壞準(zhǔn)則可以在圖1.3所示的b，，t平面內(nèi)表示出來(lái)。22Cj/tan%圖1.3FLACCj/tan%將摩爾一庫(kù)侖破壞準(zhǔn)則定義為fs=0,從點(diǎn)A到點(diǎn)B的局部破壞包絡(luò)線定義為:將拉應(yīng)力破壞準(zhǔn)則定義為ft=0,從點(diǎn)B到點(diǎn)C的局部破壞包絡(luò)線定義為:ft=bt一。']22式中：七，七，。j——分別為弱面的摩擦角、粘聚力和抗拉強(qiáng)度。對(duì)于摩擦角不為零的弱面，抗拉強(qiáng)度的最大值定義如下：Cbt=jj,maxtan。j剪切和張拉勢(shì)函數(shù)穿和g‘對(duì)應(yīng)于不相關(guān)聯(lián)的流動(dòng)法則，剪脹角*j對(duì)應(yīng)于相關(guān)聯(lián)的流動(dòng)法則，它們分別表示為：gs=一r一b'tan*22jgt=—b'22破壞準(zhǔn)則邊界附近的流動(dòng)法則用FLAC中摩爾一庫(kù)侖模型中所述的方法定義。這里，由函數(shù)^b22，T）=0表示（b22，T）平面中f'=0和f=0曲線的對(duì)角線（圖1.4），此函數(shù)形式為：h=r—rp—aP（b‘—bt）圖1.4節(jié)理化模型中用于定義弱面流動(dòng)法則的區(qū)域其中TP和aP是兩個(gè)常量，定義如下:rp=C—tan8bt彈性假設(shè)和破壞準(zhǔn)則不一致，分別由L22,T)平面中位于1區(qū)或2區(qū)(分別對(duì)應(yīng)于h=0區(qū)域內(nèi)-或+區(qū)域)。如果位于1區(qū)，說(shuō)明平面內(nèi)是剪切破壞，應(yīng)用由勢(shì)函數(shù)gs確定的流動(dòng)法則，應(yīng)力點(diǎn)回歸到fs=0的曲線上。如果位于2區(qū)，說(shuō)明是局部拉應(yīng)力破壞，應(yīng)用由勢(shì)函數(shù)M確定的流動(dòng)法則，應(yīng)力點(diǎn)回歸到ft=0的曲線上。首先考慮平面內(nèi)的剪切破壞，流動(dòng)法則如下：Aefp=Ms蟲(chóng)ii8b'11△e'p=Ms空228b'22ke‘p=Ms蟲(chóng)338b'33其中上標(biāo)p表示弱面上同破壞有關(guān)的塑性部分，Ms是待定參數(shù)，應(yīng)用式gs=-T-b'tanv，進(jìn)行偏微分法后，上式可寫(xiě)為：22j△ep=0ii△ep=—Mstanw22j△ep=033△yp=—Ms最終，由于局部應(yīng)力修正而分解到總體坐標(biāo)軸下得到的弱面上剪切破壞的總應(yīng)力修正式為：△b=—2^brcos0sin0+△b'cos20+△b'sin20△b=2Aorcos0sin0+△b'sin20+△b'cos20△b=2Ab，△b=Ab'(cos20—sin20)+(△b'—△b')sin0cos012121122這些修正被添加到應(yīng)力分量b〃上，b包括了總體破壞的應(yīng)力修正，即這些應(yīng)力修正會(huì)計(jì)算出該時(shí)步新的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在考慮弱面上的拉應(yīng)力破壞，這種情況下，流動(dòng)法則的形式為:*p我冬TOC\o"1-5"\h\z118b'11△e'pd室228b'22△epd也338b'33△p孔也8t這里人t是待定的參數(shù)，應(yīng)用式g，=f'，進(jìn)行偏微分后，上式可寫(xiě)為:22△eep—011△ep——人t22△ep=033△yp=0應(yīng)用如上的推理，可以得到:b'n=b'+人taTOC\o"1-5"\h\z11112b'n=b'+Xta22221b'n=b'+人ta33332.ft(b')Ki=23—a

1分解到整體坐標(biāo)軸下以后，應(yīng)力修正變成了:△b=(bt—b')(%cos20+sin20)1122a1△b=(bt—b)(_^sin20+cos20)2222a1Ab=(bt—b')^2TOC\o"1-5"\h\z3322a1，a八八Ab=—(。t—S)(1—t)cosOsin201222a1在大應(yīng)變模式下，為考慮由于剛體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和變形引起的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，對(duì)軟弱面的方位角0進(jìn)行調(diào)整，修正值A(chǔ)0由一個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)所有角度的平均值得出，其表達(dá)式如下:ao=e+①12其中:e'=—(e一e)sin0cos0+e(cos20—sin20)其中:12112212?=2(&—汲)且A0以弧度形式表示。三、采場(chǎng)開(kāi)采模擬分析鞍千礦業(yè)有限公司許東溝采場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)1740m、寬280?490m，最高海拔高度為+242.3m。設(shè)計(jì)邊坡階段高度12m，并段高度24m，階段坡面角上盤(pán)(東幫)65。，下盤(pán)(西幫)55。，運(yùn)輸平臺(tái)、清掃平臺(tái)、安全平臺(tái)寬度分別取18m、8m、8m。最終邊坡角：上盤(pán)(東幫)45。?55。、下盤(pán)(西幫)40。?50。。礦層走向145°?165°，傾角很陡，一般都超過(guò)80°。露天采場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀最低開(kāi)采標(biāo)高為+96m，+144m水平以上的平臺(tái)已經(jīng)靠幫到界，形成邊坡垂直高度為98m的高陡邊坡，開(kāi)采現(xiàn)狀圖見(jiàn)圖1.5。局部邊坡+168m至+240m設(shè)計(jì)邊坡角為55°，由于開(kāi)采初期沒(méi)有設(shè)計(jì)，實(shí)際邊坡境界+204m水平以上的部分已經(jīng)超挖，所以現(xiàn)邊坡角度為50。，小于設(shè)計(jì)的邊坡55。的角度。表1.1FLAC數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算參數(shù)表巖性名稱(chēng)密度(g/cm3粘聚力(kPa)內(nèi)摩擦角(°)體積模量(GPa)剪切模量(GPa)抗拉強(qiáng)度(kPa)綠泥石英片巖2.80400329.005.40200綠泥石英片巖片理20030遼河群千枚巖3.35450349.505.70500含鐵石英巖2.701000408.336.25500

FLAC3D3.00Step2930ModelPerspective17:36:09FriMayFLAC3D3.00Step2930ModelPerspective17:36:09FriMay162014Center:X:5.762e+002Y:6.787e+001Z:2.412e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:1.56Ang.:22.500BlockGroupItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.圖1.5開(kāi)采現(xiàn)狀圖Step9573ModelPerspective18:57:47ThuMay152014Rotation:X:Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003BlockGroup，8」9ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSA圖1.6開(kāi)采最終設(shè)計(jì)圖采場(chǎng)邊坡分7步FLAC模擬開(kāi)挖，模擬開(kāi)采至72米、48米、24米、0米、-24米和-48米等四個(gè)水平的最大主應(yīng)力。］等值線圖、最小主應(yīng)力。3等值線圖、最大剪應(yīng)變Ymax增量等值線圖、水平向位移七等值線圖、垂直向位移u,等值線圖。四X7

ItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAa開(kāi)挖到72m時(shí)塑性區(qū)b開(kāi)挖到48m時(shí)塑性區(qū)FLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:33:50ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000ItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAa開(kāi)挖到72m時(shí)塑性區(qū)b開(kāi)挖到48m時(shí)塑性區(qū)FLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:33:50ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500BlockStateNoneshear-nshear-pshear-p■shear-ptension-ptension-pFLAC3D3.00Step7836ModelPerspective18:39:54ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500?ockStateNoneshear-nshear-pshear-p■shear-ptension-ptension-pMinneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAc開(kāi)挖到24m時(shí)塑性區(qū)d開(kāi)挖到0m時(shí)塑性區(qū)FLAC3D3.00Step8779ModelPerspective18:45:34ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step9573ModelPerspective18:55:42ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ockStateNoneshear-nshear-pshear-pshear-ptension-ptension-pCenter:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500Minneapolis,MNUSAe開(kāi)挖到-24m時(shí)塑性區(qū)ockStateNoneshear-nshear-pshear-pshear-ptension-ptension-pMinneapolis,MNUSAf開(kāi)挖到-48m時(shí)塑性區(qū)(1)礦山分6步模擬開(kāi)采后，上盤(pán)邊坡192米?96米水平間的巖體在臺(tái)階開(kāi)挖的瞬間出現(xiàn)了巖體單元的塑性屈服和弱面破壞，開(kāi)采擾動(dòng)塑性區(qū)寬度約30米，邊坡應(yīng)力場(chǎng)重新調(diào)整后，屈服單元重回彈性狀態(tài)；下盤(pán)邊坡巖體則僅在臺(tái)階表層出現(xiàn)塑性屈服狀態(tài)。FLAC3D3,00Step4296ModelPerspective17:09:55ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step5594ModelPerspective18:21:32ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Disf2501e+003Rotation:X:290.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag:1Ang.:22.500ContourofSMax(agfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation1-2.5656e+006to--2.5000e+006to--2.0000e+006to--1.5000e+006to--1.0000e+006to-5.0000e+005to0.0000e+000to2.5000e+0062.0000e+0061.5000e+0061.0000e+0065.0000e+0050.0000e+0004.1132e+005Interval=5.0e+005Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Disf2501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000

Mag:08Ang.:22.500ContourofSMaxagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-2.5071e+006to-2.5000e+006-2.5000e+006to-2.0000e+006-2.0000e+006to-1.5000e+006-1.5000e+006to-1.0000e+006-1.0000e+006to-5.0000e+005-5.0000e+005to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to4.1635e+005Interval=5.0e+005Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:35:11ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step7836ModelPerspective18:40:33ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMaxIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-2.4638e+006to，-2.2500e+006to--2.0000e+006to--1.7500e+006to--1.5000e+006to--1.2500e+006to"-1.0000e+006to--7.5000e+005to--5.0000e+005to--2.5000e+005to0.0000e+000to2.5000e+005to2.2500e+0062.0000e+0061.7500e+0061.5000e+0061.2500e+0061.0000e+0067.5000e+0055.0000e+0052.5000e+0050.0000e+0002.5000e+0054.1205e+005Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMaxIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-2.4334e+006to，-2.2500e+006to--2.0000e+006to--1.7500e+006to--1.5000e+006to"-1.2500e+006to"-1.0000e+006to--7.5000e+005to--5.0000e+005to--2.5000e+005to0.0000e+000to2.5000e+005to2.2500e+0062.0000e+0061.7500e+0061.5000e+0061.2500e+0061.0000e+0067.5000e+0055.0000e+0052.5000e+0050.0000e+0002.5000e+0053.8717e+005Interval=2.5e+005Interval=2.5e+005Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step8779ModelPerspective18:46:14ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMax.agfac=0.000e+000IradientCalculation.-2.4181e+006to-2.0000e+006--2.0000e+006to-1.5000e+006--1.5000e+006to-1.0000e+006--1.0000e+006to-5.0000e+005--5.0000e+005to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e+0055.0000e+005to6.0766e+005Interval=5.0e+005FLAC3D3.00Step9573ModelPerspective18:52:22ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMaxIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-2.4086e+006to—-2.2500e+006to--2.0000e+006to--1.7500e+006to--1.5000e+006to--1.2500e+006to--1.0000e+006to--7.5000e+005to--5.0000e+005to--2.5000e+005to0.0000e+000to2.5000e+005to2.2500e+0062.0000e+0061.7500e+0061.5000e+0061.2500e+0061.0000e+0067.5000e+0055.0000e+0052.5000e+0050.0000e+0002.5000e+0054.7489e+005Interval=2.5e+005ItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSA圖1.8各開(kāi)挖步主應(yīng)力變化情況FLAC3D3.00Step4296ModelPerspective17:12:45ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:290.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:1FLAC3D3.00Step5594ModelPerspective18:23:00ThuMay152014Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.0813e+006to-8.0000e+0068.0000e+006to7.0000e+006to6.0000e+006to5.0000e+006to4.0000e+006to3.0000e+006to2.0000e+006to7.0000e+0066.0000e+0065.0000e+0064.0000e+0063.0000e+0062.0000e+0061.0000e+0061.0000e+006to-6.5882e+004Interval=1.0e+006Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.0966e+006to-8.0000e+006-8.0000e+006to-7.0000e+006-7.0000e+006to-6.0000e+006-6.0000e+006to-5.0000e+006-5.0000e+006to-4.0000e+006-4.0000e+006to-3.0000e+006-3.0000e+006to-2.0000e+006-2.0000e+006to-1.0000e+006-1.0000e+006to-8.2339e+004Interval=1.0e+006FLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:36:09ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.1201e+006to--8.0000e+006to--7.0000e+006to--6.0000e+006to--5.0000e+006to--4.0000e+006to--3.0000e+006to-2.0000e+006to-1.0000e+006to8.0000e+0067.0000e+0066.0000e+0065.0000e+0064.0000e+0063.0000e+0062.0000e+0061.0000e+0061.3624e+005Interval=1.0e+006FLAC3D3.00Step7836ModelPerspective18:41:15ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinSagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.1452e+006to--8.0000e+006to--7.0000e+006to--6.0000e+006to--5.0000e+006to--4.0000e+006to--3.0000e+006to-2.0000e+006to-1.0000e+006to8.0000e+0067.0000e+0066.0000e+0065.0000e+0064.0000e+0063.0000e+0062.0000e+0061.0000e+0061.2770e+005Interval=1.0e+006Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step8779ModelPerspective18:47:15ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step9573ModelPerspective18:53:01ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.1732e+006to-8.0000e+006-8.0000e+006to-7.0000e+006-7.0000e+006to-6.0000e+006-6.0000e+006to-5.0000e+006-5.0000e+006to-4.0000e+006-4.0000e+006to-3.0000e+006-3.0000e+006to-2.0000e+006-2.0000e+006to-1.0000e+006-1.0000e+006to-1.1393e+005Interval=1.0e+006Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofSMinSagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-8.1984e+006to--8.0000e+006to--7.0000e+006to--6.0000e+006to--5.0000e+006to--4.0000e+006to--3.0000e+006to-2.0000e+006to-1.0000e+006to8.0000e+0067.0000e+0066.0000e+0065.0000e+0064.0000e+0063.0000e+0062.0000e+0061.0000e+0069.2931e+004Interval=1.0e+006Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSA圖1.9各開(kāi)挖步最小主應(yīng)力變化圖(2)由圖1.8和圖1.9各開(kāi)挖部最大和最小主應(yīng)力變化云圖可知，受礦山開(kāi)采影響邊坡巖體進(jìn)行應(yīng)力場(chǎng)重新調(diào)整，坡面處應(yīng)力完全釋放，各剖面的最大主應(yīng)力。和最小主應(yīng)力。3從坡面向坡體內(nèi)逐漸增加，并過(guò)渡到原巖應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。坡面附近最小主應(yīng)力。總體上為0?0.5MPa,個(gè)別平臺(tái)坡頂處出現(xiàn)了拉應(yīng)力，如168米水平、48米水平、24米水平和一24米水平。ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step5594ModelPerspective18:26:55ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500JontourofX-DisplacementIagfac=0.000e+0001-6.9277e-003to-5.0000e-003--5.0000e-003to-2.5000e-003--2.5000e-003to0.0000e+000-0.0000e+000to2.5000e-003-2.5000e-003to-5.0000e-003to-7.5000e-003to-1.0000e-002to1.2500e-002to1.5000e-002to5.0000e-0037.5000e-0031.0000e-0021.2500e-0021.5000e-0021.5479e-002Interval=2.5e-003ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:37:12ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step7836ModelPerspective18:41:58ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Disf2501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag:08Ang.:22.500)ntourofX-DisplacementIagfac=0.000e+000I-8.1901e-003to-7.5000e-0031-7.5000e-003to-5.0000e-003--5.0000e-003to-2.5000e-003--2.5000e-003to0.0000e+000-0.0000e+000to2.5000e-003-2.5000e-003to-5.0000e-003to-7.5000e-003to-1.0000e-002to-1.2500e-002to1.5000e-002to1.7500e-002to5.0000e-0037.5000e-0031.0000e-0021.2500e-0021.5000e-0021.7500e-0021.9136e-002Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Disf2501e+003Mag?08Ang.:22.500KontourofX-Displacementagfac=0.000e+000R-9.2637e-003to-5.0000e-003--5.0000e-003to0.0000e+000-0.0000e+000to5.0000e-003-5.0000e-003to1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to1.5000e-0021.5000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.2933e-002Interval=5.0e-003Interval=2.5e-003ItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step8779ModelPerspective18:47:48ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step9573ModelPerspective18:53:32ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofX-Displacement^agfac=0.000e+000，-1.0152e-002to-1.0000e-002-p.0000e-002to-5.0000e-003T-5.0000e-003to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-003~\5.0000e-003to1.0000e-002H1.0000e-002to1.5000e-002H1.5000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.5000e-0022.5000e-002to2.6643e-002Interval=5.0e-003Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofX-DisplacementIagfac=0.000e+000-1.0920e-002to-1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to-5.0000e-003-5.0000e-003to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-0035.0000e-003to1.0000e-0021.0000e-002to1.5000e-0021.5000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.5000e-0022.5000e-002to3.0000e-0023.0000e-002to3.0653e-002Interval=5.0e-003ItascaConsultingGroup,Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSA圖1.10各開(kāi)挖步水平向位移變化圖FLAC3D3.00Step4296ModelPerspective18:31:26ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step5594ModelPerspective18:27:41ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-DisplacementIagfac=0.000e+000-1.5882e-002to-1.5000e-002-1.5000e-002to-1.2500e-002-1.2500e-002to-1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to-7.5000e-003-7.5000e-003to-5.0000e-003-5.0000e-003to-2.5000e-003-2.5000e-003to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to2.5000e-0032.5000e-003to5.0000e-0035.0000e-003to7.5000e-0037.5000e-003to9.8023e-003Interval=2.5e-003Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-Displacement用agfac=0.000e+000，-2.0275e-002to-2.0000e-002-|-2.0000e-002to-1.5000e-002-|-1.5000e-002to-1.0000e-002-|-1.0000e-002to-5.0000e-003-|-5.0000e-003to0.0000e+000-I0.0000e+000to5.0000e-003M5.0000e-003to1.0000e-00211.0000e-002to1.5000e-0021.5000e-002to1.6709e-002Interval=5.0e-003Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:37:50ThuMay152014FLAC3D3.00Step7836ModelPerspective18:42:39ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-Displacement!agfac=0.000e+000-2.4473e-002to-2.0000e-002-2.0000e-002to-1.5000e-002-1.5000e-002to-1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to-5.0000e-003-5.0000e-003to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-0035.0000e-003to1.0000e-0021.0000e-002to1.5000e-0021.5000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.1588e-002Interval=5.0e-003Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-DisplacementIagfac=0.000e+000-2.9039e-002to-2.5000e-002-2.5000e-002to-2.0000e-002-2.0000e-002to-1.5000e-002-1.5000e-002to-1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to-5.0000e-003-5.0000e-003to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-0035.0000e-003to1.0000e-0021.0000e-002to1.5000e-0021.5000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.4373e-002Interval=5.0e-003ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00Step8779ModelPerspective18:48:20ThuMay152014Center:Rotation:X:3.460e+002X:280.000Y:2.728e+001Y:340.000Z:1.561e+002Z:170.000Dist:2.501e+003Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-Displacement，agfac=0.000e+000R-3.3646e-002to-3.0000e-002T-3.0000e-002to-2.0000e-002-H-2.0000e-002to-1.0000e-002H-1.0000e-002to0.0000e+000M0.0000e+000to1.0000e-0021.0000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.4390e-002Interval=1.0e-002FLAC3D3.00Step9573ModelPerspective18:54:35ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofY-DisplacementMagfac=0.000e+000-3.9033e-002to-3.0000e-002-3.0000e-002to-2.0000e-002-2.0000e-002to-1.0000e-002-1.0000e-002to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to1.0000e-0021.0000e-002to2.0000e-0022.0000e-002to2.4075e-002Interval=1.0e-002Minneapolis,MNUSAMinneapolis,MNUSA圖1.11各開(kāi)挖步垂直位移變化情況Minneapolis,MNUSA圖1.10和圖1.11為各開(kāi)挖步水平和垂直位移云圖，分析水平向位移u等值線圖和垂直向位移u等值線圖表明，邊坡巖體質(zhì)點(diǎn)主要為彈性卸荷回彈變形，量級(jí)較小，位移較大區(qū)'域位于邊坡中下部，邊坡中下部比較危險(xiǎn)需要重點(diǎn)考慮一些防護(hù)措施。FLAC3D3.00Step4296ModelPerspective18:10:36ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofShearStrainIncrementIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-1.2766e-006to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-0055.0000e-005to1.0000e-004to1.5000e-004to2.0000e-004to2.5000e-004to3.0000e-004to3.5000e-004to4.0000e-004toIntervalFLAC3D3.00Step4296ModelPerspective18:10:36ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Dist:2.501e+003Rotation:X:280.000Y:340.000Z:170.000Mag.:0.8Ang.:22.500ContourofShearStrainIncrementIagfac=0.000e+000radientCalculation-1.2766e-006to0.0000e+0000.0000e+000to5.0000e-0055.0000e-005to1.0000e-004to1.5000e-004to2.0000e-004to2.5000e-004to3.0000e-004to3.5000e-004to4.0000e-004toInterval=5.0e-0051.0000e-0041.5000e-0042.0000e-0042.5000e-0043.0000e-0043.5000e-0044.0000e-0044.1288e-004ItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSAItascaConsultingGroup,Inc.Minneapolis,MNUSAFLAC3D3.00FLAC3D3.00Step6757ModelPerspective18:38:45ThuMay152014Step7836ModelPerspective18:43:31ThuMay152014Center:X:3.460e+002Y:2.728e+001Z:1.561e+002Disf2501e+003Rot