托福獨(dú)立寫作篇章結(jié)構(gòu)課件

托福作文IntegratedWriting綜合寫作(33%)IndependentWriting獨(dú)立寫作(67%)IBT寫作考試形式時(shí)間：30min字?jǐn)?shù)：至少300字，越多越好體裁：議論文獨(dú)立寫作1.支持或反對agreeordisagreeDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Allstudentsshouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinsecondaryschool.Usespecificreasonstosupportyouranswer.獨(dú)立寫作題型分類2.觀點(diǎn)對比someholdaviewthat.....,othersprefer......Somepeopleliketocooktheirownmealsathome.Othersprefertoeatinarestaurantoracafeteria.Whichdoyoupreferandwhy?Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.獨(dú)立寫作題型分類3.問題分析what....,why......,how......Whatisyourideaoftheperfectvacation?Describeitandexplainwhyitwouldbetheidealvacationforyou.Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.獨(dú)立寫作題型分類Score5:★Effectivelyaddressesthetopicandtask★Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails★Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence★Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomaticity,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrorsIBT獨(dú)立寫作滿分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.減少語法錯(cuò)誤2.觀點(diǎn)鮮明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰連貫，前后呼應(yīng)3.句式結(jié)構(gòu)多樣，用詞準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng)IBT獨(dú)立寫作滿分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.Today,peoplearoundtheworldbecamemoreandmoreconcernedabouttheirhealth(today和werebecame時(shí)態(tài)不搭)IamhavingtoemphasizetheimportanceofdoingexerciseinthemorningWhenJackwasfiveyearsold,hehasmanagedtorecitemorethan300Chineseclassicpoems注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)減少語法錯(cuò)誤3.Intelligentstudentsshouldnotbetreateddifferentbytheirteachers(differently,副詞修飾動(dòng)詞)4.Theproblemsthatarecreatedbyenvironmentalpollutionisveryhardtoresolve(is改成are,主謂一致)減少語法錯(cuò)誤5.Farmercangetmorebenefitsfromthenewfertilizer.(farmer改成farmers)英文當(dāng)中任何一個(gè)可數(shù)名詞，必須在前面加上限定詞，比如the,a,my,your等，否則該可數(shù)名詞就必須用復(fù)數(shù)減少語法錯(cuò)誤1.多用書面詞匯，少用口語詞匯。

Ithink2.少用或者不用略縮語。

It’s=ItisI’ll=Iwill3.不用俗語、俚語passaway/kickthebucket減少語法錯(cuò)誤1.觀點(diǎn)鮮明a.開頭段要有直接，明確的觀點(diǎn)Personallyspeaking,Ibelieve.........Itotallyagreewiththeviewthat........Inmyopinion,Iprefertheidea.........It’sbetterforchildrentogrowupinthecountrysidethaninthecity.Doyouagreeordisagree?觀點(diǎn)鮮明b.每個(gè)發(fā)展段的第一句都是分論點(diǎn)(理由/原因)，簡單粗暴地提出分論點(diǎn)Citiescandefinitelyprovideabetterhealthcondition,whichisquiteimportanttothechildren’sgrowth.Childrenfromcitiesalsohaveahigherchanceofgettingintoexcellentuniversities觀點(diǎn)鮮明2.句式結(jié)構(gòu)多樣：定語從句，名詞性從句，非謂語動(dòng)詞，反問句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句，動(dòng)名詞/不定式做主語，狀語從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)(排比)用詞準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng)a.用詞要多樣b.用詞要準(zhǔn)確句式結(jié)構(gòu)多樣，用詞準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng)獨(dú)立寫作的開頭，有且只有一個(gè)目的：亮出你的觀點(diǎn)。其它神馬的都是浮云。開頭可以有模版。獨(dú)立寫作的開頭一般包括兩個(gè)部分1.復(fù)述原題(告訴別人這篇文章說的是什么)2.發(fā)表你自己的觀點(diǎn)(告訴別人你準(zhǔn)備寫什么)獨(dú)立寫作的開頭段Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Patienceisusuallynotagoodstrategy.Weshouldtakeactionnowratherthanlater.獨(dú)立寫作的開頭段Growingup,welearnthatpatienceisavirtue,believingthatgoodeventuallycomestothosewhowait.However,societyvaluesinstantandautomatic.

Fortunefavorsthebold,thedecisive,andtherisk-takers.Soispatiencestillavaluablequalitythatweshouldlearnandcherish?Absolutely.Patiencecanstillserveusinourpersonallives,thebusinesssector,andthesportsworld.Itisthereasoninthemidstofchaos.獨(dú)立寫作開頭段1.觀點(diǎn)要鮮明比如absolutely簡單粗暴，赤裸裸的告訴人家，這就是你的觀點(diǎn)2.第一段別寫的太長了。(第一段寫的再長也不是重點(diǎn),浪費(fèi)腦細(xì)胞)3.個(gè)人推薦：觀點(diǎn)后面加個(gè)because獨(dú)立寫作開頭段的三點(diǎn)注意becausepatiencecanbenefitusinmanyaspectsbecauseparentspossessmanyadvantagesoverteachersinchildren’seducationbecauseitwillbringusalotofhelp.獨(dú)立寫作開頭段的三點(diǎn)注意3.先禮后兵型Someclaimthatuniversitiesshouldallocateasmuchmoneyasmuchmoneytosportsfacilitiesastothelibrariesbecausesportscanhelpstudentskeepfitandcopewithheavyworkload.Butinfact,asacademicinstitutions,universitiesdohavetheobligationtogivehigherprioritytothefundingoflibrariesthantothatofathleticfacilities.獨(dú)立寫作的開頭義憤填膺型明星是否應(yīng)該獲得高收入Withoutthesweat,bloodandhardworkofartisans,laborers,farmers,builders,technicians,domesticworkersandallotherswhoworkwiththeirhands,ourcountrywouldcometoastandstill.It’stimeforustoreexaminethegapbetweentheirmeagerwagesandtheastronomicalincomesofsuperstars.Shouldtheybetreatedsodifferently?獨(dú)立寫作的開頭1.一般疑問句開頭：題目：關(guān)于科技Doesscienceenableustochangetheworldforthebetter?Definitelyyesorno.Lookattheworldaroundus,sciencehastremendouslychangedthewayofourlifeandbroughtusnumerousconvenience另類開頭段---提問式2.特殊疑問句開頭特殊疑問詞：what,when,why,where,howWhatdoessciencebringtous?WhyaresomanypeoplefascinatedwithApple’sproducts?Thishasbecomeafrequentlyaskedquestioninthemodernsociety.Scienceindeed.......,butontheotherhand.........Asforme/Personallyspeaking....................另類開頭段---提問式3.連續(xù)提問法Whatonearthdoessciencebringtous?Doesscienceenableustochangetheworldforthebetter?(注意兩者之間的遞進(jìn)關(guān)系)另類開頭段---提問式提問式的開頭的回答EverycoinhastwosidesEveryswordhastwoedgesThereisnogardenwithoutweedsAttitudestowards........arevaried.........isknownwhenitislost另類開頭段---提問式獨(dú)立寫作文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)Personalopinion/view/choiceReason1Reason2Reason3Conclusion主題框架1.1+1模式(或1+1+1)(傳說中的一邊倒)支持面的理由兩點(diǎn)充分論述，寫出來是四段，開頭段、結(jié)尾段加中間兩段，中間兩段進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述。作文題目：選擇低工資沒經(jīng)驗(yàn)的員工還是高工資有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的員工？托福作文Body部分沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人的好處：1）工資低節(jié)省開支

2）可塑性比較強(qiáng)

3）管理起來比較容易

4）創(chuàng)造力比較旺盛

5）干起來有激情

6）對公司有很強(qiáng)的情感注意：1+1模式中，一定要給足夠的細(xì)節(jié)作文框架Paragraph1:It’snotuncommontodaythatelitesportingstarsearntopsalarieswhileprofessionalsinmanyotherimportantfieldssuchasmedicalcareandlaboratoryresearchmakemuchless..Clearly,thesedistinguishedathletesandfirst-rateplayersarenotoverpaid1+1+1范文Paragraph2:Eventhoughit’slikelytheworldpopulationwilltopsevenbillionintwoyears,thosewhoaretrulyathleticallytalentedwillremainveryrare.PreeminentsportspeoplesuchasLeBronJamesandTigerWoodsaresouniquelygiftedthatweordinaryindividualscanneverbetrainedtoreachcomparablelevels.Thus,theyaresupposedtobehighlypaidduetotherarityoftheirtalent.1+1+1范文Paragraph3:Asidefromgenetics,ittakesextremelyhardworkforsportspeopletomakeittothetopoftheirprofessions,regardlessoftheirageorgender.Toimproveperformance,dedicatedathleteshavebeeninconstanttraining,mostlyfromtheirchildhoodonward,andcanonlyenjoyaminimalamountofleisuretime.1+1+1范文Besides,theyfrequentlyhavetoputtheirbodiesatriskand,evenmorefrequently,copewithrecurringpsychologicalstrainasaconsequenceofunusually

stiffcompetition.Still,theseincrediblepeoplesimplydon’twaverfromtheirgoals.Inshort,Iwouldarguealltheircommitmentsandsacrificesdeserveabundantrewards,ofwhichsubstantialsumsofmoneymaybejustatoken.1+1+1范文Paragraph4Mostimportantly,sportscelebrities’salariesaresetbythemarket.SportshavealwaysbeenoneofAmerica’sfavoritepastimesandwehavetofacethefactthatnowprofessionalsportsareamajorsourceofentertainmentandinspirationsforAmericans.BignameslikePeytonManningmakefortunesbygettingtheirfairshareoftheprofitsthatcomefromticketmoney,merchandisesalesandendorsements1+1+1范文Paragraph4Ireallydon’tseeanythingwrongwiththetopsportsperformersgettingrecognizedandpaiddearlyastopentertainersand,oftenveryeffectivemotivationalspeakers.1+1+1范文Paragraph5Therefore,theuniquetalent,extraordinarywillpowerandimmensemarketingappealthatsportsstarsexhibitareallcompellingjustificationsforthesizeoffinancialcompensationtheyreceive.1+1+1范文2.2+1模式1)支持面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)兩點(diǎn)充分論述+反對面的缺點(diǎn)一到兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡略論述。題目舉例：自己選室友還是學(xué)校決定？作文框架假定支持自己選：1.可以選興趣相同的，如喜歡打dota,有共同語言2.可以選習(xí)慣同的，比如愛睡覺的,容易成為朋友3.學(xué)校決定的不了解情況，會(huì)有沖突，需要時(shí)間溝通觀點(diǎn)3是個(gè)反對的觀點(diǎn)，而且也是個(gè)次要的觀點(diǎn)注意：1)觀點(diǎn)3的段首用however之類的詞，表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)折；

2)觀點(diǎn)3的段落不需要很長，4，5句話就足夠了作文框架比如觀點(diǎn)3可以這樣寫However,theschoolmaynotbequitefamiliarwithallthestudents,includingtheircharactersandhabits.Ifroommateswerearrangedatrandom,therewouldbequiteanumberofmismatches,therebybringinginconvenienceandconflictsamongstudents.作文框架2)2+1模式支持面的理由兩點(diǎn)充分論述+支持面的另一個(gè)理由簡略論述（兩詳一略）題目舉例：快速?zèng)Q定永遠(yuǎn)是錯(cuò)的？作文框架假如選擇觀點(diǎn)：快速?zèng)Q定并不永遠(yuǎn)都是錯(cuò)的1.有些決定不用長時(shí)間考慮2.有些決定可以憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)作出3.有些時(shí)候必須快速?zèng)Q定觀點(diǎn)3明顯是個(gè)別，少數(shù)情況的討論注意：1)觀點(diǎn)3的段首推薦用furthermore,besides,moreover之類表遞進(jìn)的詞2)觀點(diǎn)3不用寫太多，4，5句即可作文框架Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Inordertosucceedindoinganewjob,theabilitytoadaptoneselftothenewenvironmentismoreimportantthantheexcellentknowledgeofthisjob.SampleParagraph1:Employeesmustbeabletomeettherapidlychangingprioritiesofthecompaniestheyworkfor.Employersarehiringfewerpeopletodothesameamountofwork.Workersrotateamongjobswithinthecompanyandtakeonadditionalprojects.Paragraph1:Multi-tasking,workingflexiblehoursandchanginglocationsarecommonworkplacedemands.Employeescannotaffordtoclingtotasksspecifictotheirareaofexpertise,nomatterhowessential.Itdiminishestheirvaluewhencomparedwithsimilarlyskilled,butmoreadaptableworkers.Paragraph2Today’sworkersmustbecapableofworkingindependentlytoaccomplishgoalsassignedtothem.Employersarefocusedonoutcomes.

Theydon’thavethetimeorthedesiretomicromanageemployees.Theyexpecttheiremployeestosolveproblems,toself-direct,andtoaccomplishtasksautonomously.

Havingspecializedknowledgemakesemployeesvaluableonlyiftheycaninnovativelyapplyitinoriginalwaysthatbenefitthecompany.Paragraph3Employershirepeoplewhoarelikableandcanworkwithinagroup.Collaborationisessentialtoincreasedproductivity.Thosewhoareopentonewideasworkwellonprojectteamsoroncommittees.Theiradaptabilityfosterscreativity.3.2-11)支持面優(yōu)點(diǎn)兩點(diǎn)充分論述+反對面優(yōu)點(diǎn)一到兩點(diǎn)簡略論述題目舉例：現(xiàn)場觀看表演比看電視更好？作文框架假定我們選擇支持看電視1.電視更清楚：有講解，有不同角度攝影，有精彩回放2.看電視費(fèi)用更低，更安全，更放松3.雖然現(xiàn)場氣氛好，可能見到明星，可能有偶遇作文框架2)2-1模式討論點(diǎn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)兩點(diǎn)充分論述+討論點(diǎn)的缺點(diǎn)一到兩點(diǎn)簡略論述題目舉例：電視是否破壞了我們和朋友以及家人的交流？作文框架假定我們選擇電視沒有破壞我們和家人的交流1.看電視提供交流時(shí)間和場地2.看電視提供交流素材但是,花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間，影響交流作文框架主題句通常位于段落的句首，對于整個(gè)段落起著總領(lǐng)的作用。主題句是證明論點(diǎn)的理由。主題句要簡明扼要，直接明確，而且是陳述句TopicSentence(主題句)Althoughscienceandtechnologywillcontinuetoimprove,themostsignificantimprovementforthequalityofpeople’sliveshavealreadytakenplace.1.Newbreakthroughsinmedicalsciencewillallowhumanstofinallyeradicatediseasesthathaveclaimedhundredsofthousandsofliveseveryyearinthepastdecades.2.Newbreakthroughsinmedicalsciencewillbecomewonderfullyhelpfulinthenearfuture.

TopicSentence(主題句)1.例證法用舉例來說明問題，形象生動(dòng)2.因果法通過因果關(guān)系和練習(xí)來表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，一環(huán)套一環(huán)，嚴(yán)絲合縫3.比較對比法通過正反兩方面的觀點(diǎn)的對比和類比，來闡述觀點(diǎn)，解決問題段落的實(shí)現(xiàn)1.例證法提出論點(diǎn)---列舉例證---分析例證（給出細(xì)節(jié)）

---得出結(jié)論

（重述論點(diǎn)）每個(gè)論點(diǎn)都要有理由thesis,topicsentences每個(gè)理由都要有例子topicsentence,examples每個(gè)例子都要有細(xì)節(jié)examples,what???段落的實(shí)現(xiàn)例子是什么？例子是奧巴馬，金正恩，喬布斯，LadyGaga例子是哈利波特，杰克和露絲，金蓮和西門大官人例子是樓上的趙大媽，隔壁的李小二，街上賣包子的七舅老爺?shù)@都不是最關(guān)鍵的最關(guān)鍵是的，例子不一定是誰誰誰誰說了什么，但一定是做了什么例子Ihaveaveryconfidentfriend.confident不是自信confident是句廢話Hehadgivenaspeechonastronomyinfrontof500people.Hiskneesdidn’ttremble.Hedidn’tfeelnausea.Therewasalwaysabigandbrilliantsmileonhisface.Attheendofthespeech,heboweddeeplytoembracethedeafeningapplausefromaudience.例子，是具體做了什么，而不是你的判斷和評判例子Ihaveafriend.HisEnglishisverygood.HewenttoAmericaandbegantostudyinafamousuniversityIhaveafriendnamedJason.Lastautumn,hetooktheSATexaminHKandwonahighscoreof2350.Therefore,hewasmatriculatedbyMITthisspringandhasbeenintheUSAforalmostamonth.個(gè)人例子，有名有姓，有時(shí)間有地方，有事件例子Thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologydoesbringmuchconveniencetoourdailylife.Oneofthebestexamplesisthemicrowaveoven,whichhasbeenwidelyusedinfamilies.Usingamicrowaveovenforcookingcannotonlyheatupthefoodfaster,butalsoprovideasmoke-freecookingenvironment.Sample1Peopleareabletomakeuseoftheextratimesavedfromcookingtodomanyotherthings.Smokecreatedwhencookingintraditionalwaysisalwaysathreattopeople’shealth,whileamicrowaveovenwillsolvetheproblemeasilybyusinganenvironmentallyfriendlypower,thatis,radiationpower.Sample1Whatismore,amicrowaveovenhasatimecontroller,whichwillhelppeopledecidethecookingtime,anditcanensuresafetyandprovideaneasycooking.Withoutanydoubt,themicrowaveoven,asatypicalexampleofmodernscienceandtechnology,hasindeedimprovedourlivesgreatly.Sample1舉例法例子展開的模式(1)1.我認(rèn)為.....因?yàn)槲矣X得.....(提出觀點(diǎn))2.比如說.....(列舉例子)3.好處1.....4.分析好處15.好處2.....6.分析好處27.總結(jié)例子

Ihavetoemphasizetheimportanceofsavingmoney.Aplentyofmoneyinthebankaccountcanhelpusgetthroughsuddenemergenciesandoccasionalaccidents.IhaveafriendnamedVictor.Hisfamilyisnotrichbuttheykeepagoodhabitofdepositingacertainamountofmoneyintotheirbankaccounteachmonth.Hesometimescomplainedtomeaboutthissituationbecauseitdisableshimtospendmoneybuyingsomethinghedesires.WhethersavingmoneyisimportantButlastmonth,whilehewasridingtoschoolintherushhour,hewasinvolvedahorribleaccident.Hewasterriblyinjuredandalargeamountofmoneywasimmediatelyrequiredtogethimanoperation.Mostoftheirfamily’sdepositwasputintouseandfortunately,hegotthroughthisnightmare.Sample2Nowwhenwetalkaboutthis,hesayshefeelssoblessedandgratefulthattheirfamilykeepsthishabitandhewilldoeverythinghecantosupportit.Thisincidentstrikesmetremendouslyandmakesmerealizehowsignificantdepositsaretousordinarypeople.Sample2

ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardisthatplayinggames,asoneofthemostwonderfulwaystorelax,candefinitelyhelpadultsreleasetheirpressure.MyuncleVictorworksinahighlycompetitivecomputercompany,sohehastoworkreallyhardtogetallhisworkdoneandtomeetthedemandofthecompany.Thehighpressureresultingfromtheheavyworkloadhasalmostbrokenhimdownsincehehasfoundnowaytoreleaseit.WhetherplayingvideogamesisgoodHowever,monthsago,hissonintroducedavideogametohim,whichattractedhimimmediately.Andhestartedtoplayitafterworkasrelaxation.Heplayeditlikeachild,shouting,laughingandcheeringwithhisson.Nowhealwaysplaysgamesasentertainmentandconsidersittobethebestwayofrelieffromstress.

Thisincidentgivesmeafullunderstandingofthefactthathowimportantgamesaretoadultsasalet-outoftheirstress.舉例法例子展開的模式(2)1.提出觀點(diǎn)，給出原因2.開始舉例3.交代例子的背景4.介紹例子的原因或問題(聯(lián)系觀點(diǎn))5.描述解決問題的方法，給出具體的細(xì)節(jié)描述6.問題解決后的結(jié)果7.總結(jié)例子的展開在一段當(dāng)中，使用多個(gè)類似的例子來證明主題句的觀點(diǎn)，每個(gè)例子兩三句子，在內(nèi)容上保持平行例子疊用的好處：霸氣側(cè)漏Doessciencehelpchangeourworldforthebetter?Peopleallovertheworldbenefitenormouslyfromtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinvariousfields.Lifeaboundswithsuchexamples.例子的疊用Byusingmicrowaveovens,theprocessofcookingiscleanerandfasterthanthetraditionalwayandconsequentlythismakesthedishesmorefavorableforpeople’shealthandsavesalotoftimeforpeopletodomoreimportantthings;therefrigeratorprovidesanaccesstothestoringoffoodmoreconveniently,

andthusitisnowpossibleforpeopletobuymanyfoodsatonetimeinsteadofpurchasingtheminsmallquantitiesandgotothesupermarketeveryday.例子的疊用Theadventofmobilephones,whichwearenowusingineverydaylife,turnsouttobeabrandnewwayofcommunicatingandtransmittinginformation.Largenumbersofbusinessaredoneviamobilephonesinthisdayandage.Noonecandenythatpeoplereallybenefitalotfromtheinventionofcomputers.Wearenowdoingavarietyofthingsthroughcomputersincludingsearchingforthelatestinformation,communicatingandchattingonlinewithourfamiliesandfriends.例子的疊用1.topicsentence2.例子1（一句話）3.例子1的好處4.例子2（一句話）5.例子2的好處6.例子3（一句話）7.例子3的好處8.總結(jié)例子的疊用優(yōu)點(diǎn)：語言本身很有氣勢，說服力也強(qiáng)；每個(gè)句子兩三句話，語言描述的難度不大；缺點(diǎn)：找出三個(gè)同樣類似例子的難度不小，對于例子的理解和角度的選取不易。注意：1.疊用的例子最好不是個(gè)人例子2.疊用的例子要短小精悍例子的疊用中國的例子不是不可以用，只是不要用太生僻的，說服力不強(qiáng)，中國的例子如果用好了還可以加分的1.使用中國例子，可以與國外的故事進(jìn)行類比許三多-------theChineseGumpForest麥家，茅盾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者------MaiJia,thewinnerofMaoDunLiteraturePrize,theChinesePulitzerPrizeforliterature新浪微博----SinaWeibo,theChineseTwitter,whichhasausergroupmorethanhalfabillion使用中國人物事件作為例子的竅門2.用一些具有中國特色的事件或外國人想了解中國的東西官二代，富二代(社會(huì)公平與平等)我爸是李剛(thesonofaseniorgovernmentofficial)年輕人買不起房子(對比在北京的一套公寓可以在亞特蘭大買一個(gè)獨(dú)棟別墅)ThepriceofanagedapartmentinBeijingequalsthatofamansioninAtlanta社會(huì)公德的缺失(老奶奶被車撞了，沒人敢去扶)使用中國人物事件作為例子的竅門2.因果法1)提出論點(diǎn)---2)提出原因---3)分析條件（如果這樣會(huì)有什么好\壞處，而這正是我們所需要\擔(dān)心的）---4)得出結(jié)果段落的實(shí)現(xiàn)是否同意在你們家周圍建一座工廠？為什么？(1)同意建工廠why?(2)有利人們生活便利和生活水平的提高h(yuǎn)ow?(3)如果建工廠(4)好處1:人多了,吸引投資,建商店和飯館(5)結(jié)果：使當(dāng)?shù)厝说纳罡憷?6)好處2：招收當(dāng)?shù)芈毠?，提高?dāng)?shù)厝司蜆I(yè)率(7)提高了該地區(qū)的生活水平(8)哎呀呀，建個(gè)工廠就是好?。。?！因果法(1)反對建工廠why?(2)噪音大和污染環(huán)境how?(3)如果建工廠----(4)壞處1：人員多，機(jī)器響，車輛鳴----噪音大(5)結(jié)果：學(xué)生不能學(xué)習(xí)，科研人員不能思考，老人不能休息，病人不能康復(fù)(精神方面的)(6)壞處2：污染水，污染土地，排放廢氣，危害人民群眾的身體健康和生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全(7)感嘆啊，建個(gè)工廠就是要了親命啊?。?！因果法1.原因leadtoresultin/Resultfrombecauseof/thanksto/byreasonof/onaccountofBecause/for/since/as因果法2.結(jié)果asaresult\outcome\consequenceofinconsequence\intheend\consequentlytheeffect\influence\impact…affect\influencetherefore\thereby\hence\thus因果法3.對比法對比啥呀？？？Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onecanlearnalotaboutthepersonfromthetypeoffriendsthepersonhas段落展開方法(1)例證可以對比

A.有它與沒它結(jié)果不同Victor,handsome,wealthyhisfriendJack,gambling,indulgein,bankrupt,leftIfnot,family,happyandwholenotintheprison對比法B.事例可以對比：同一人的不同做法結(jié)果不同；不同人的不同做法結(jié)果不同Victor,wealthyandhandsomehisfriendJack,indifferenttendtobelieveonthecontrarypassionatelearnalotfromthecoolnessandcalmnessenjoytheserenitywithJack對比法(2)因果推論可以對比:不同條件可以導(dǎo)出不同結(jié)果李天一Ifhewerenotthesonofafamoussinger?IfhecommittedthesamecrimeintheUSA?intheIran?Ifhewereabovetheageof18?對比法對比的結(jié)構(gòu)：1.整體對比Body部分兩個(gè)段落，都要詳細(xì)敘述1)表示支持的分論點(diǎn)(1)支持觀點(diǎn)1;(2)支持觀點(diǎn)2;(3)支持觀點(diǎn)32)表示反對的分論點(diǎn)(1)反對觀點(diǎn)1;(2)反對觀點(diǎn)2;(3)反對觀點(diǎn)3對比法2.分項(xiàng)對比Body部分兩到三個(gè)段落，分別對比1)開頭段2)支持觀點(diǎn)1，反對觀點(diǎn)13)支持觀點(diǎn)2，反對觀點(diǎn)24)支持觀點(diǎn)3，反對觀點(diǎn)35)總結(jié)段對比法Itisofmorebenefitstoliveoncampusthanoffthecampussinceitcandomoregoodtostudents’health.比較1ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardisthatoncampusthemealsbyprofessionalcooks,whichcontainadiversityofdishes,arehealthierandmorebalanced,whilethefoodoutsideschoolisalwayslimitedinasmallvariety.TheComparisonbetweenLivingonCampusandofftheCampus比較1的補(bǔ)充What’smore,oppositetothelackofthoroughcontroloverthefoodsecurityoffthecampus,whichgivesrisetoapossibilityofmakingpeoplesick,mealsinuniversitiesareusuallyunderthedirectcontrolofrelevantgovernmentdepartmentsandtherefore,thefoodsafetyisstrictlyguaranteed.比較2Whenitcomestothelifestyle,livingoncampusundoubtedlyprovidesuswithanexcellentopportunitytokeepahealthfulhabitofdailylife,whichisinnowaytobeexperiencedwhenlivingaloneintheapartmentoffthecampus.What’sworse,whenlivingoutofschool,theirregularlifestylemayleadtosomepsychologicalandphysicaldiseasessuchasinsomnia.比較3Meanwhile,contrarytothelackofphysicalexercisesoffthecampus,thereisacompletesetofpublicfitnessfacilitiesintheuniversity,byusingwhichwecandoexerciseregularlyandkeepfit.Studentsareabletofindenoughfriendstoplaysomecollectiveballgamesaswell,suchasplayingfootball,whichisbarelypossibleoutsideofthecampussinceitisatoughjobtoassemblesomanypeople.1.topicsentence2.觀點(diǎn)13.比較14.觀點(diǎn)25.比較26.觀點(diǎn)37.比較38.結(jié)尾對比法Tobeginwith,comparedwithartfacilities,recreationalfacilitiessuchasswimmingpoolsandplaygroundsaremuchmoreessentialtopeople’sdailylife.Noteveryonehasatalentorinterestinart.Tomostpeople,artissomethingloftyandevenelusive,whichtakesagreatamountofculturalknowledgeandfinetastetotrulyunderstandandappreciate.Sample1Butdoingsportsorexercisesismucheasierandthereforemuchmorepopularamongthegeneralpublic.Anyonecaneasilyfindaparticulartypeofexercisethatfitshis/herphysicalconditionandage.Sample11.topicsentence2.觀點(diǎn)13.觀點(diǎn)1的缺陷4.轉(zhuǎn)折，與觀點(diǎn)1對比的觀點(diǎn)25.觀點(diǎn)2優(yōu)于觀點(diǎn)1的地方6.總結(jié)對比法注意對比Allofushavehad—andwillcontinuetohave—difficultexperiencesandfailures.It’suptoustolearnfromthem.Onepersonwholosesajobmaybecomedepressed,thenwithdraw,andfinallystarttoblameothersforhisorherproblems.Sample2Insharpcontrast,anotherpersonwhodoesnotmakeexcusesforfailuresmaytrytoidentifyhisorherownweaknesses,choosetogobacktoschoolorgotoarefreshercourse,switchtoanothercareerpaththatisbettersuitedtohisorherpotential,orrelocatetoamoreprosperousarea.Eventhoughthesetwopeoplehavehadthesamefailure,theywillendupgettingvastlydifferentresults.Sample21.topicsentence2.觀點(diǎn)1的問題和細(xì)節(jié)3.和觀點(diǎn)1相反的觀點(diǎn)24.觀點(diǎn)2針對觀點(diǎn)1的解決辦法5.總結(jié)對比法2WhenBillGatesfirststartedMicrosofthehadavisionthatthepersonalcomputerwouldchangethefaceoftechnology.Itwasauniqueideawhichnootherpersonhadeverimaginedbefore.Manybelievedhewascrazy,laughingatthethoughtofhumansspendingsomuchtimeandenergyinfrontofanelectronicdevice.Otherscouldnotunderstandexactlywhatthepurposeofacomputerwas.ThiswaspreciselywhyGatesfoundtheideasocompelling.Sample3Ifhehadtriedtobelikeothers,Gateswouldneverhavedroppedoutofschooltostarthiscompany.HewouldhavefollowedthemorecommonpathandtheresultswouldhavebeenmuchmoremediocreSample3事例的對比1.topicsentence2.舉例3.給例子的細(xì)節(jié)4.例子遇到的困難5.如何克服的困難(取得的成就)6.假設(shè)例子沒有發(fā)生7.假設(shè)的結(jié)果8.總結(jié)對比法Nokia和Apple練習(xí)幾年前，Nokia風(fēng)頭正勁,卻忽視了創(chuàng)新的重要性風(fēng)頭正勁:dominate;consumers忽視(思考為什么會(huì)忽視)對比：在Jobs的帶領(lǐng)下，Apple做了什么？(design,software,convenienceforconsumers)現(xiàn)在，iphone已經(jīng)成為大眾新寵，徹底的改變了手機(jī)市場的格局大眾新寵:60%ofthestudentsinmyclasshaveaiphone例子展開的方法Closefriendshavenumerousbenefits.Foronething,loyalfriendsarealwaystheretosupporteachother,nomatterwhathappens.Somefriendshipslastmanyyearsandbecomedeeperandmoremeaningfulwithtime.并列法Also,peoplecanbethemselveswithfriends.Noonehastoworryaboutnotbeingperfectwhenheorsheisamongfriends.Finally,nothingcanbemoresatisfyingthantheintimateconversationsthattruefriendscanhave.Theycanconfideinandtrusteachother并列法并列法可以是段落之間的并列，也可以是段落內(nèi)部的并列1段.總論點(diǎn)2段.分論點(diǎn)1：1)A方面2)B方面3)C方面3段.分輪點(diǎn)2：4段.分論點(diǎn)3：并列法要不要留學(xué)？1.在知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)方面(1)學(xué)習(xí)外國的先進(jìn)文化知識(shí)；(2)更容易掌握外語；2.能力提高方面(1)結(jié)識(shí)不同國家的朋友