【課件】四選一閱讀理解考點(diǎn)2 理解文中具體信息

考點(diǎn)2：理解文中具體信息

文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。具體信息有時(shí)可以直接從文章中獲取，有時(shí)則需要進(jìn)行歸納、概括或推斷后才能得到。在考題中，答題信息可以直在文中獲取的，我們稱之為直接信息題，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在每年每套題的閱讀理解A篇的信息類文本中。需要對(duì)文中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納概括的，我們稱之為歸納概括題。

正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行了同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們稱之為語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換題。需要對(duì)文中提供的數(shù)字進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算才可得出答案的，我們稱之為數(shù)字計(jì)算題。不論哪類細(xì)節(jié)題，我們?cè)谂孱}目所問(wèn)之后，第一步，在題干中選定定位詞(如專有名詞、數(shù)字、縮略詞，以及能體現(xiàn)問(wèn)題中心的名詞或動(dòng)詞等)；第二步，用選定的定位詞(一般用1或2個(gè))去文中尋找答題信息句，即信息定位；第三步，仔細(xì)閱讀找到的信息句及其上下句，將信息句與各選項(xiàng)比較，選出正確答案。即“一定二找三比較”。直接信息[典型例題]2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·23WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour...Frequentstopsaremadeforphototakingasyourguideoffersuniquefactsandhistory.Tourincludesbike,helmet,andbottledwater.Allridersareequippedwithreflectivevestsandsafetylights.

Whichofthefollowingdoesthebicycletouratnightprovide?A.Citymaps. B.Cameras.C.Meals. D.Safetylights.√點(diǎn)撥：由題干中的night可定位到WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour這條線路。本題問(wèn)的是夜間單車旅行會(huì)提供下列哪一項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)Citymaps,Cameras和Meals在文中均未出現(xiàn)，屬無(wú)中生有，排除選項(xiàng)A,B和C。在最后一句中找到safetylights，故選D項(xiàng)。[對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)]1.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·23)

WelcometoHolkerHall&GardenVisitorInformation

HowtoGettoHolkerByCar:FollowbrownsignsonA590fromJ36,M6,Approximatetraveltimes:Windermere--20minutes,Kendal--25minutes,Lancaster--45minutes,Manchester—1hour30minutes.

HowlongdoesitprobablytakeatouristtodrivetoHolkerfromManchester?A.20minutes B.25minutes C.45minutes D.90minutes.關(guān)鍵詞√1.D

由題干中的drive和Manchester定位到文章開(kāi)頭HowtoGettoHolker的ByCar部分的最后Manchester—1hour30minutes，由此可知，開(kāi)車從Manchester到Holker，需一小時(shí)三十分，也就是要九十分鐘。故選D項(xiàng)。2.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·21)PacificScienceCenterGuideVisitPacificScienceCenter’sStoreDon’tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter’sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenirtorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLaserDome.

WherecanyoubuyasouveniratScienceCenter?A.InBuilding1.B.InBuilding3.C.AtthelastDome.D.AttheDennyWayentrance.√2.B

由題干中的buy和where可定位到VisitPacificScienceCenter'sStore部分的最后一句“Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3”，故選B項(xiàng)。3.(2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·26) Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.

Whatmadethechickcalmdown?A.Anewnest. B.Somefood.C.Arecording. D.Itsparents.√3.A由題干中的calmdown可定位到第四段最后一句，“我將雛鳥(niǎo)放到鳥(niǎo)巢里，它很快就平靜下來(lái)?！币虼?，是鳥(niǎo)巢使雛鳥(niǎo)平靜下來(lái)的，故選A項(xiàng)。作者給房主recording是為了引雛鳥(niǎo)的父母來(lái)，而非使雛鳥(niǎo)安靜，因此選項(xiàng)C和D是利用文中詞語(yǔ)張冠李戴，選項(xiàng)B是無(wú)中生有。(選項(xiàng)A與文中的nest是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn))4.(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·23)NationalTheatreofChinaBeijing|ChineseDate&Time:Saturday28April,2:30pm&Sunday29April,1:30pm&6:30pmMarjanishviliTheatreTbilisi|GeorgianDate&Time:Friday18May,2:30pm&Sunday19May,7:30pmDeafinitelyTheatreLondon|BritishSignLanguage(BSL)Date&Time:Tuesday22May,2:30pm&Wednesday23May,7:30pmHabimaNationalTheatreTelAviv|HebrewDate&Time:Monday28May,7:30pm&Tuesday29May,7:30pm△WhencanyouseeaplayinHebrew?A.OnSaturday28April.B.OnSunday29April.C.OnTuesday22May.D.OnTuesday29May.D根據(jù)Hebrew可定位到HabimaNationalTheatre，由最后一段Date&Time:Monday28May,7:30pm&Tuesday29May,7：30pm可知答案選D項(xiàng)?！?.(2016全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·35)AswriterCarolineAlexandermakesclearinherforcefulandwell-researchedstory,TheEndurance,adventuringwaseventhenathoroughlycommercialeffort…Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwhohadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,startedabusinessbeforehis1914voyagetomakemoneyfrommovieandstillphotography…

WhatdoesAlexanderthinkwasthepurposeofthe1914voyage?A.Artisticcreation.B.Scientificresearch.C.Moneymaking.D.Treasurehunting.√5.C由題干中的1914voyage將答案信息點(diǎn)定位于最后(Shackleton…startedabusinessbeforehis1914voyagetomakemoneyfrommovieandstillphotography...)。由tomakemoney…可知，1914年航行的目的是賺錢(qián)，故選C項(xiàng)。語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換[典型例題]2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·25...Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.

Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening. D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.√點(diǎn)撥：由題干中的lemonjuice可定位到第三段倒數(shù)第二句Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.，比較各選項(xiàng)，B選項(xiàng)keeptheircolour(使其保持不變色)與文中preventthemturningbrown(阻止它們變成褐色)同義，故選B項(xiàng)。其余選項(xiàng)，“使它們聞起來(lái)更香”是無(wú)中生有，“提高它們的營(yíng)養(yǎng)”和“加速它們的成熟”是分別利用文中出現(xiàn)的單詞nutritional和ripeness張冠李戴。[對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)]

1.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·31)Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading...

Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthemtowritebookreports.C.Setupreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.同義√1.A

由題干中的parents和readmore，以及命題的順序性原則，可定位到第六段。第一句“說(shuō)到閱讀，報(bào)告中的數(shù)據(jù)清楚地表明，父母是孩子的榜樣和向?qū)??！北容^各選項(xiàng)，A選項(xiàng)actasrolemodelsforthem與文中servingasexamplesfortheirkids同義，只是轉(zhuǎn)換了說(shuō)法，serveas換成actas,examples換成models。2.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·33)We’veallbeenthere:inalift…strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?…Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤(rùn)滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”

WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Relatingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.同義√2.B

由題干中的successfulsmalltalk和Carducci可定位到第三段最后一句：Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.(成功閑談的關(guān)鍵是與他人建立聯(lián)系，而不僅僅是交流。)。比較各選項(xiàng)，B選項(xiàng)relatetootherpeople與文中connectwithothers同義，故選B項(xiàng)。3.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·34)…Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephisinterest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball—simple,universallyavailable...

WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.Totryoutanidea.B.Toshowaparent’slove.C.Totrainhisattention.D.Tohelphimstartahobby.同義√3.A由題干中的Shepherd定位到第三段第四句“Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.”，后文描述了作者與其兒子玩球的過(guò)程。對(duì)比各選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)totryoutanidea與文中totestmyowntheory同義，故選A項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)B“表達(dá)父母的愛(ài)”、選項(xiàng)D“幫助他開(kāi)始一個(gè)愛(ài)好”在文中無(wú)信息支持，是無(wú)中生有；選項(xiàng)C“訓(xùn)練他的注意力”是利用文中的只言片語(yǔ)attention編造的選項(xiàng)，張冠李戴。4.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·21)CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Thissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashington,D.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!

Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance? A.CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C. B.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour. C.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington,D.C. D.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.4.A

由擬題順序性原則可知在前面段落，又由題干中的bookinadvance，找到第一條線路的最后一句“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability...disappear(趁還能買(mǎi)到門(mén)票時(shí)趕緊預(yù)訂)”，兩者意思相同，只是同義替換，轉(zhuǎn)換說(shuō)法而已。其中，reserve與book是同義詞，均為“預(yù)訂”之意。故選A項(xiàng)。

5.(2017全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·25)ThefilmclassicTheLastPictureShowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater.Thoughthemovieis30yearsold,mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-byetotheoldbuilding.TheaterownerEdBradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate.Themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown.電影院老板覺(jué)得這部電影比較適合?！鱓hywasTheLastPictureShowputon?A.Itwasanall-timeclassic.B.Itwasaboutthehistoryofthetown.C.Theaudiencerequestedit.D.Thetheaterownerfounditsuitable.D語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換題。根據(jù)本段“hechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate”可知電影院老板覺(jué)得這部電影比較適合。appropriate與D項(xiàng)中的suitable同義?！虜?shù)字計(jì)算［典型例題］2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·30Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages...Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.

Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.目前共有大約6800種語(yǔ)言，不到6千人講的語(yǔ)言只有6800的一半，即3400種，故選B項(xiàng)?！厅c(diǎn)撥：本題問(wèn)“少于6千人講的語(yǔ)言，目前有多少種？”由第一句可知世界上目前共有大約6800種語(yǔ)言，又由最后一句“世界語(yǔ)言的一半，不到6千人講”，由此可知，不到6千人講的語(yǔ)言只有6800的一半，即3400種，故選B項(xiàng)。［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］1.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·25)...however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.

WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.兩萬(wàn)人中，四千人發(fā)財(cái)了，五分之一的人發(fā)財(cái)了。故選B項(xiàng)?！?.B

由題干中dugforgold定位到第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4000gotrich.（在第一批挖金子的兩萬(wàn)人中，四千人發(fā)財(cái)了。）”，據(jù)此計(jì)算可知，是五分之一的人發(fā)財(cái)了。故選B項(xiàng)。EverywinterinJukkasjarvi,…Prices:startingat＄318onenightforeachpersonforeitheracoldroomorawarmone.…

PropellerIslandPropellerIslandCityLodgeis…Prices:startingatjust＄91anight,andanadditionalpersonforonly20extradollars.…簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算：91＋20＝111；故選A項(xiàng)2.(2010年全國(guó)卷·55)

TheIceHotel△Fortwopersonsspendinganightinoneofthesehotels,theyhavetopayatleast_____.A.＄111 B.＄182C.＄600 D.＄6362.A數(shù)字計(jì)算題。由題干中的pay可知是問(wèn)有關(guān)錢(qián)的問(wèn)題，并記住關(guān)鍵信息atleast和twopersons。由pay可定位到三家酒店的Prices部分。瀏覽三個(gè)酒店的Prices，分別是＄300，＄318和＄91，可知最便宜是＄91，根據(jù)“startingatjust＄91anight,andanadditionalpersonforonly20extradollars”進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算：91+20=111，可知選A項(xiàng)?！剃P(guān)鍵詞3.(2008年全國(guó)大綱卷·49)Forexample,somemightsay,“Ijustwonahundreddollarsonthelottery(彩票).Itwasgreat.Itookthatdollarticketbacktothestoreandturneditinforonehundreddollars!”Thisguy’sawinner,right?Maybe,maybenot.Wethendiscoverthathebought＄200worthoftickets,andonlyonewasawinner.He’sreallyabigloser!

Howmuchdidthelotterywinnerlose? A.Onehundreddollars. B.Twohundreddollars. C.Threehundreddollars. D.Fourhundreddollars.√3.A

由題干中的lottery可定位到“Ijustwonahundreddollarsonthelottery”及其附近。由“Ijustwonahundreddollars和hebought＄200worthoftickets”可知，買(mǎi)了200元彩票中了100元，實(shí)際損失100元。故選A項(xiàng)。歸納概括［典型例題］2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·32Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5×5sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.

Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sdelicate.B.It'sexpensive.C.It'scomplex.D.It'sportable.√點(diǎn)撥：由題干中的equipment可定位到第一段最后三句。倒數(shù)第三句說(shuō)必須帶設(shè)備；倒數(shù)第二句說(shuō)明具體帶哪些組件；最后一句說(shuō)這些組件可以折疊成一個(gè)小包，系在腰帶上?！翱梢哉郫B成一個(gè)小包，系在腰帶上”可概括為“便于攜帶的”，故選D項(xiàng)。［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］1.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·29)…manyexcellentChinesearchitectsaremakinggreateffortstotakethecenterstage.Theireffortshavebeenprovenfruitful.WangShu,a49-year-oldChinesearchitect,wonthe2012PritzkerArchitecturePrize…WangservesasheadoftheArchitectureDepartmentattheChinaAcademyofArt(CAA).HisofficeislocatedattheXiangshancampus(校園)oftheuniversityinHangzhou,ZhejiangProvince.Manybuildingsonthecampusarehisoriginalcreations.ThestyleofthecampusisquitedifferentfromthatofmostChineseuniversities.Manyvisitorswereamazedbythecomplexarchitecturalspaceandabundantbuildingtypes.Thecurves(曲線)ofthebuildingsperfectlymatchtheriseandfallofhills,formingauniqueview.

WhatimpressedvisitorstotheCAAXiangshancampusmost?A.Itshillyenvironment.B.Itslargesize.C.Itsuniquestyle.D.Itsdiversefunctions.√1.C

由題干中的CAA和visitor可定位到第三、四段。第三段講述王的工作單位——中國(guó)美術(shù)學(xué)院建筑系，以及該校的許多建筑是他的原創(chuàng)。第四段講他的作品的風(fēng)格。根據(jù)第四段的描述，“不一樣(different)”“復(fù)雜的建筑空間和豐富的建筑類型”“建筑的曲線與山的起伏完全吻合”，概括起來(lái)，就是“獨(dú)特(unique)”，獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格構(gòu)成獨(dú)特的景觀。因此，給人們留下最深刻印象的是它獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格，故選C項(xiàng)。2.(2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·31)“Today,manyChinesepeoplearelearningWesternstylesandtheoriesratherthanfocusingonChinesetraditions.Manypeopletendtotalkabouttraditionswithoutknowingwhattheyreallyare,”saidWang.Thestudyoftraditionsshouldbecombinedwithpractice.Otherwise,therecreationoftraditionswouldbeartificialandempty,hesaid.

WhatshouldwedoaboutChinesetraditionsaccordingtoWang?A.Spreadthemtotheworld.B.Preservethematmuseums.C.Teachtheminuniversities.D.Recreatetheminpractice.√2.D本題是該篇短文最后一道題，根據(jù)命題的順序原則，可定位到最后一段。也可由題干中的Chinesetraditions定位到最后二段。最后一段：“傳統(tǒng)研究應(yīng)該與實(shí)踐融合起來(lái)，否則，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的再創(chuàng)造將是虛偽的和空洞的?！眱删淇筛爬椤耙趯?shí)踐中對(duì)傳統(tǒng)進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)造”，故選D項(xiàng)。

3.(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·30)Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(來(lái)源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.灰狼的消失帶來(lái)了許多意想不到的后果后果△Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.3.A

由題干中的disappearanceofgraywolves可定位到第三段。該段第一句告訴我們“灰狼的消失帶來(lái)了許多意想不到的后果”。什么后果？“灰狼的主要食物鹿和麋鹿的數(shù)量迅速增加，這些動(dòng)物吃掉大量的植被，減少了公園內(nèi)植物的多樣性。沒(méi)有了灰狼，叢林狼也迅速增加，這些叢林狼又吃掉大部分的紅狐，也把海貍?cè)口s走了?！边@些具體信息概括起來(lái)，就是“破壞了當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)”，故選A項(xiàng)?！?.(2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷·27)“Idon'tmakethemup,”shesaid.Ofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.“Idon'thaveto.”Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersand