考研英語(yǔ)完形填空真題1997年-2012年

考研英語(yǔ)完形填空真題（1997年——2012年）（1）97ManpowerInc.,with560000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople1intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.2industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive3reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.4itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“5”workforceisthemostimportant6inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis7changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive8avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens9byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof10thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.1.［A］swarm ［B］stride ［C］separate ［D］slip2.［A］For ［B］Because ［C］As ［D］Since3.［A］from ［B］in ［C］on ［D］by4.［A］Eventhough ［B］Nowthat ［C］Ifonly ［D］Providedthat5.［A］durable ［B］disposable ［C］available ［D］transferable6.［A］approach ［B］flow ［C］fashion ［D］trend7.［A］instantly ［B］reversely ［C］fundamentally ［D］sufficiently8.［A］but ［B］while ［C］and ［D］whereas9.［A］imposed ［B］restricted ［C］illustrated ［D］confined10.［A］excitement ［B］conviction ［C］enthusiasm ［D］importance（2）98UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They1thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe2man.Buttheyinsistedthatits3resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe4oftheEnglishpopulation.5contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla6agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity. Thisview,7,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists8historyandeconomics,have9twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was10bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.1.［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2.［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3.［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4.［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5.［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6.［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7.［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8.［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9.［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10.［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］marked（3）99Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies1lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem2andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a3ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished4timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay5greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulations.7othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety8.Thefewertheinjury9,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataloss.1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish6.［A］constituting ［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still8.［A］comesoff ［B］turnsup ［C］paysoff ［D］holdsup9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations10.［A］anadvantage ［B］abenefit ［C］aninterest ［D］aprofit（4）00①I(mǎi)fafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.②Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.④Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance3theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto5thesoil.⑤Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation6andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.⑦Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.⑧Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.［139words］1.［A］otherthan ［B］aswellas ［C］insteadof ［D］morethan2.［A］onlyif ［B］muchas ［C］longbefore ［D］eversince3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient ［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequently（5）01Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases1thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas15toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto20guiltyverdicts.1.［A］asto［B］forinstance［C］inparticular［D］suchas2.［A］tightening［B］intensifying［C］focusing［D］fastening3.［A］sketch［B］rough［C］preliminary［D］draft4.［A］illogical［B］illegal［C］improbable［D］improper5.［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］peculiarity6.［A］since［B］if［C］before［D］as7.［A］sided［B］shared［C］complied［D］agreed8.［A］present［B］offer［C］manifest［D］indicate9.［A］Release［B］Publication［C］Printing［D］Exposure10.［A］storm［B］rage［C］flare［D］flash11.［A］translation［B］interpretation［C］exhibition［D］demonstration12.［A］betterthan［B］otherthan［C］ratherthan［D］soonerthan13.［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］turns14.［A］binding［B］convincing［C］restraining［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized［B］credited［C］entitled［D］qualified16.［A］with［B］to［C］from［D］by17.［A］impact［B］incident［C］inference［D］issue18.［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told19.［A］what［B］when［C］which［D］that20.［A］assure［B］confide［C］ensure［D］guarantee（6）02Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened1.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_3_，followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading6throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,11itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately12.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas13,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,15generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed20“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］bymeansof［B］intermsof［C］withregardto［D］inlinewith16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］with（7）03Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1tohowtheycanbest2suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand3,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.4theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe7toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,8，publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,9studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe12ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult13visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave14attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized15participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto16elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants17.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.18theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby19forrolesthatarewithintheir20andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.1.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice2.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance3.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure4.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because5.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance6.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed7.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise8.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense9.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging10.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple11.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation12.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security13.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely14.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short15.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif16.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something17.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone18.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand19.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking20.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiency（8）04Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough3withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin4totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,5asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly9juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat10tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment11makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin12leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other__17_causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased__18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.1.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting

2.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because

3.[A]interaction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation

4.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response

5.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse

6.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding

7.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with

8.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject

9.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect

10.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount

11.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength

12.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence

13.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced

14.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously

15.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as16.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage

17.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible

18.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability

19.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity

20.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing（9）05Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells-wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.［A］although［B］as［C］but［D］while2.［A］above［B］unlike［C］excluding［D］besides3.［A］limited［B］committed［C］dedicated［D］confined4.［A］catching［B］ignoring［C］missing［D］tracking5.［A］anyway［B］though［C］instead［D］therefore6.［A］evenif［B］ifonly［C］onlyif［D］asif7.［A］distinguishing［B］discovering［C］determining［D］detecting8.［A］diluted［B］dissolved［C］dispersed［D］diffused9.［A］when［B］since［C］for［D］whereas10.［A］unusual［B］particular［C］unique［D］typical11.［A］signs［B］stimuli［C］messages［D］impulses12.［A］atfirst［B］atall［C］atlarge［D］attimes13.［A］subjected［B］left［C］drawn［D］exposed14.［A］ineffective［B］incompetent［C］inefficient［D］insufficient15.［A］introduce［B］summon［C］trigger［D］create16.［A］still［B］also［C］otherwise［D］nevertheless17.［A］sure［B］stick［C］aware［D］tired18.［A］tolerate［B］repel［C］neglect［D］notice19.［A］available［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable20.［A］similarto［B］suchas［C］alongwith［D］asidefrom（10）06ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation.1homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8,oneofthefederalgovernment'sstudies9thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneededtoturntheirlives16.BostonGlobereporterChrisReedynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,19it."Therehastobe20ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal."1.［A］Indeed［B］Likewise［C］Therefore［D］Furthermore2.［A］stand［B］cope［C］approve［D］retain3.［A］in［B］for［C］with［D］toward4.［A］raise［B］add［C］take［D］keep5.［A］Generally［B］Almost［C］Hardly［D］Not6.［A］cover［B］change［C］range［D］differ7.［A］Nowthat［B］Although［C］Provided［D］Exceptthat8.［A］inflating［B］expanding［C］increasing［D］extending9.［A］predicts［B］displays［C］proves［D］discovers10.［A］assist［B］track［C］sustain［D］dismiss11.［A］Hence［B］But［C］Even［D］Only12.［A］lodging［B］shelter［C］dwelling［D］house13.［A］searching［B］strolling［C］crowding［D］wandering14.［A］when［B］once［C］while［D］whereas15.［A］life［B］existence［C］survival［D］maintenance16.［A］around［B］over［C］on［D］up17.［A］complex［B］comprehensive［C］complementary［D］compensating18.［A］So［B］Since［C］As［D］Thus19.［A］puts［B］interprets［C］assumes［D］makes20.［A］supervision［B］manipulation［C］regulation［D］coordination（11）07By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7setoflaws。Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,9,therewaslessagreement10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11bytheSpanishcrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces。Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy。1.［A］natives［B］inhabitants［C］peoples［D］individuals2.［A］confusedly［B］cheerfully［C］worriedly［D］hopefully3.［A］shared［B］forgot［C］attained［D］rejected4.［A］related［B］close［C］open［D］devoted5.［A］access［B］succession［C］right［D］return6.［A］Presumable［B］Incidentally［C］Obviously［D］Generally7.［A］unique［B］common［C］particular［D］typical8.［A］freedom［B］origin［C］impact［D］reform9.［A］therefore［B］however［C］indeed［D］moreover10.［A］with［B］about［C］among［D］by11.［A］allowed［B］preached［C］granted［D］funded12.［A］Since［B］If［C］Unless［D］While13.［A］as［B］for［C］under［D］against14.［A］spread［B］interference［C］exclusion［D］influence15.［A］support［B］cry［C］plea［D］wish16.［A］urged［B］intended［C］expected［D］promised17.［A］controlling［B］former［C］remaining［D］original18.［A］slower［B］faster［C］easier［D］tougher19.［A］created［B］produced［C］contributed［D］preferred20.［A］puzzledby［B］hostileto［C］pessimisticabout［D］unpreparedfor（12）08Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested。5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8isaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection。ThisgroupgenerallydoeswellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,including