神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)教學課件：小腦

TheCerebellum

小腦CentralNervousSystem

中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)1.Positionandexternalfeatures

2.Internalstructures3.Cerebellarpeduncles

4.Lobsandfunctionaldivisions5.ConnectionsandfunctionofcerebellumContentsofThisLecture1.Position

Liesaboveandbehindthedorsalaspectofthemedullaandthepons,andoccupiesposteriorcranialfossa.CerebellumExternalfeatures

twocerebellarhemisphere

小腦半球unitedbythevermis小腦蚓

小腦前切跡小腦后切跡小結蚓垂蚓錐體蚓結節(jié)Tonsilofcerebellum小腦扁桃體

twoelevatedmassesoninferiorsurfaceofhemispheralportionjustnearbyforamenmagnum

當顱內壓增高時，小腦扁桃體可嵌入枕骨大孔形成小腦扁桃體疝,壓迫延髓，導致呼吸、循環(huán)障礙，危及生命。

BRAINSTEMCerebellumWhitematterCortexNuclei++--2.Internalstructures

Cerebellarcortex

小腦皮質的分層：小腦皮質自外向內分為三層：分子層、浦肯野細胞層和顆粒層，共含有5種神經(jīng)元Cerebellarcortex小腦皮質

cerebellarfolia小腦葉片Dentatenucleus齒狀核Fastigialnucleus頂核Globosenucleus球狀核Emboliformnucleus

栓狀核medullarycenter

髓體Interposednucleus中間核Primaryfissure原裂Posterolateralfissure后外側裂Flocculonodularlobe絨球小結葉AnteriorlobePosteriorlobe3.Lobs

Cerebellum小腦Thalamus丘腦SIInferiorolivarynu.下橄欖核Mkwh4.Cerebellarpeduncles小腦腳

Superiorcerebellarpeduncle-小腦上腳

為齒狀該發(fā)出的纖維和脊髓小腦前束組成，連于中腦。

Middlecerebellarpeduncle-

小腦中腳

由腦橋小腦纖維組成，連于腦橋

Inferiorcerebellarpeduncle-

小腦下腳

由脊髓小腦后束、橄欖小腦纖維和前庭小腦纖維組成，連于延髓、脊髓cerebralcortexthalamusrednucleuspontinenucleivestibularnucleikwhkwh絨球小結葉原小腦

Archicerebellum舊小腦

Paleocerebellum新小腦

Neocerebellum小腦半球外側部半球內側部+其余小腦蚓前庭小腦脊髓小腦大腦小腦5.FunctionaldivisionsVestibulocerebellum

前庭小腦

FlocculonodularlobeSpinocerebellum脊髓小腦VermisandintermediatezoneCerebrocerebellum大腦小腦

LateralzoneFlocculonodularlobeVermisIntermediatezoneLateralzoneCerebralcortex大腦皮質Vestibularnuclei前庭&reticularformation網(wǎng)狀結構Spinalcord脊髓

Muscles肌肉

Thalamus丘腦Pontinenu腦橋Cerebellum小腦InferiorolivarynuRednu紅核CerebrocerebellumFunction:participatesinplanningmovements小腦損傷的臨床表現(xiàn)（1）不會引起隨意運動喪失（癱瘓）。（2）運動障礙出現(xiàn)在同側。原小腦綜合癥：平衡失調，眼球震顫新小腦綜合征：共濟失調，意向性震顫等TheDiencephalon

間腦CentralNervousSystem中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Position

Liesbetweenmidbrianandcerebrum,almostentirelysurroundedbycerebralhemisphereSubdivision

Dorsalthalamus背側丘腦Metathalamus后丘腦Epithalamus上丘腦Subthalamus底丘腦Hypothalamus下丘腦Dorsalthalamus背側丘腦ExternalfeaturesAlargeegg-shapednucleusmass,anteriorthalamictubercle丘腦前結節(jié),Pulvinar枕interthalamicadhesion丘腦間粘合hypothalamicsulcus下丘腦溝

nucleiofdorsalthalamus

dividedbyinternalmedullarylamina（內髓板）Anteriornucleargroup前核群Medialnucleargroup內側核群Lateralnucleargroup外側核群Med.nucleargroup內側核群

Ant.nucleargroup

前核群Dorsalnucleargroup背側核群Internalmedullarylamina板內核

Ventralanterior

腹前核Ventralintermediate

腹中間核

Ventralposterolateral(VPL)腹后外側核

Ventralposteromedial(VPM)腹后內側核Pulvinar

丘腦枕Medialgeniculatebody(MGN)內側膝狀體Lateral

geniculatebody(LGN)

外側膝狀體FunctionalsubdivisionNonspecificrelaynuclei非特異性中繼核團（古丘腦）

Midlinenucleusgroup第三腦室側壁上的中線核Intralaminarnucleargroup內髓板中的板內核Thalamicreticularnucleus外髓板外的網(wǎng)狀核

接受嗅腦、腦干網(wǎng)狀結構傳入，傳出至下丘腦、紋狀體；

上行激動系統(tǒng)至大腦，參與醒覺Associationnuclei聯(lián)絡核團（新丘腦）Anteriornucleargroup前核群Medialnucleargroup內側核群Dorsaltieroflateralnucleargroup外側核群的背層

與大腦皮質有往返的纖維聯(lián)系

與情感、學習記憶有關Specialrelaynuclei特異性中繼核團（舊丘腦）

Vent.anteriornucleus(VA)腹前核

Vermediatenucleus(VI)腹中間核

Receivingdentatenucleus,globuspallidusandsubstantianigratomotorcortexVentralposteriornucleus

(VPN)

腹后核:Vent.posteromedialnucleus

(VPM)

腹后內側核－receivestrigeminallemniscusandtestefibers

Vent.posterolateralnucleus

(VPL)

腹后外側核－receivesmediallemniscusandspinallemniscusProjectstofirstsomaticsensoryareaviacentralthalamicradiation

傳導感覺；

皮質下感覺中樞，可能感知粗略痛覺

Vent.posterolateralnucleus(VPL)

腹后外側核spinallemniscusmediallemniscus

Vent.posteromedialnucleus(VPM)

腹后內側核trigeminallemniscusandtestefibers

Metathalamus后丘腦Lateralgeniculatebody(LGN)外側膝狀體RelaystatioReceivefibersfromoptictractProjectstovisualareaviaopticradiation視輻射Medialgeniculatebody(MGN)內側膝狀體

ReceivefibersfrominferiorcolliculusProjectstoauditoryareaviaacousticradiation聽輻射何國棟丘腦特異性感覺核三叉丘系脊髓丘系內側丘系聽視感覺區(qū)視聽味覺皮質運動區(qū)Epithalamus上丘腦IncludesThalamicmedullarystria丘腦髓紋Habenulartrigone韁三角含韁核Habenularcommissure韁連合Pinealbody松果體屬內分泌器官，產(chǎn)生褪黑素，

posteriorcommissure后連合Epithalamus上丘腦

Pinealbody松果體長期光照→

松果體褪黑素↓→腺垂體促性腺激素提前分泌

→性早熟Subthalamicnu底丘腦核ThalamusSubstantianigra黑質Subthalamus底丘腦

TransitionzonebetweendiencephalonsandtegmentumofmidbrainContainsubthalamicnucleus(底丘腦核),partsofrednucleusandsubstantianigraHypothalamus下丘腦Position－liesventraltothalamusBoundariesSuperiorly:hypothalamicsulcusInferiorly:opticchiasma視交叉tubercinereum灰結節(jié)Infundibulum漏斗

hypophysis

垂體

mamillarybody乳頭體Anterior:laminaterminalis終板

Posterior:continueswithmidbraintegmentumSupraopticnucleus視上核－producevasopressin加壓素Paraventricularnucleus室旁核－produceoxytocin催產(chǎn)素Infundibularnucleus漏斗核Mamillarynucleus乳頭體核ParaventricularnucleusSupraopticnucleusMamillarynucleusParaventriculohypophyealtractSupraopticohypophysealtractinfundibulumposteriorlobeofhypophysisanteriorlobeofhypophsistuberoinfundibulartractParaventricularnucleusParaventriculohypophysealtractSupraopticnucleusSupraopticohypophysealtracposteriorlobeofhypophy