口腔專業(yè)英語復習題

口腔專業(yè)英語考試一英漢互譯（20分）1牙槽骨localanesthesiacaries4根尖感染gingivitispericoronitis7髓角8潁頜關節(jié)9leukoplakia10骨結合fibroosseousintegration12根管治療13菌斑14drug-inducedgingivitis15咬合osteomyelitisofthejawsameloblastomapalpation19汞合金20可復性牙髓炎二閱讀理解（40分）AGayBiologistMolecularbiologistDeanHammerhasblueeyes,lightbrownhairandagoodsenseofhum0匚Hesmokescigarettes,spendslonghoursinanoldlaboratoryattheUSNationalInstituteofHealth,andinhisfreetimeclimbsupcliffsandpointshisskisdownsteepslopes.Healsohappenstobeopenly,matter-of-factlygay.WhatisitthatmakesHammerwhoheis?What,forthatmatter,accountsforthetalentsandtraitsthatmakeupanyone'spersonality?Hammerisnotcontentmerelytoasksuchquestions;heistryingtoanswerthemaswell.Apioneerinthefieldofmolecularpsychology,Hammerisexploringtherolegenesplayingoverningtheverycoreofourindividuality.Toaremarkableextent,hisworkonwhatmightbecalledthegay,thrill-seekingandquit-smokinggenesreflectshowowngeneticpredispositions.Thatwork,whichhasappearedmostlyinscientificjournals,hasbeengatheredintoanaccessibleandquitereadableforminHammerscreativenewbook,livingwithOurGenes."Youhaveaboutasmuchchoiceinsomeaspectofyourpersonality."Hammerandco-authorPeterCopelandwriteintheintroductorychapter,"Asyoudointheshapeofyournoseorthesizeofyourfeet."Untilrecently,researchintobehavioralgeneticswasdominatedbypsychiatristsandpsychologists,whobasedtheirmostcompellingconclusionsabouttheimportanceofgenesonstudiesofidenticaltwins.Forexample,psychologistMichaelBaileyofNorthwesternUniversityfamouslydemonstratedthatifoneidenticaltwinisgay,thereisabouta50%likelihoodthattheotherwillbetoo.Sevenyearsago,Hammerpickedupwherethetwinstudiesleftoff,hominginonspecificstripsofDNAthatappeartoinfluenceeverythingfrommoodtosexualorienfafion..Hammerswitchedtobehavioralgeneticsfrombasicresearch,afterreceivinghisdoctoratefromHarvard,hespentmorethanadecadestudyingthebiochemistryofaproteinthatcellsusetometabolizeheavymetalslikecopperandzinc.Ashewasabouttoturn40,however,Hammersucklenlyrealizedhehadlearnedasmuchabouttheproteinashecaredto."Frankly,Iwasbored,"heremembers,"andreadyforsomethingnew."Homosexualbehavior,inparticular,seemedripeforexplorationbecausefewscientistshaddaredtacklesuchanemotionallyandpoliticallychargedsubject."I'mgay,"Hammersayswithashrug,"butthatwasnotamajormotivation.Itwasmoreofaquestionofintellectualcuriosity-andthefactthatnooneelsewasdoingthissortofresearch"ThefirstparagraphdescribesHammer's()looks,hobbiesandcharacterviewpointonhomosexualityuniquelife-stylescientificresearchworkHammerwasa()psychiatristphysiologistchemistbiologistWhatisHammerdoingnow?()Heisexploringtheroleofgenesindecidingone'sintelligence.Heisexploringtheroleofgenesindecidingone'spersonality.Heiswritingabookentitled"LivewithOurGenes."Heistryingtoanswersomequestionsonatestpaper.WhathappenedtoHammer'sresearchinterest?()lieturnedtobasicresearch.Hestickedtobasicresearch.Heturnedtobehavioralgenetics.Hestickedtobehavioralgenetics.AccordingtoHammer,whatwasoneofthemainreasonsforhimtochoosehomosexualbehaviorashisresearchsubject?()Heisagayandhewantstocurehimself.Hewascuriousaboutitasascientist.Hewascuriousaboutitlikeeveryoneelse.Itisasubjectthatcanleadtopoliticalsuccess.SilentandDeadlyTransientischemicattacks(TIAS),ormini-strokes,resultfromtemporaryinterruptionsofbloodflowtothebrain.Unlikefullstrokes,theypresentsymptomslastinganywherefromafewsecondsto24hours.Rarelydotheycausepermanentneurologicaldamage,buttheyareoftenprecursorsofamajorstroke."Ourmessageisquiteclear,"saysDr.RobertAdams,professorofneurologyattheMedicalCollegeofGeorgiainAugust."TIAS,whilelessseverethanstrokesintheshortterm,arequitedangerousandneedaquickdiagnosisandtreatmentaswellasappropriatefollow-uptopreventfutureinjury."Unfortunately,mini-strokesaregreatlyunderdiagnosed.AstudyconductedfortheNationalStrokeAssociationindicatesthat2.5%ofalladultsaged18orolder(about4.9millionpeopleintheU.S.)haveexperieneedaconfirmedTIA.Anadditional1.2millionAmericansovertheageof45,thestudyshowed,havemostlikelysufferedamini-strokewithoutrealizingit.Thesefindingssuggestthatifthepublicknewhowtospotthesymptomsofstroke,especiallymini-strokes,andsoughtpromptmedicaltreatment,thousandsoflivescouldbesavedandmajordisabilitycouldbeavoided.Theproblemisthatthesymptomsofamini-strokeareoftensubtleandpassing.Nonetheless,therearesignsyoucanlookoutfor:*Numbnessorweaknessintheface,armorleg,especiallyononesideofthebody.^Troubleseeinginoneorbotheyes.*Confusionanddifficultyspeakingorunderstanding.^Difficultywalking,dizzinessorlossofcoordination.^Severeheadachewithnoknowncause.Alongwiththesesymptoms,researchershaveidentifiedsomekeyindicatorsthatincreaseyourchancesofhavingafull-blownstrokeafteraTIA:ifyou'reover60,haveexperiencedsymptomslastinglongerthan10minutes,feelweakandhaveahistoryofdiabetes.Aswithmanydiseases,youcanhelpyourselfbychangingyourlifestyle.Thefirstthingsyoushoulddoarequitsmoking,limityourintakeofalcoholtonomorethanadrinkortwoadayandincreaseyourphysicalactivity.Eventhosewhosufferfromhighbloodpressureordiabetescanimprovetheirodds-andminimizecomplicationsiftheydohaveastroke-bykeepingtheirillnessundercontrol.Ifyouexperienceanyofthesymptoms,yourfirstcallshouldbetoyourdoctor.Itcouldbethecallthatsavesyourlife.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofmini-strokes?()Thecauseofthemremainsunidentified.Theyseldomcausepermanentneurologicaldamage.Theysymptomsofthemareoftenpassing.Theyarenotunrelatedtomajorstrokes.Topreventmini-strokesfromturningintomajorstrokes,itisimportantto()savesthousandsoflives.avoidsmajordisability.seekspromptmedicaltreatment.preventsfutureinjury.Thepassageindicatesthatthesymptomsofmini-strokes()arealwayseasytospot.arefrequenflyhardtorecognize.usuallylastacoupleofdays.canbynomeansbeavoided.Allofthefollowingmaybesignsofmini-strokesEXCEPTfor()troubleseeinginoneeyenumbnessinthefacelossofcoordinationsevereheadachecausedbyexternalinjury.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmini-strokesare()moredangerousthanmajorstrokessilentanddeadlydifficulttocuresuretoleadtomajorstrokesANewFindingBritishcancerresearchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbynninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemiatheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease."Childhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfection/*saidSirRichardDoll,anintemafionally?knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950."Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.Youwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyousuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralarea,whereyoumighthavepeopiewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection."DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversity,whichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldarea,buthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingoninthearea,aslargenumbersofcon-structionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting."Ourstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountforthe,(Sellafield)leukaemiaclusterandthatallchildren,whethertheirparentsareincomersorlocals,areatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixing,"DickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaign,whichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlen,acancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversity,whosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.Whofirsthintedatthepossiblecauseofchildhoodleukaemiabyinfection?()ALeoKinlen.BRichardDoll.CLouiseParker.DHeatherDickinsonwhichstatementcanbesupportedbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParker'snewfindings?()ARadiationhascontributedtothedisease.BPuttingalotofpeoplefromruralareainalargetownsincreasestheriskofchildhoodleukaemiaCPopulationmixingisthemostimportantreasonforleukaemiaclusterDChildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyanunusualinfection.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?()AMostpeoplebelievechildhoodleukaemiaisduetoenvironmentalfactors.BPopulationmixingbestexplainsthecauseofchildhoodleukaemia.CRadiationhasnothingtodowithchildhoodleukaemia.DChildrenborninalargetownareathigherriskofleukaemia.CancerResearchCampaignismostpossiblya()AmedicaljournalBresearchinstituteCprivatecompanyDgovernmentalagencyThispassageismainlyabout()AtheclusterofleukaemiaeasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingpartBthekindofinfectionthatcauseschildhoodleukaemiaCthecausesofchildhoodleukaemiaDanewfindingbyBritishscientistsMobilePhoneandDiseasesAstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebrain,theleaderoftheresearchteamsaid.ButDariusLeszczynski,whoheadedthe2?yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebec(魁」匕克)，saidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheserious?nessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody.ThestudyatFinland'sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratory,hesaid."Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproaches,butwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody,"Leszczynskisaid.Nonethelessthestudy,theinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferemiation,raisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweakenthebrain'sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances.Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrier,whichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstream.Leszczynskisaid.Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeable(能透過的),hesaid."IncreasedproteinactivitymightcauseceilstoshrinkthebloodIvesselshutthecellsthemselves-andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass."hesaid.Leszezynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldpose,butsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadache,fatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult."Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort/hesaid,addingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer'sdisease.''Wherethetruthisdonotknow,"hesaid.Leszczynskisaidthathe,hiswifeandchildrenusemobilephones,andhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse.AccordingtoLeszczynski,howdoesmobilephoneaffectone'shealth?()AMobilephoneradiationcanincreaseproteinactivitiesandsuchactivitiescanmaketheprotectiveshieldmorepermeable.BMobilephoneradiationcanshrinkthebloodvesselsandpreventbloodfromflowingsmoothly.CMobilephoneradiationwillbringstresstopeopleexposedtoit.DMobilephoneradiationkillsbloodcellsatarapidspeed.What'stheresultoftheFrenchstudy?()ATheharmofmobilephoneradiationislife-threatening.BMobilephonemayaffectone'snormalwayofihinking.CSleepdisorderscouldresultfrommobilephoneradiation.DAproteincalledhsp27iskilledbymobilephoneradiation.Whatkindofdiseaseisnotcausedbytheuseofmobilephone?()AFatigueBHeadacheCAlzheimer'sdiseaseDTuberculosisAccordingtothepassage,whatwouldbethefutureoftheuseofmobilephone?()APeoplewillbeforbiddentousemobilephone.BPeopledarenotusemobilephonebecauseofitsradiation.CPeoplewillcontinuetousemobilephone.DTherewil