愛爾蘭的政治與經(jīng)濟課件

IrelandpoliticsThepresidentThegovernmentparliamentVotingandreferendaThecivilserviceIrishlegalsystem

1.Irelandisa

representativedemocracy.preview3.ThesystemofgovernmentisbasedontheAmericanprincipleof"checksandbalances".ThePresidentactsasasymbolicHeadofStateonlyanddoesnothaveExecutivefunctions.AndinitssymbolicfunctiontheIrishPresidencyperhapsisnearertothestatusofthepresentQueeninEnglandthantothatofthePresidentoftheUS.Theincumbent現(xiàn)任PresidentofIrelandis

MichaelDanielHiggins(MicheálD.óhUigínn).

TheConstitutioncangivethePresidentcertainpowersthatmakethePresidentineffecttheGuardianoftheConstitution.(Forinstance,thePresidentmayundercertaincircumstancesreferanyproposedlegislationtotheSupremeCourtforadecisionastowhetheritcontainsanythingrepugnant不一致的totheConstitution.)

ThePresidenthasonepowerwhichmayrequireexercisinghisorherabsolutediscretion處理權(quán).ThisallowsthePresidenttorefusetodissolvetheDailontheadviceofaprimeminister(Taiseach)whohasceasedtoretainthesupportofamajorityintheDail.ThePrimeMinisterisappointedbythePresidentonthenominationoftheParliament.ThusthePrimeMinistermustemergeasanagreedcandidateofthelargestpoliticalpartyoftheParliament,oronethatisagreedbyacoalitionofParliamentParties,thesupportofamajorityofmembersintheParliament.

ThePrimeMinisternominatesonememberofthegovernmenttobetheDeputyPrimeMinister(Tanaiste).HeactsinplaceofthePrimeMinisterifthePrimeMinisteristemporarilyabsentorbecomesincapacitated[,ink?'p?si,teitid]無能力.

continueTheParliamentThesolepowerofmakinglawsforthestatebelongstoIrishParliament.TheParliamentofIrelandiscomprisedof2houses:theDailandtheSenate.GovernmentpolicyandadministrationmaybeexaminedandcriticizedinbothHouses;butundertheConstitutionthegovernmentisresponsibletotheDailalone.AtpresentIrishParliament(Dail)has166members,whorepresent43constituencies,calledTeachtaiDala(TDs議員).TDshavereally2jobs.firstofall,theymustrepresenttheregionwhichelectedthem,makingthemselvesavailabletheretohearpersonalrepresentationsfromtheirconstituents.secondly,theymustserveinthenationalDailtopasslawsAtpresenttheSenatehas60members.TheydifferfromTDsinsofarasSenatorsarenotdirectlyelected.11membersarenominateddirectlybythePrimeMinister.43membersareelectedfrom5panelsofcandidatesunderdifferentheadings.Eachpanelconsistsofpersonswithknowledgeandpracticalexperienceoftheinterestsrepresentedbythepanel(suchasthatinagriculture,forinstance).Theremaining6membersareelectedby2universities--3byNationalUniversityofIrelandand3bytheUniversityofDublin.

Opportunitiesforthegeneralpublictovotearisein5separatedecision-makingprocedures:-theelectionofthePresident(every7years).-Dail(orParliament)elections(atleastevery5years).-referendaonproposedConstitutionalamendments(astheyarecalled).-theelectionofrepresentativestotheEuropeanParliament(every5years).-electionstolocalauthorities(usuallyevery5years).votingvotingEveryresidentcitizenovertheageof18yearsmayvoteatDail,Presidential,localandEuropeanelections,andreferenda.EUcitizensmayvoteatEuropeanandlocalelections.AllresidentsofIreland,regardlessofcitizenship,mayvoteatlocalelections.CivilServiceTheCivilServiceisdividedinto16governmentdepartments,eachheadedbyaMinisterappointedbythePrimeMinister.Ministershavethefinalresponsibilityfortheseareas.Atpresenttherearesome361000peopleemployedinthecivilservice.12InaccordancewithmostWesternnations,justiceisAdministeredinpublicincourtsoflawwhichareadministeredbyajudge.JudgesareappointedbythePresidentontheadviceoftheGovernment.Aftereachcasehasbeenmade,thejudgewillsumuptheargumentsonbothsides,andreachajudgment.ButunlikeAmerica(andChina),Irelandhasabolishedthedeathsentence.Variesofcourts.InaHierarchy

TheCircuitCourtTheHighCourtTheSupremeCourtTheDistrictCourteconomyTheIrishEconomySmallTrade-dependentOpenFromitsfounding1922untilthe1970s,theIrelandasaneconomytendedtobeinward-looking,andconcentratedongoalsnowseentobefutile無用的,suchasbeingself-sufficient.Predictably,theresultofthisprotectionismwashighpricesathomeandavirtualstagnationoftrade.Reviewoverthelastdecade,unprecedentedeconomicgrowthhasseenthelevelofIrishrealGNPalmostdoubleinsize.Thereasonwhyithashadsomuchchangesliesinfollowings.Therewasapopulationboom,sothatthenumberofyoungpeopleincreaseddramatically.2.Thereformofeducationmeantthattheseyoungpeoplewerebettereducatedandmoreawareoftheiroptionsinlifeandbetterabletotakethemup.Asaresultofaradicalchangeofattitudes,morewomenarealsoenteringtheworkforce.

3.

Thegovernmenthadaconversiontomarketeconomy.Theybegantorealizethatprotectingatraditionalagriculturaleconomywasnotthesolutiontotheirproblemsbuttheverybasisoftheirdifficulties.

4.ItsentrancetotheEUhastransformedlaborpracticeandgivenIrelandaccesstotheSingleMarket.In1990s,Irelandbecamearichcountryforthefirsttimeinitshistory.MimickingtheboominAsia,themediacalledIreland‘ssuddenwealth"TheCelticTiger"economy.MemberstatesoftheEUAustria(1995)Belgium(1952)Bulgaria(2007)Cyprus(2004)CzechRepublic(2004)Denmark(1973)Estonia(2004)Finland(1995)France(1952)Germany(1952)Greece(1981)Hungary(2004)Ireland(1973)Italy(1952)Latvia(2004)Lithuania(2004)Luxembourg(1952)Malta(2004)Netherlands(1952)Poland(2004)Portugal(1986)Romania(2007)Slovakia(2004)Slovenia(2004)Spain(1986)Sweden(1995)UnitedKingdom(1973)WithitsaccessiontotheEUin1973,allofIreland'scitizensnowholdEUcitizenshipandtravelonEUpassports.Theyarenowentitledtowork,tobeeducatedin,andtoclaimthesocialbenefits,ofanyoth