英語人教版高中必修二（2019新編）-Unit 2 Bridging Cultures第三講Grammar and Writing（教案）

GrammarandWriting目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ing目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航j(luò)ingGrammar——復(fù)習(xí)名詞性從句用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空1．Thefirsttimethatshehadtowriteanessay,hertutorexplainedthatshemustacknowledgewhatotherpeoplehadsaidifshecitedtheirideas,butthathemainlywantedtoknowwhatshethought!2．Atfirst,XieLeihadnoideawhatsheshouldsay,butwhatsurprisedherwasthatshefoundherselfspeakingupinclassafterjustafewweeks.3．Whatseemedstrangebeforenowappearsquitenormaltoher.【自主發(fā)現(xiàn)】當(dāng)一個(gè)從句的性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，并在主從復(fù)合句中作主語、賓語、表語或同位語時(shí)，這個(gè)從句被稱為名詞性從句。語法知識(shí)一、主語從句(subjectclause)主語從句就是在復(fù)合句中起主語作用的從句。主語從句的連接詞有：eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(從屬連詞：that，whether，if,連接代詞：what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，,whichever，whoever，whomever,連接副詞：when，where，why，how))1．that引導(dǎo)的主語從句(1)that在主語從句中不充當(dāng)成分，也沒有含義，但通常不能省略。Thatourteamhadwonfirstprizemadeusveryhappy.我們隊(duì)獲得了第一名，這使我們很高興。ThatMoYanhadbeenawardedthe2012NobelPrizeinLiteraturemadeusveryproud.莫言獲頒2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)使我們非常驕傲。(2)that從句作主語時(shí)，為避免頭重腳輕，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，而將主語從句后置。常用it作形式主語代替that從句的句型有以下幾種：①It＋be＋形容詞(obvious，true，natural，wonderful，likely,possible，certain，etc.)＋that...Itisobviousthatyou’vemadeabigmistake.顯然，你犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)。Itiscertainthatshewilldoverywellintheexam.她一定會(huì)在這次考試中考得很好。[名師提醒]在“Itisnecessary/important/strange/essential＋that...”中，從句常用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可省略。Itisessentialthatyou(should)havesomeexperience.你必須得有些經(jīng)驗(yàn)。②It＋be＋名詞(詞組)(nowonder，thecase，anhonour，apity，agoodthing，nosurprise，afact，ashame，etc.)＋that...Youhavebeenwalkingforhours.It’snowonderthatyouaresotired.你一直走了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。難怪你會(huì)這么累。③It＋be＋過去分詞(said，believed，reported，thought，expected，decided，etc.)＋that...It’sbelievedthatthecouplehaveleftthecountry.人們相信那對(duì)夫婦已經(jīng)離開了這個(gè)國家。④其他常見的用it作形式主語的句型：Itdoesn’tmatterthat...……是無關(guān)緊要的Itmakesnodifferencethat...……沒有影響Itoccurredto/struck/hitmethat...我突然想到……Itdoesn’tmatterthatshedoesn’tagreetoourplan.她不同意我們的計(jì)劃沒關(guān)系。Itoccurredtomethathemightbethekiller.我突然想到他可能是那個(gè)殺手。2．whether/if引導(dǎo)的主語從句whether/if在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，僅起連接作用，意為“是否”。whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句可以位于復(fù)合句的句首，也可位于句尾；而if引導(dǎo)的主語從句只能放在句尾，前面用it作形式主語。Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.她是否會(huì)來仍是一個(gè)問題。Itwasnotcertainwhether/ifhepassedtheexam.他是否通過了考試還不確定。3．連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句連接代詞who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever,whoever，whomever，whatever引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，在句中既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語等成分。Whatangeredmemostwashistotallackofregret.最使我生氣的是他居然毫無悔意。Whichplanisbettershouldbediscussed.應(yīng)該討論哪一個(gè)計(jì)劃更好。4．連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句連接副詞when，where，how，why引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，在句中既是連接詞，又在從句中作狀語。where在主語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，when作時(shí)間狀語，why作原因狀語，how作方式狀語。連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，也常用it作形式主語。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.這事是怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。Wheresheliveshasnotbeenfoundyet.還沒有找到她住在哪里。[名師提醒](1)從句的語序：在任何情況下，主語從句都用陳述語序；(2)主謂一致：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)從句作主語時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，若主句的表語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞通常也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whattheyneedislove.他們需要的是愛。Whattheyneedarebooks.他們需要的是書。用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空①theywouldsupportuswasaproblem.②InthisfablegetsthegoldapplecanbeblessedbyGod.③thishappenedisnowinvestigatedbypolice.④shockedmewasthatallofthesechildrenhadnochancetogooutofthesmallvillage.⑤ofthemwillbecomethenextpresidentofthiscountryisstillamystery.⑥Ithasnotbeenannouncedtheplaneistotakeoff.⑦isdoubtfulwhethershewillbeabletocome.⑧oneshouldgotocollegeisagoodquestionformanyhighschoolgraduates.【答案】1.Whether2.whoever3.How4.What5.Which6.when7.It8.Why二、賓語從句(objectclause)賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中起賓語作用的從句。1．連接詞eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(從屬連詞：that，if，whether,連接代詞：who（ever），whom（ever），whose，,what（ever），which（ever）,連接副詞：when（ever），where（ver），why，how（ever）))(1)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒有含義，且通?？梢允÷?。Hetoldme(that)hewouldgotocollegethenextyear.他告訴我下一年他會(huì)去上大學(xué)。Weallagree(that)itwouldbeveryconvenienttogotherebybus.我們都認(rèn)為坐公共汽車去那兒將會(huì)很方便。[名師提醒]that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)通?？梢允÷裕谙铝星闆r下that不能省略：①當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與賓語從句之間有插入語時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that通常不可省略。Everyonecouldsee，Ibelieve，thatMikewasveryterrified.我相信人人都能看出邁克很害怕。②如果動(dòng)詞后面帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列的賓語從句，第一個(gè)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，其余從句的引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthateverythingwillgowell.我相信你已經(jīng)盡力了，而且一切都會(huì)順利的。(2)if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句if/whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，作“是否”講，常放在動(dòng)詞(短語)ask，care，wonder，know和findout等后面。一般情況下，兩者?？蓳Q用，在口語中多用if。Nobodyknowswhether/ifitwillraintomorrow.沒有人知道明天是否會(huì)下雨。Tomaskedwhether/ifIhadreadthebook.湯姆問我是否讀過這本書。(3)連接代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句連接代詞who，whom，what，whose，whoever，whatever等引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。Doyoueverdiscoverwhosentyoutheflowers?你弄清是誰給你送的花了嗎？Thebookwillshowyouwhatthebestwritersshouldknow.這本書會(huì)告訴你最好的作家該了解些什么。(4)連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句連接副詞when(ever)，where(ver)，how(ever)，why等引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，既起連接作用，又在從句中作狀語。Hedidn’ttellmewhenwewouldmeetagain.他沒有告訴我我們什么時(shí)候會(huì)再見面。Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.我們都不知道能在哪里買到這些新零件。2．動(dòng)詞(詞組)后的賓語從句大多數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞(詞組)后都可以跟賓語從句，需要注意的是：(1)在一些表示堅(jiān)持、命令、建議、要求等意義的動(dòng)詞后，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。這類動(dòng)詞有：一堅(jiān)持(insist)，二命令(order，command)，三建議(suggest，propose，advise)，四要求(ask，demand，require，request)等。Sheinsistedthatshe(should)organizethetripperfectly.她堅(jiān)持要把這次旅行安排得盡善盡美。Hecommandedthatallthegates(should)beshut.他命令關(guān)閉所有的大門。Isuggestedthathe(should)studyharder.我建議他應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。Theteacherrequeststhatwe(should)getalongwellwitheachother.老師要求我們彼此和睦相處。(2)動(dòng)詞find，feel，consider，make，believe等后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語的時(shí)候，需要用it作形式賓語，而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后置。WefinditnecessarythatwepractisespokenEnglisheveryday.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)每天練習(xí)英語口語是有必要的。IhavemadeitarulethatIkeepadiaryeveryday.我每天寫日記已成了一個(gè)習(xí)慣。(3)有些動(dòng)詞短語后跟賓語從句時(shí)要先在從句前加形式賓語it。常見的這類動(dòng)詞短語有oweto，seeto，relyon，dependon等。Pleaseseetoitthatthechildrengotobedby9o’clock.請(qǐng)務(wù)必讓孩子們9點(diǎn)前上床睡覺。Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.你放心好了，他們會(huì)支持你的。(4)有些表示喜好、憎惡的動(dòng)詞后接從句作賓語時(shí)要用it作形式賓語，常見的這類動(dòng)詞有hate，like等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時(shí)說話。3．介詞后的賓語從句一般情況下，介詞后常接wh－類連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。而except，but等少數(shù)介詞后可接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂部。分層練習(xí)分層練習(xí)一．單句語法填空①Itrulybelievebeautycomesfromwithin.②Withthatinmind,Mooreaskedherdadshecouldstartherowncandycompany.③SheaskedmeIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary,andIadmittedthatIhadn’t.④I’dappreciateitifyoucouldletmeknowinadvanceornotyouwillcome.⑤I’mnotsureismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.⑥Mooreisenthusiasticaboutthecandyshecreated,andshe’salsopositiveaboutthefuturemightbring.⑦Whatstudentsdoatcollegeseemstomattermuchmorethantheygo.⑧—IwonderMaryhaskeptherfigureafteralltheseyears.—Byworkingouteveryday.⑨Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfofitusedtocharge.⑩Readingherbiography,IwaslostinadmirationforDorisLessinghadachievedinliterature.【答案】1.that2.if/whether3.whether/if4.whether5.who6.what/whatever7.where8.how9.what10.what二．單句語法填空1．I’mlookingforissomeonetotakecareofsomeofmypersonalbusinesssothatImayfocusonmytruepassion：groceryshopping.2．It’sgoodtoknowthedogswillbewellcaredforwhilewe’reaway.3．Tomwillwinthecomputercompetitionremainsasecret.4．Scientistsstudyhumanbrainsworktomakecomputers.5．Luckily,hewastheonlyonewhofinallygotthejob,becausethemanagerdecidedtogivethejobtohebelievedwashelpful.6．However,Ifinditdisappointingourpersonal，privatemomentswithmusicareincreasinglybeingturnedintoinformationpointsandofferedtoadvertisers.7．heisrememberedforishishumorousstyle.8．Itdoesn’tmatterwilltakeoverthecompany,asnoonecansaveitfromthefinancialcrisis.9．madehisfatherangrywasthatheliedratherthanmademistakes.10．isprovedisthatanimalsandinsectshavetheirownlanguages.11．Susanmadecleartomethatshewishedtomakeanewlifeforherself.12．Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree－linedstreet,notknowingshewasheading.【答案】1.What2.that3.Whether4.how5.whoever6.that7.What8.who9.What10.What11.it12.where三.補(bǔ)全句子1．dependsontheweather.我們是否去爬山要看天氣而定。2．willberewardedwithasumofmoney.誰能為他解決這個(gè)問題，誰就能得到一筆錢作為獎(jiǎng)賞。3．Itisstillunderdiscussionwithamodernhotelornot.這個(gè)舊汽車站是否應(yīng)該被一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的旅館取代還在討論之中。4．Wehopehere.我們希望您在這里過得愉快。5．Wewillgiveyousomeadviceon．我們會(huì)給你一些關(guān)于如何通過考試的建議。6．Wearecertain．我們確信這是真的。7．I’dappreciateitverymuchif．如果你愿意教我如何使用電腦，我將不勝感激。8．Icanputupwiththecrowdedhouse,butIhate．我可以容忍房間擁擠，但是我討厭房間不干凈?！敬鸢浮?.Whetherwe’llgoclimbing2.Whoevercansolvetheproblemforhim3.whether/iftheoldbusstation(should)bereplaced4.thatyouwillenjoyyourstay5.howyouwillpasstheexam6.thatthisistrue四.語法填空Undoubtedly,Britainisanationofhatwearers.Fromtakingoffhats1.launchingmortarboards(學(xué)位帽)intheair,hatshavelongbeenassociatedwithceremoniesandpractices.Eventhehistoryofthecountrycan2.(tell)throughhats.3．(date)backtomedievalEngland,theflatcapbecameasymbolofworkingclasscultureinthe19thand20thcenturies.TheEdwardianErawas4.goldenageofhats,whenthedecorationsbecameevenmoredelicate,rangingfromflowers,birdstofruits.Theporkpiehat,startinginthemiddle19thcentury,wasthe5.(choose)formanywell－dressedVictoriancitizens.Decadeslaterit6.(gradual)becameakeyfeatureofLondonstreetstyle.Bythe1960s,though,hatsfadedoutofpeople’ssightbecauseoftheriseofprivatecars.ItwastheRoyalWedding7.(hold)in2011thatcontributedtothereturnofhatwearing.Forexample,StockportHatWorksMuseum—theonlymuseuminthecountryfeaturedinhatsandhatmaking—is8.(popular)thanever,withadistinctincreaseonitsvisitors.9．marksBritainoutontheworldstageisthelargenumberofhatsthatcanbecalleditsown.ThevarietyofhatsinBritain10.(reflect)itsmulticulturalbackgroundandrichculturalheritage.【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。介紹了英國帽子的發(fā)展、種類以及作用，說明了帽子是英國文化的象征。1．to【解析】考查固定搭配。from...to...表示范圍，意為“從……到……”，說明在英國帽子影響人們生活的方方面面。故填to。2．betold【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。設(shè)空處為句子的謂語動(dòng)詞，thehistory和tell之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。句意：甚至這個(gè)國家的歷史都能通過帽子來講述。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞原形。故填betold。3．Dating【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句中已有謂語動(dòng)詞became，設(shè)空處應(yīng)用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。datebackto意為“追溯到”，date與句子主語之間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，故填Dating。4．a(chǎn)【解析】考查冠詞。句意：愛德華時(shí)代是一個(gè)帽子的黃金時(shí)代，此處為泛指，應(yīng)填不定冠詞a。5．choice【解析】考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)前面的定冠詞the可判斷填名詞，choose的名詞為choice，此處為抽象名詞，故填choice。6．gradually【解析】考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動(dòng)詞became應(yīng)用副詞，故填gradual的副詞形式gradually。7．held【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，主語為theRoyalWedding，謂語為contributedto，設(shè)空處作定語修飾theRoyalWedding，theRoyalWedding與hold之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填過去分詞held。8．morepopular【解析】考查形容詞比較級(jí)。根據(jù)后面的than可知需用比較級(jí)，popular為多音節(jié)單詞，加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)。9．What【解析】考查主語從句。is前面為主語從句，設(shè)空處既引導(dǎo)主語從句又在從句中作主語，表示“所……的事情”，故填What。10．reflects【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。設(shè)空處為句子的謂語動(dòng)詞，“thevarietyof＋n.”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)須與variety的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致，本句陳述一般事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故用第三人稱單數(shù)reflects。Writing——如何寫觀點(diǎn)類作文一、寫作分析觀點(diǎn)類作文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表意見、提出主張的文體。在寫作時(shí)，主要通過擺事實(shí)、講道理，使讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn)。二、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫作步驟是：第一段，開門見山，描述現(xiàn)象或表明立場(chǎng)，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。在中間段落，說理論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。為了使論證的層次更清晰，可以使用tobeginwith,what’smore，besides,inaddition等銜接性的詞語。最后一段再次表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。一、常用詞匯1．considerv．考慮2．regretv.后悔；遺憾3．determinev.決定4．intendv.打算5．preparev.準(zhǔn)備6．Iamconvinced我相信7．tryone’sbest盡某人最大努力8．youaresupposedto你應(yīng)當(dāng)……9．inform...of...通知某人某事10．inmyopinion依我看二、常用句式1．導(dǎo)入話題常用句型①Wehavehadadiscussionaboutwhether...我們已經(jīng)討論過是否……②Wehavehadasurveyonwhether...我們已經(jīng)調(diào)查過是否……③Thereisawidespreadconcernovertheissuethat...人們普遍關(guān)注……的問題④Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.不同的人對(duì)此有不同的看法。⑤Peoplehavetakendifferentattitudestowards...人們對(duì)……有不同的態(tài)度。2．介紹觀點(diǎn)常用句型①Somepeopleholdtheview/think/believethat...有些人認(rèn)為……②Thosewhoarefor/against...thinkthat...那些支持/反對(duì)……的人認(rèn)為……③Inmyview/Inmyopinion/AsfarasI’mconcerned,Ifirmlysupporttheformer/latterview.在我看來/依我看/就我而言，我堅(jiān)決支持前/后一種觀點(diǎn)。3．論證觀點(diǎn)、總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞①first/firstly/inthefirstplace/tostartwith/tobeginwith/firstofall首先；第一②second/secondly其次；第二③besides/moreover/furthermore/what’smore/inaddition此外，而且④foronething...foranother...其一……其二……⑤ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...一方面……另一方面……⑥inbrief/inshort/inaword/tosumup/inconclusion總之；簡(jiǎn)言之單元寫作假定你是李華，你的美國筆友Jackson最近在考慮是否要出國留學(xué)，他來信征求你的意見。請(qǐng)你就此用英語給他寫一封100詞左右的電子郵件，闡述你的觀點(diǎn)，并給出理由(不少于三個(gè))。注意：1.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；2．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出。DearJackson，Yours，LiHua第一步審題謀篇主題出國留學(xué)的好處體裁書信(應(yīng)用文)人稱以第一人稱為主時(shí)態(tài)以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主布局第一段：個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)第二段：陳述理由第三段：希望采納第二步要點(diǎn)翻譯1．我認(rèn)為出國留學(xué)非常有意義。Ithinkitmakesgoodsensetostudyabroad.2．出國留學(xué)時(shí)，我們會(huì)接觸到一個(gè)外語環(huán)境，學(xué)習(xí)過程變得有趣且有效。Whilewearestudyingabroad，weexposeourselvestoaforeignlanguagesettingandthelearningprocessbecomesengagingandeffective.3．浸潤在外國的不同文化中，我們能夠深入了解世界。Bathedinadifferentcultureofaforeigncountry，wecangaingreatinsightsintotheworld.4．跨文化的經(jīng)歷能夠讓我們擁有全球視野。Cross－culturalexperiencescangiveusaglobalperspective．5．出國學(xué)習(xí)讓我們走出舒適區(qū)，使我們變得更好，在我看來這是最重要的。Studyingabroadtakesusoutofourcomfortzoneandchangesusforthebetter,whichisthemostimportantfrommyperspective.第三步詞句升級(jí)1．用同位語從句改寫句子1Iholdtheviewthatitmakesgoodsensetostudyabroad.2．用exposure作主語改寫句子2Exposuretoaforeignlanguagesettingwhilewearestudyingabroadmakeslearningprocessengagingandeffective.3．用連詞because連接句子3、4Bathedinadifferentcultureofaforeigncountry,wecangaingreatinsightsintotheworldbecausecross－culturalexperiencescangiveusaglobalperspective.第四步連句成篇DearJackson，I’mmorethandelightedtosharemyopinion，whichIhopewillbeofsomehelptoyou.Frankly,Iholdtheviewthatitmakesgoodsensetostudyabroad.Thereasonsareasfollows.Tobeginwith,exposuretoaforeignlanguagesettingwhilewearestudyingabroadmakeslearningprocessengagingandeffective.Moreover,bathedinadifferentcultureofaforei