國(guó)際2010年奧賽題部分

StudentcodeENVELOPEStudentcodeTimeavailable：120minutesGENERALINSTRUCTIONS總指南OpentheenvelopeafterthestartbellringsAsetofquestionsandananswersheetareintheenvelope.Writeyour4-digitstudentcodeineverystudentcodebox.4位學(xué)生ABCDE√Markonlyonecorrectanswerwith“√”ontheAnswerSheetclearlyasshownABCDE√UsepencilsanderasersYoumayuseascaleandacalculatorprovided.用鉛筆盒橡皮。你可用提Someofthequestionsmaybecrossed-outDONOTanswerthesequestions.一些試題可能劃StopansweringandputdownYourpencilIMMEDIAYaftertheendbellrings.結(jié)束鈴聲響Attheendofthetestsessionyoushouldleaveallpapersatyourtable.Itisnotallowedtotakeanythingout.在每個(gè)測(cè)試部分結(jié)束時(shí)，應(yīng)將所有紙張放在桌上。帶走任何考試材料。CountrycodelCountrycodelStudentcodelTimeavailable：120GENERALINSTRUCTIONS總的指Writeyour4-digitstudentcodeineverystudentcodebox.box4位Markonlyonecorrectanswerwith“√”intheAnswerSheetclearlyasshownbelow.ABCDE√ ABCDE√UsepencilsanderaserYoucanusearulerandacalculatorprovided.用鉛筆盒橡皮。有可用Someofthequestionsmaybecrossed-outDonotanswerthesequestioins．一些題可能被劃掉 alpointofPartAis54(1pointforeachquestionA54分(每1分)。Stopansweringandputdownyourpencilimmedia yaftertheendbellrings.結(jié)束鈴聲響后Attheofthetestsessionyoushouldleaveallpapersatyourtable.Itisnotallowedtotakeanythingout.在每個(gè)測(cè)試部分結(jié)束時(shí)，應(yīng)將所有紙張放在桌上。帶走任何考試材料。GOOD祝你好運(yùn)CELLBIOLOGY細(xì)胞生物A1．Selectthechemicalpropertythatissharedbyalltypesoflipidsformingthesmamembrane.選Polar Sugar Glycerol Phosphate Hydrophobic A2.Thefollowingphotographshowsfilamentousgrowthofakindofcyanobacteria，Nostocsp.Thebacteriaformheterocysts(thick-walledcells)，whennitrogensourcessuchasammoniaornitratesaredeficientintheenvironment.下面顯示一種念珠藻屬一種藍(lán)藻(或稱藍(lán)細(xì)菌)的絲狀生Whichofthefollowingstatementsdescribingtheseheterocystsis/aretrue?下列哪個(gè)有關(guān)異形胞的NitrogenNitrogenisfixedinthe PhotosystemⅠdoesnotfunctionintheheterocyst.光合系統(tǒng)Ⅰ在異形胞中沒Photosystemdoesnotfunctionintheheterocyst.光合系統(tǒng)Ⅱ在異形胞中沒 OnlyandⅡ只有Ⅰ和ⅡOnlyandⅢOnlyandⅢA3.Agene-regulatoryproteinXcontrolscellproliferationProtcinXisfoundinthecytosolandhasnotypicalnuclearlocalizationsignal(NLS).WteinXre-localizesfromthecytosmintothenucleuswhereitactivatesthetranscriptionfactorsinvolvedincellproliferation.一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白X調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖。蛋白R(shí)ecently,aprotein(Y)thatinctswithproteinXhasbeenidentifiedinunstimulatedcells.ToinvestigatethefunctionofproteinY，amutantlackingthegeneencodingproteinYwasgenerated.FractionationofcellsfromthewildtyPeandmutantproducedmembrane(M),Cytosmic(C),andnuclear(N)fractioinsforeachcelltype.ProteinsextractedfromeachfractionwereseparatedbySDSandyzedbyWesternblottingforthepresenceofproteinsXandY.最近，在未受個(gè)編碼蛋白Y的的缺失突變體（即將Y破壞掉，不能表達(dá)有功能的蛋白Y)。從野X和蛋白Y是否存在。Normalcells正常細(xì)胞，YlackingcellsY的細(xì)胞，Hormone激素Onthebasisofthcresultsshownabove,whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemostusible?IntheabsenceofgrowthhormoneproteinYassociateswithproteinX．a(chǎn)ndtheX/Ysubjectedtoadegradationpathway.YX結(jié)合在一起，且蛋白X/Y的復(fù)合體可受到一個(gè)降解通路的降解。Inthepresenceofgrowthhormone，proteinYinctswithproteinX．a(chǎn)ndthecomplexremainsinthecytosm．在生長(zhǎng)激素存在的情況下，蛋白Y與蛋白X互相作用，在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中保持ProteinXinctswithproteinYintheabsenceofgrowthhormone.Upongrowthhormonetreatment，proteinXisreleasedfromproteinYandre-localizestothenucleus.在生長(zhǎng)激素不存ProteinYisamembrane-associatedproteinandre-localizeswithproteinXtothenucleusuponthegrowthhormonetreatment.YX一起重ProteinYisoneofthenuclearimportproteinsandthegrowthhormonedoesnotinduceproteinYtotranslocateproteinXtothenucleus.Y是一種細(xì)胞核向內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的蛋白，生長(zhǎng)激素不誘Y將蛋白X轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞核。A4.AGFP(greenfluorescentprotein)-taggedformofproteinPwasexpressedinfibroblastcells.subcellulardistributionofproteinPcanbeobservedusingfluorcscencemicroscopy.TodeterminetneprecisemovementmechanismofproteinPinthecells,fluorescencerecoveryafterphotobleaching(FRAP)wasperformed.Asshownbelow，proteinPisexpressedinthenucleus(ROI1)andinthecytosm(ROI2)．ProteinPintheROIlareawasphotobleachedusingalaserPhotobleachingcausesanirreversiblelossoffluorescenceChangesinthefluorescenceintensityproteinPinROI1andROI2followingphotobleachingareshowninthegraphandfiguresbelow.GFP(綠色熒光蛋白)-XX的亞細(xì)胞分布可X的精確運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)制，進(jìn)行光漂白后熒光的恢復(fù)區(qū)域的蛋白XROI1ROI2區(qū)域的蛋白X的熒光強(qiáng)度的變化如下圖所示。Pre-bleach漂白前，F(xiàn)luorescenceintensity熒光強(qiáng)度，secwhichofthefollowingisthebestexnationforthedistributionandmovementofproteionP?下述X分布和運(yùn)動(dòng)的有關(guān)解釋哪個(gè)是最好的?Pisanuclearmembraneprotein.PPisimportedtothenucIeusthroughanuclearPorebypassivetransport. X通過核孔被運(yùn)進(jìn)Pbindstothenuclearporecomplex.P PisimportedtothenucleusViavesiculartraffickingthroughGolgiandER. P通過高爾基體Piscapableofmovingfromthenucleustothe smPA5.ThestructureofproteinZ,whichiscomposedof180aminoacids,isshownintheupperpartofthefigurebelow.ProteinZispalmitoylatedatacysteineresidue(thethirdaminoacid)throughthemechanismshowninthebox.180ZWhichofthefollowingdiagramsshowsthecorrecttopologyofproteinZinthesntaA6.Thefigurebelowshowsthenucleotidesequenceofthemouseβ-globingene.TheDNAnucleotidesequencerepresentsthecodingstrand,andthe3-letterabbreviationsbelowrepresenttheaminoacidsequence,The79thcApmarkedwiththeblackarrowisthe5’capsite,andthepAisthesitewherethepoly-Atailisattached. DNA379cAp5'1467pAA尾巴的位點(diǎn)。Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthisgenestructureiscorrect?下面有關(guān)該結(jié)構(gòu)的陳述哪Thisgenehas3intronsand4exons.該有3個(gè)內(nèi)含子和4個(gè)外顯子ThesizeofthematuremRNA，notincludingthepoly-Atailisabout1389nt.AmRNA1389Transcriptionstartsatnucleotide Theregionbetweenthenueleotidesequence1336and1467isthe3'nontranslatedregionofthe 13361467mRNA3'不翻譯區(qū)。Thepromoterofthisgeneresidesintheregionuptonucleotide131.該的啟動(dòng)子位于直131A7.WhichoneofthefollowinggraphsshowstherelativechangeintheamountofmitochondrialDNAofacellundergoingmitosis?下面的圖哪個(gè)顯示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行有絲的細(xì)胞中線粒體DNAA8.DNAhelicase，akeyenzymeforDNAreplication．separatesdouble-strandedDNAintosingle-strandedDNAThefollowingdescribesanexperimenttofindoutthecharacteristicsofthisenzymeAAlinear6kbssDNAwasannealedwithashort(300bp)complementaryssDNAthatislabeledhelicase,boilingwithouthelicase,orboiledhelicase.TreatedDNAsampleswereelectrophoresedonanagarosegel.ThegelinbshowstheDNAbandsthatcouldbedetectedinthegelbyautoradiography(ItisassumedthattheATPenergyneededforthisenzymereactionwasprovidedduringthetreatmentofDNAhelicase).DNA一起退火，后者由具放射性的核苷酸(a)DNA用三種之一的方品在瓊脂糖膠上電泳。b中的膠顯示能通過放射自顯影在膠上檢測(cè)到。(DNA解鏈酶處理過程中，提供該酶反應(yīng)所需的ATP能量)。Whichofthefollowingexnationaboutthisexperimentiscorrect?下面有關(guān)該實(shí)驗(yàn)的解釋哪個(gè)是正Thebandappearinginthetoppartofthegelisthe6.3kbssDNAonly.出現(xiàn)在膠的上面部6.3kbssDNA(DNA)。Thebandappearinginthelowerpartofthegelisthelabelled300bpDNA.出現(xiàn)在膠的下300bp的DNA。IftheannealedDNAistreatedonlywithDNAhelicaseandthereactioniscomplete，thebandpatternlookslikethelane3inb.如果退火的DNADNA解鏈酶處理，且反應(yīng)徹底，b3個(gè)泳道(lane)。IftheannealedDNAistreatedonlywiththeboilingwithouthelicasetreatment．thebandpatternwilllooklikelane2inb.如果退火的DNA僅煮沸，不用DNA解鏈酶處理，帶型b2個(gè)泳道（laneIftheannealedDNAistreatedonlywithboiledhelicase．thebandpattern,willlooklikelane1inb.DNAb1個(gè)泳道(lane)。A9.Asshowninthepicturebelow，microarraywasusedtofindgeneswhoseexpressionisregulatedwhenantistreatedwiththeABAhormone.如下圖所示．微陣列技術(shù)用來發(fā)現(xiàn)在植物用脫落酸處理后表達(dá)受調(diào)節(jié)的。Whichofthefollowingexnationsisnotcorrectaboutthemicroarrayexperiment?下列哪個(gè)有關(guān)AllcDNAsoftheexpressedmRNAfromboththeexperimentalgroupandthecontrolgrouphybridizescompetitivelywiththecorrespondinggenesontheDNAchip從實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組而來的表達(dá)的mRNA的所有cDNA與DNA(微陣列)上的響應(yīng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地雜交。GeneswhoseexpressionsareinducedbyABAappearredafterhybridizationBecauseweuseddifferentcoloredprobeswitheachsamplewecanmeasuretherelatixeamountofgeneswhichareexpresseddifferentially.因?yàn)槲覀儗?duì)每個(gè)樣品用了不同顏色的探針，我們能夠測(cè)量不同表達(dá)的的相對(duì)量。Wecanonlyknowtheexpressionprofileofgeneswhichareincludedonthemicroarray.我們只能知道包含在微陣列上的表達(dá)譜。Thisprocessincludesreversetranscriptionandhybridization.NTANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY植物解剖學(xué)和生理 patibility(SI)infloweringntsisthemostcommonmechanismpreventing pollination,whichismediatedbyasingleSlocuswithmultiplealleles.Ingametophytic patibilityofpollenisdeterminedbythehaploidpollengenotypeattheSlocus.Insporophytic patibility(ssI),the patibilityisdeterminedbythediploidSgenotypeoftheparentpollenwallThetablebelowshowstheSItypeandpollen/styleS-genegenotypesoftwontscrossedforfertilization.SIandS2allesarecodominantinPollenwall.顯花植物自交不親和性(SI)是最常見的自花受粉的機(jī)制，它由一個(gè)單一的SSItypeExpressedgenotype表現(xiàn)的Pollenofnt1Styleofnt2ⅠⅡⅢⅣWhichofthesecrosses(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,andⅣ)resultinsuccessfulfertilizations?(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ)中哪個(gè)導(dǎo)致成功的ⅠandⅠandⅠandⅡandⅡandA11.Phytochromeisoneofthentphotoreceptorsinvolvedinphotoperiodism.Itexistsintwospectophotometricallydifferentforms：red-lightabsorbingP，andfar-redlightabsorbingPfr.Anorfar-red(FR)light]appliedduringthedarkperiodordarknessinthelight-periodofntgrowth.Thefigurebelowshowstheexperimental Hr小時(shí)，Criticalnightlength臨界夜長(zhǎng)，DarknessBasedonthisexperiment,findthemostaccurateexnationorexpectationforthecontroloffloweringinthisnt,根據(jù)該實(shí)驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)最準(zhǔn)確的關(guān)于該植物開花的光調(diào)控的解釋或預(yù)期，A.Thisntflowerswheneverthetotalnightlengthexceedsa12hrthreshold(outofthe24hrnight/lightperiod)withorwithoutlightinterruption12小時(shí)閾值(24小時(shí)的暗/光周期)時(shí)，不管是否有光Thisntislikelytobeashort-dayntthatrequiresacertainlengthofuninterruptedperiodforflowering.該植物很可能是一種必須一個(gè)特定的不間斷的光照才能開花的短日Thentiinexperiment3willflowerifitisirradiatedwithaflashoffar-redlight,insteadofwhite.3中的植物將開花。Thentinexperiment4willflower.實(shí)驗(yàn)4中的植物將開花Thentinexperiment5willnot 實(shí)驗(yàn)5中的植物將不開花A12．Whichstatementcorrectlydescribesthedifferentiationanddevelopmentofcellsandorgansinfloweringnts?哪個(gè)陳述正確描述了顯花植物細(xì)胞和分化和發(fā)育?Organomorphogenesisinvolvescellmovementasoneoftheimportantmechanisms.形態(tài)Post-embryogenesisisagrowthprocess,asallofthentorgansarepre-formedduringembryogenesis.后胚胎發(fā)生是一個(gè)生長(zhǎng)過程，因?yàn)樗兄参镌谂咛グl(fā)生過程中預(yù)先Totipotencyofnttissuesprovidestheoriginalsourceofpowertodevelopacompletentbyre-differentiationwithoutgoingthroughthede-differentiationprocess.植物組織的全能性提Thedirectionofcelldivisiondeterminescelltypeandfunction細(xì)胞方向決定細(xì)胞類 Lineageinformationobtainedbygeneticinheritanceoverridesenvironmentalfactorsindeterminingthetimefororgandevelopment.通過遺傳獲得的譜系信息優(yōu)先于環(huán)境因子在決定發(fā)育所需時(shí)間中的作用。A13．Thegraphsbelowshowsucrose(Suc)-and/orindcle3-aceticacid(IAA,anauxin)-inducedcellgrowth(Figurea)andthekineticsofIAA-inducedcellelongationandcellwallacidificationincoleoptiles(Figureb).Basedontheseresults,togetherwiththefactthattheseprocessesaredelayedbycoldtreatmentsorinhibitorsofproteinsynthesis，the“acid-growthhypothesiswasproposedasthebestmodeltoexinauxin-inducedcellgrowth.下圖顯示蔗糖(Suc)-和/或吲哚乙酸(IAA，一種生長(zhǎng)素)-誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)(a)IAA誘導(dǎo)的胚芽鞘細(xì)胞伸長(zhǎng)和細(xì)胞壁酸化的whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurate?哪個(gè)陳述是最準(zhǔn)確的IAA-drivenprotons,pumpedintothecellwallareutilizedtosynthesizetheATPrequiredforcellelongation.泵進(jìn)細(xì)胞壁的IAAATP。IAA-inducedacidificationofthecellwallisanATP-dependentprocess,andcanbedelaybyIAA-inducedlooseningofthecellwallismainlycausedbyanacidification-inducedweakeningofthecovalentbondsincellwallproteins.IAA誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞壁松化主要由酸化誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞壁inthecellwallacidityandthefollowingchangeinturgorpressure.IAA-或蔗糖-誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞CellwallacidificationandstimulationintheelongationisanIAA-specificprocess,thusitisnotinducedbytreatmentwithFusicoccoin,anactivatoroftheprotonpump,intheceoftheIAA.IAAIAA時(shí)它A14.Rubiscoisanenzymecrucialforcarbonfixationinnts.Inadditiontothepredominantearboxylationreaction,thisenzymecatalyzesanoxidationreactionaswell.ForanaquaticntthefrequencyoftheoxidationreactiondependsontherelativeconcentrationsofthereagentsCO2andO2intheaquaticsolution,whichinturnarecoupledtotemperature．Thefiguresshowtheabsolute(a)andrelative(b)concentrationsofCO2andO2dissolvedinwaterthatisatequilibriumwiththeatmosphere.Rubisco CO2和O2的相對(duì)濃度，反之則與CO2O2的絕對(duì)(a)和相對(duì)濃度（b）.Choosethefollowingstatementthatiscorrect.Thefrequencyoftheoxidationreactiondecreaseswithincreasingtemperature.演化反應(yīng)的頻 InwateratequilibriumwiththeatmospheretherelativeconcentrationchangewithtemperatureofCO2islargerthanofO2.CO2溫O2溫度的變化。RubiscohasahigheraffinityforO2thanforCO2RubiscoO2CO2的親Atatemperatureof90℃，Rubiscocatalyzesonlyoneoftheabovetworcactionsinvascularnts.90℃時(shí)，Rubisco只催化在維管植物中上述兩個(gè)反應(yīng)中的一個(gè)。Thissensitivitytotemperaturemattersforsubmergedaquaticntsonly.對(duì)溫度的敏感性只A15.Asdepictedinthefollowingfigure，anoatseedlingwasgerminatedinthedarkAstrongbluelightwasgivenunilallytotherightsideofthecoleoptile，andanagarblockcontainingCa2+wasattachedtotherightsideofroottipbelowtheelongationzone.如下圖所示，燕麥幼苗在暗中萌Coleoptile Coleoptile ABendingtowardstheBendingtowardstheCa2+向Ca2+塊彎BGrowingupBendingtowardstheCa2+向Ca2+塊彎CBendingawayfromtheBendingtowardstheCa2+向Ca2+塊彎DBendingtowardsthelightGrowingdownwardsEGrowingBendingawayfromtheCa2+blockCa2+塊彎ANIMALANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGY動(dòng)物解剖與生A16．Asshownintheleft-handpicturebelow，neuron(N)receivessignalsdirectlyfromtwoseparatenerveterminals(aandc)Nerveterminal(b)issynapticallyconnectedtonerveterminal(a).Theright-handgraphshowsvariouspostsynapticporentialsrecordedinneuron(N)causedbyinputsignalsfromthethreepresynapticterminals.A16．如下圖中的左圖所示，神經(jīng)元N直接接收來自于兩個(gè)獨(dú)立神經(jīng)末端acb通過突觸與神經(jīng)末梢aN3個(gè)突觸前末端的信號(hào)WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesignaltransmissionsofthesesynapsesareActionActionpotentialswouldbegeneratedinneuron(N)ifnerveterminalsaandcwerestimulatedsimultaneously.ac同時(shí)受到刺激，那么神經(jīng)元N可以產(chǎn)生動(dòng)作電位。Theneurotransmitterreleasedfromnerveterminal(b)isinhibitory.b產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)遞ⅢWhennerveterminal(b)isstimulatedalone．a(chǎn)ninhibitorypostsynapticpotential(IPSP)wouldberecordedinneuron(N當(dāng)神經(jīng)末梢bN處可以記錄到抑制Ⅳ.Whennerveterminals(b)and(c)arestimulatedsimultaneously，thecxcitatorypostsynapticpotentialEPSP)recordedinneuron(N)issmallercomparedtowhenonlynerveterminal(c)isstimulated.cbc同時(shí)受到刺激時(shí)，神經(jīng)N所產(chǎn)生的興奮性突觸后電位(EPSP)要低。 OnlyⅠand Onlyand Onlyand and A17.AnimalcapcellsfromtheanimalpoleweceremovedfromaXenopusblastulaembryo.Thesecellswerethenincubatedinculturemediacontainingdifferentconcentrationsofactivin.Asseeninthetablebelow,thecellsdifferentiatedintovarioustissuesorcellsdependingontheconcentrationofWhichofthefollowingstatement(s)regardingthisexperimentis/arecorrcct？下列關(guān)于該實(shí)驗(yàn)的Ectodermaltissuesareinducedtodifferentiateintoendodaltissuesaccordingtothelevelofactivinconcentration.根據(jù)激活蛋白的濃度，外胚層組織被誘導(dǎo)分化形成內(nèi)胚層Thefateoftheanimalcapcellswasdeterminedpriortotheblastulastage.動(dòng)物冠細(xì)胞的 Inayanalcapesdfrenaenoephelue. Cellsfromthevegetalpolearealsoabletodifferentiateintomuscleorhearttissuesifexposedtohighactivinconcentrations.如果將植物極的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)在含有高濃度激活蛋Only Only Only A18.A19．Thefigureshowsmusclefibers，musclespindle，andtheirnerveinnervationsofbicepsofhumanaa．a(chǎn)fferentnervesinnervatingmusclefibersofthespindleb:efferentnerveinnervatingmusclefibersoutsideofspindle c：efferentnerveinnervatingmusclefibersofthespindle d：musclespindle肌梭e：nerveendingsof(a)神經(jīng)af：musclefibersoutsideof Nerve(aissensitivetothestretchofmusclefibersoutsideofthespindlewhenmusclefiberswithinthespindlearerelaxed．Chooseacasewhentheafferentsignalsinnerve(aincrease?當(dāng)肌梭內(nèi)的肌纖維放松后，神經(jīng)aa中的傳入信號(hào)增強(qiáng)的原因是哪一項(xiàng)Signalsin(b)are bSignalsin(c)are cTricepsare (f)are fThelenghtofdremained dA20.Thefollowingexperimentsaredesignedtoinvestigatethedifferentiationmechanismofskeletalmuscle.下列實(shí)驗(yàn)用于研究骨髂肌的分化機(jī)制。<Experiment1實(shí)驗(yàn)I>Culturedmousemusclecellswerechemicallyinducedtofusewithundifferentiatedhumancells.通過化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)方法，將培養(yǎng)的老鼠肌細(xì)胞Resultl：Manyyofthefusedcellshadhumanmuscle-specificResult2：Unfusedcellshadnohumanmusele-specific<Experiment2實(shí)驗(yàn)2>Cytosmicportionsofhumanmusclecellswereinjectedintoundifferentiatedmousestemcell.將肌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞質(zhì)注入到未分化的老鼠干細(xì)胞Result：Thecellsinjectedwiththecytosmofhumanmusclecellstransientlyexpressedmousemuscle-pecificgenes.However,theexpressionofmusclespecificgenewasdisappearedafter24hours.但是，這種的表達(dá)在24小時(shí)后就了。Whatdotheseexperimentssuggest?上述兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)說明了什么Thenucleusofmusclecellshouldbefusedwithhumancellnucleustoinducehuman specificproteins. 要誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生肌細(xì)胞特有的蛋白，需要將肌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核與老BTheexpressionofmusclespecificgeneinhumanundifferentiatedcellissuppressedbyThecontinuousproductionofcytoploasmfactor(s)isindispensibleformaintainingthedifferentiationstateofthemusclecell.細(xì)胞質(zhì)因子的持續(xù)產(chǎn)生對(duì)于維持肌細(xì)胞的分化狀態(tài)ThecytosmofmusclecellinducedamutationofDNAtodifferentiateintomusclecell.肌Theinductionofmuscledifferentiationisaspecies-specificphenomenon.肌肉分化的誘導(dǎo)是A21.Thefollowingfiguresindicatechangesinphosphateconcentrationasthefiltratepassesthroughregionsaandb，accordingtotheincreaseinsmaphosphateconcentration.下圖表示隨著血ab兩個(gè)部位的過濾作用后磷酸鹽濃度的變化。Usingthisinformationchoosethemostappropriategraphthatdepictsthechangesintherenalreabsorptionrateofphosphateionsaccordingtotheincreaseofitsconcentrationinthesma.利用上A22.Thetablebelowshowstheresultsofexperimentaltestsonskingraftrejectionbetweentwodifferentmousestrains.(Strains[A]and[B]aregeneticallyidenticalexceptfortheMHCloci).組織相容性復(fù)合體)不同外。種系A(chǔ)BWhichofthefollowingexnationsfortheresuhsisnotcorrect？下列關(guān)于實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的解釋中，哪一Graftrejectionisconsideredtobetheresultofimmuneresponses.MHCgenesaremainlyresponsibleforthegraftrejectionMHC.是產(chǎn)生排異反應(yīng)的主要Ifstrain[B]skinisgraftedontomouse[A],theresultwouldbethesameastheresultofExp.IIB的皮膚移植到小鼠A身體上，其結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)II相同。Ifstrain[A]skinisgraftedontoanoffspringfromamatingbetween[A]and[B]mice(e.g.[A]x[B]，theresultwouldbethesameasthatofExp.III.如果將小鼠AABIIITheresultobservedinExp.IIIisduetotheformationofmemorycellsinthepreviously-[B]mouseagainststrain[A]MHC.實(shí)驗(yàn)III的結(jié)果是由之前的小鼠B在接受小鼠的MHC抗原后所產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞引起的 ThephagocyticactivityofmacrophagesagainstacertainpathogenicbacteriaisdescribedWhichofthefollowingconclusionsbestexinstheresultsabove?下列哪一項(xiàng)能夠最好地解釋上述Non-specificimmunityenhaficesacquiredimmunity.Humoralimmunityenhancesacquiredimmunity.Humoralimmunityenhancesnon-specificimmunity.Cell-mediatedimmunityenhanceshumoralimmunity.Cell-mediatedimmunityenhancesnon-specificimmunity. Oskar，nanosandhunchbackarethreemajorgenesthatestablishtheanterior-posterior(A-P)axisduringDrosophilaembryogenesis．ThediagrambelowshowshowthemRNAandproductsofthesethreegenesaredistributedinDrosophilaeggs(darkershadesrepresenthigherconcentrations).Thetablebelowliststhe eofdisruptingoneofthesegenes．a(chǎn)sreflectedinproteindistributionandanterior-posteriordevelopment.這3個(gè)的mRNA及其蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物在果蠅卵中的分布情況（顏色越黑，表示濃度越高)。下表則表示在破壞其中某一后，蛋白質(zhì)的分布和前后極發(fā)育情況。MutationinNanosNanos突變Mutationinhunchbackhunchback突變Mutationinoskaroskar突變DistributionoftheNanosproteinNanos蛋白的分布-NormalDistributionoftheHunchbackproteinHunchback布-DistributionofOskarproteinOskar蛋白的分布-ofnormalA-PpolarityBasedonthesedata,whichofthegivenstatementscorrectlydescribesthein ctionamongthethreegenes?根據(jù)上表中的結(jié)果，下列敘述中，哪一項(xiàng)能夠正確地描述這3個(gè)之間的相互用ThetranscriptionofhunchbackgeneissuppressedbytheNanosProtein. hunchback的Nanos蛋白的抑制。TheOskarproteinactivatesthetranslationofnanosmRNA. Oskar蛋白可以激活nanosmRNA的翻譯。 蛋白抑制oskarmRNA極的轉(zhuǎn)錄TheOskarproteinsuppressesthetranscriptionofhunchbackgeneintheposterior. Oskar蛋白抑制hunchback在后極的轉(zhuǎn)錄。TheHunchbackproteinsuppressesthetranscriptionofnanosgeneinthe 蛋白抑制nanos極的轉(zhuǎn)錄 Thediagramontheleftdepictsthedifferentareasofthespinalcordfromthecervicalregiontothecoccyx.Thestatementsontherightprovidedescriptionsaboutthespinalcord.SupposethatanathleteinjuresthelefthalfofthespinalcordT4duringafootballgame.Choosethecorrectstatementconcerningthispatient'ssensoryormotorfunction.假設(shè)一名運(yùn)動(dòng)員在踢時(shí)脊髓中T4的左半側(cè)受傷。下列關(guān)于該的感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的描述Abnormaltouchsensationintherightfoot.Disabilityinthemovementoftherightleg.Normalpainperceptionintheleft NocutaneoussensationintheLefthand.Normalpainperceptionintherightleg.A26．Thispictureillustratesmonthlychangesinthehumanovaryduringthereproductivecycle.下圖 Whichofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuraydescribeseachstructure?下列哪一項(xiàng)能夠準(zhǔn)確地描Beforepuberty,theoocyte(a)hasnotstartedtheprocessofmeiosis.在，細(xì)胞(a)Thehormoneproducedbystructure(b)causesthinningoftheuterinecervicalmucustoallowpassageofsperm．結(jié)構(gòu)b產(chǎn)生的激素可以使頸變稀，以使通過。Duringovulation，structure(c)staysattheinterphasebetweenmeiosisIandmeiosisII.在過程中，結(jié)構(gòu)c處于減數(shù)I和減數(shù)II的中間階段。Thehormoneproducedbystructure(d)stimulatesthepituitaryglandtosecreteluteinizinghormone.結(jié)構(gòu)d產(chǎn)生的激素刺激垂體分泌促激素。 Thehormoneproducedbystructuree)causestheproliferationoftheuterineendometrium.結(jié)構(gòu)e產(chǎn)生的激素使內(nèi)膜增生變厚。 Thediagrambelowrepresentsthedevelopmentofahumanzygotefromfertilizationtothelateblastoeyststage．下圖表示人的卵從到后期囊胚階段的發(fā)育過程。Chooseacorrectstatementfromthefollowingchoices.下列敘述中哪一項(xiàng)是正確的Iftwospermpenetratetheoocytemembraneatthetimeoffertilization．conjoinedtwinswithDuringtheprocessofinvitrofertilizationwithembryotransfer(IVF-ET)theembryoistransferredatthe2-cellstagetothemother'suterus.在體外的胚胎移植過程中，應(yīng)該往2細(xì)胞時(shí)期將胚胎移植到母親予。Themostappropriatestageforthecollectionof‘Embryonicstemcells’forregenerative-therapeuticpurposesisthe8-cellstage.在利用胚胎干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行再生治療時(shí)，應(yīng)收集干細(xì)胞8細(xì)胞胚階段。Theoutercells(structurea)oftheearly-blastocystembryowilleventuallyformthefetus.期囊胚的外層細(xì)胞(結(jié)構(gòu)a)最終將發(fā)育成Duringthelateblastocyststage，theembryoisimntedintheuterineendometrium.在后期A28.FigureIillustratesaskeletalmuscleanditsinnervationFiguresIIandⅢdepictcrossandlongitudinalsectionsofthemuscle，respectively.FigureⅣshowsanelectronmicrographofneuromuscularjunction.圖IWhichofthefollowingstatementsgivesthemostaccuratedescriptionofeachstructure?下列陳述中，Thenumberofmusclecellsinnervatedbyasinglemotorneuroislargerinamusclethat finemovementthaninonethatcontrolsunskilledmovement.與控制不熟練運(yùn)動(dòng)的肌肉相比，Duringembryonicdevelopment，structure(a)isderivedfromasinglecell.中，結(jié)構(gòu)aC．Withinthesamemuscle，thepopulationofsmall-diametercells(b)isincreasedafterseveralweeksofintenseexercise(b)數(shù)量D．Structureciscalledamyofibril，whichisthestructuralunitoftheskeletalmuscle.結(jié)構(gòu)c叫E.Themainmechanismtoterminatetheactionofsecretedacetylcholineatthejunctionisneurotransmitterreuptakeintothenerveterminal(d). 膽堿的主要機(jī)制是向神經(jīng)末梢d釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。A29.FiguresⅠ～Ⅲdepicttheexcretorysystemsofnariaearthworms,andgrasshoppers.FigureⅣillustratesthehabitatofthesalmonlifecycle圖Ⅰ～Ⅲ表示渦蟲、蚯蚓和蝗蟲的排泄系統(tǒng)。Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningexcretorystructuresiscorrect?下列關(guān)于排泄結(jié)構(gòu)的敘Inanarian,thebeatingofcilia(a)withineachflamebulbreleasesfiltrateinthedirectionthe Apairofmesonephridiawithineachsegmemoftheearthwormcollectscoelomicfluidfromtheadjacentanteriorsegmentandexcretesthatcollectedfluid.蚯蚓每節(jié)內(nèi)的一對(duì)中腎收集 Structure(b)iscalledacollectingduct,whichcollectsandexcretesconcentratedurinethatishyper-osmotictobodyfluids.b叫做收集管，可以收集并排出濃縮的尿液(與體液相 Inagrasshopper,reabsorptionoftbefiltrateoccursmainlyintheMalpighiantubules(c)wheremostsolutesarepumpedbackintothehemolymph，withwaterfollowingbyosmosis. 體內(nèi)，過濾的重吸收過程主要發(fā)生在馬氏管c中，在這里，大多數(shù)溶質(zhì)會(huì)被泵回巴， Infreshwater，salmontakeupsaltfromthegillsandproducediluteurine；intheocean，theyexcreteexcesssaltthroughtheirgills.在淡水中，蛙魚通過鰓吸收鹽分，并排出稀釋的尿 Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectconcerninggasexchangeorgansinanimals?下列Instarfish,thegillysaroleingasexchange,butthetubefeetdonotyaroleinthat Ingrasshoppers,well-developedmusclessurroundingthetracheaecontrolmovementofairinwardandoutwardthroughanexternalopening.對(duì)于蝗蟲，氣管周圍發(fā)達(dá)的肌肉控制著空Infish,bloodflowsthroughthegill-filamentcapillariesinthesamedirectionasthatofwaterexitingfromthemouthandpharynxtotheoutside.對(duì)于魚類，鰓絲毛細(xì)血管中血液的流Inbirds，duringexhalationbothairsacsdeflate,forcingairtotheoutside,whereasthelungfilledwith Inhumans，surfactantsarerequiredtoincreasethesurfacetensioninthetraceamountoffluidcoatingtheinneralveolarsurface；intheabsenceofsurfactants,thealveolicollapseduringexhalation,blockingtheentryofairduringinhalation.對(duì)于人類，肺泡內(nèi)表面上液體中的A31.A32. 動(dòng)物行為A33.Anexperimentisdesignedtotestthishypothesis：thenumberofyellowjacketwaspsatafeedingsitevisuallyaffectsthefeeding-sitechoicesofworkerscollectingnectar.Fourfeederswithzero.one,twooreightindividualdecoysareprepared，asshowninthefigurebelow.Onenectardishiscedinthemiddleofeachfeeder.Youthenobservethefeeding-sitechoicemadebyeachworker.Whichofthefollowingsshouldnotbeincludedinthisexperimentaldesign?下列哪一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)是UsingliveindividualsascingthefourfeederswithnectardishesrandomlyandUsingthenectarsolutionsofequalconcentrationamongthePreventingotherspeciesfromvisitingthePreventingsuccessivevisitsbythesameA34.Asseenintheleft-handgraph，apopulationofmothspeciesAexhibitsindividualvariationinbodycolorTheenvironmentinwhichthispopuIationlivesincludespredators,suchasbirds．whichfindspeciesApalatableTheenviromnentalsoincludesothermothspeciesunpalatabletobirds：oneindividualfromeachofthreespecies(1-3)isshownintheright-handillustrationSpecies1,2，and2toindividualswithintermediatephenotype,andspecies3todarkerindividuals.Afterandtastingspecies1,2and3,birdslearntoavoideatingthemSpeciesAisconsideredaBatesianmimicoftheotherspeciesIfspecies3 esmostabundantinthishabitat,whichgraphaccuraypredictswhatyouwouldobserveinspeciesA?(ThedottedlinerepresentsthemeanvalueoftheoriginalpopulationofspeciesA.)如左圖所示，蛾A的身體顏色存在差異差異：物種1代表淺色，物種2代表中間顏色，物種3代表深色。鳥在取食A種群最初的平均值)?A35.Eusocialhoneybeeshaveaspecificsystemofdetermination.Femalesarediploid(2n)anddevelopfromfertilizedeggs；malesarehaploid(n)anddevelopfromunfertilizedeggsthatthequeencopulatedwithasinglemale,whichofthefollowingis/aremostlikelytrueforthissocialgroup?完全群居的(完全社會(huì)性的)蜜蜂具有自己獨(dú)特的識(shí)別系統(tǒng)。雌性為雙倍Themaleshavemothersbutnotfathers.Afemaleshouldfosterherbrotherstoincreaseherinclusivefitnessratherthantryingtoincreaseherdirectreproduction.雌性應(yīng)該撫育兄弟以增加其適合度，而不是直接增加繁 Itisadvantageoustofemales'(workers')fitnessifthequeenproducessonsanddaughtersinequalproportions.如果蜂后生下的兒子和女兒數(shù)量相同，則對(duì)雌性（工蜂）的適合度有Afemaleshouldremovetheeggsofotherfemals(workers)fromthenesttoincreaseherOnlyIandOnlyIandOnlyIandOnlyIIandonlyIIIandGENETICSAND 遺傳和 Whichofthefollowingcanchildrenonlyinheritfromtheirmother?下列哪一種情況的性狀是A ontheX X上的一種突ontheYchrom