2018年3月中國科學(xué)院考博英語真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)

2018年3月中國科學(xué)院考博英語真題試卷(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.WritingStructureandVocabulary1．Thebrainistotallydependentontheoxygen______byitsbloodsupply,andbraincellswilldieifdeprivedofoxygenformorethanafewminutes.A．producedB．pickedC．conductedD．conveyed正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞的含義。A生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)出；B挑選，采摘；C引導(dǎo)，管理；D傳送，運輸。該句的大意為：大腦完全依賴于血液供給中輸送的氧氣，如果缺氧超過幾分鐘，腦細胞就會死亡。2．Somepartofhertriedtoconvincehertomake______thedoor,butsheknewtheywouldexpectthat.A．onB．toC．forD．up正確答案：C解析：本題考查動詞短語的含義。A在……上獲利，在……上賺錢；C走向，前往；D彌補，編造；make與to不能構(gòu)成短語。該句的大意為：盡管心里有個聲音在說服她走向門口，但是她知道他們都希望她那么干。3．Weareallmovedbythe______ofthesepoorhomelesschildren.A．plightB．situationC．conditionD．circumstance正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞的含義。A困境，處境；B情況，形勢；C條件，(健康)狀況；D環(huán)境，情況。該句的大意為：我們都被這些貧窮、無家可歸的孩子的處境觸動了。4．WhenChelseacaughta______disease,noneofhisfriendswereallowedtovisithim.A．conspicuousB．contagiousC．consequentD．captivating正確答案：B解析：本題考查形容詞的含義。A顯而易見的；B傳染性的；C隨之發(fā)生的；D迷人的。該句的大意為：切爾西得了傳染病，他的朋友沒能獲準(zhǔn)去探望他。5．Everymonththeoldcoupleputasidealittlesumofmoneywhich______urgentuse.A．meansforB．meanstoC．ismeantforD．ismeantto正確答案：C解析：本題考查動詞短語的含義。A對……意味著；B對……重要；C為……做準(zhǔn)備；D意在，打算。該句的大意為：每個月，這對老夫妻都會撥出一小筆錢，以備急需時用。6．AlthoughtheBillinitspresentformisasignificantimprovementonitsfirstform,itremains______flawed.A．seriouslyB．soundlesslyC．solemnlyD．strictly正確答案：A解析：本題主要考查副詞的含義。A嚴(yán)重地；B無聲地，悄悄地；C莊嚴(yán)地，嚴(yán)肅地；D嚴(yán)格地，完全地。該句的大意為：盡管該法案的時下版本相比較第一版而言有了重大改進，但仍然存在著嚴(yán)重缺陷。7．Medicalstatisticshaveshownthatthewidespreaduseofcigarettes______totheincreaseofcancers.A．refersB．confinesC．owesD．contributes正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞短語的含義。A參考，指的是；B限于；C歸功于；D有助于，起作用。該句的大意為：醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明人們普遍吸煙導(dǎo)致癌癥患者人數(shù)增加。8．Iamcautiously______thatanewgovernmentwillbeconcernedandawareabouttheenvironment.A．optimisticB．hostileC．cynicalD．doubtful正確答案：A解析：本題考查形容詞的含義。A樂觀的；B敵對的，懷敵意的；C憤世嫉俗的，嘲諷的；D可疑的，疑心的。該句的大意為：對于新政府是否會關(guān)注環(huán)境問題，我持謹(jǐn)慎的樂觀態(tài)度。9．Itrainedheavily,and______afloodcamedestroyingeverythinginthevalley.A．consequentlyB．yetC．subsequentlyD．thus正確答案：A解析：本題考查副詞的含義。A結(jié)果，所以；B但是，然而；C隨后，后來；D因此，從而。該句的大意為：雨下得很大，最終洪水泛濫，摧毀了山谷中的一切。10．Thedrillshipwasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,______samplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.A．suspendingB．locatingC．dispensingD．extracting正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞的含義。A延緩，推遲；B定位，定居；C分配，分發(fā)；D提取，取出。該句的大意為：鉆探船能夠在海面保持穩(wěn)定的位置，并能夠鉆進深海，從海底提取沉積物和巖石樣本。11．______oforganicfoods—atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatly—frequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.A．CaptivesB．AddictsC．ContestantsD．Advocates正確答案：D解析：本題考查名詞的含義。A俘虜；B有癮的人；C競爭者；D提倡者，支持者。該句的大意為：有機食品——一個沒有被統(tǒng)一的術(shù)語——的支持者們總是聲稱這類食品比其他食品更加安全，營養(yǎng)價值也更高。12．Ifyou’replanningongoingsightseeingaroundtheoldcity,aguideis______.A．indicativeB．indifferentC．indispensableD．incredible正確答案：C解析：本題考查形容詞的含義。A象征的，指示的；B漠不關(guān)心的，無關(guān)緊要的；C不可缺少的，絕對必要的；D難以置信的，驚人的。該句的大意為：如果你打算在古城周圍觀光，導(dǎo)游是必不可少的。13．Thebookwaswidelytranslatedandcopiedintheancientworldandwasinfluential______.A．a(chǎn)tanypriceB．withinreachC．beyondmeasureD．onpurpose正確答案：C解析：本題考查介詞短語的含義。A無論如何，無論多少代價；B伸手可及的，在附近的；C無可估量，非常極度；D有目的地，故意地。該句的大意為：在古代這本書被廣泛地翻譯和復(fù)制，其影響力難以估量。14．OurteamcouldreceivealotofsupportandfundingifwecouldconvinceamajorcompanylikeNIKEorCocaColato______us.A．a(chǎn)pproveB．endorseC．obligeD．comply正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞的含義。A批準(zhǔn)，贊成；B認可，支持；C迫使，強制；D遵守，順從。該句的大意為：如果我們可以說服像耐克或可口可樂這樣的大公司來支持我們的話，那么我們團隊便能獲得大量的資金和支持。15．Hisaimistopersuadethecountrytoabandonitsnuclearplanoratleasttomodifyitandthrowitopento______.A．scrutinyB．confirmationC．prospectD．a(chǎn)ccusation正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞的含義。A詳細審查，監(jiān)視；B確認，證實；C前途，預(yù)期；D控告，指控。該句的大意為：他的目的是說服該國放棄其核計劃，或者至少修改該計劃并接受審查。16．Iampreparedtomakesome______onminordetails,butIcannotcompromiseonfundamentals.A．confessionB．concessionC．concordD．consent正確答案：B解析：本題考查名詞的含義。A招供，懺悔；B讓步，特權(quán)；C和睦，一致；D許可，贊同。該句的大意為：在細節(jié)問題上我準(zhǔn)備做出讓步，但是在原則問題上，我絕不妥協(xié)。17．Thenationalityoftheminoritygroupsinthatcountryisstill______.A．a(chǎn)tlargeB．a(chǎn)tissueC．a(chǎn)triskD．a(chǎn)tleisure正確答案：B解析：本題考查介詞短語的含義。A詳盡地，完整地；B待解決地，有爭議地；C處于危險中；D從容地。該句的大意為：在那個國家，少數(shù)民族的國籍問題仍有爭論。18．Hemakesan______casethattheocean’sforgottencornershavebecometoodangeroustoneglect.A．eminentB．eligibleC．eloquentD．a(chǎn)nimated正確答案：C解析：本題考查形容詞的含義。A杰出的，有名的；B合格的，符合條件的；C雄辯的，有說服力的；D動畫的，有生機的。該句的大意為：他用一個有說服力的案例證明被遺忘的海洋角落已經(jīng)變得非常危險，應(yīng)引起重視。19．Thesearestudentswho,atsomestageoftheirundergraduatecareers,leaveclass,either______,orbecausetheyareaskedtodoso.A．voluntarilyB．selectivelyC．compulsorilyD．necessarily正確答案：A解析：本題考查副詞的含義。A自愿地；B有選擇地；C強制地；D必要地。該句的大意為：在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)生涯的某一階段，一些學(xué)生或因為自愿或迫于要求而離開課堂。20．Wewereborntolovingparentswho______theimportanceoffamilybonds,education,hardwork,andcommitmenttoothers.A．a(chǎn)ttachB．stressC．stretchD．a(chǎn)scribe正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞的含義。A附加，附屬；B強調(diào)；C伸展，張開；D歸因于。該句的大意為：慈愛的父母將我們養(yǎng)育成人，他們教給我們親情、教育、勤勉和恪守承諾。Hoosac山是連接波士頓和太平洋沿岸的唯一障礙，且該山體極易打通。但在鐵路修建過程中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，打通坐落在Greenfield和紐約之間的Hoosac山極其艱巨，且工程造價高昂。盡管過程艱難、造價昂貴，但修建這段鐵路極大地促進了美國馬薩諸塞州的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，這段鐵路將馬薩諸塞州的產(chǎn)品以較低的運費快捷地運輸?shù)搅搜杆贁U張中的西部地區(qū)。ClozeInthemid-nineteenthcentury,workbeganonacrucialsectionoftherailwaylineconnectingBostontotheHudsonRiver.Theadditionwould【C1】______fromGreenfield,Massachusetts,toTroy,NewYork,anditrequiredtunnelling【C2】______HoosacMountain,a【C3】______impediment,nearlyfivemilesthick,thatblockedthe【C4】______betweentheDeerfieldValleyandatributaryoftheHudson.JamesHayward,oneofNewEngland’sleadingrailroadengineers,estimatedthatpenetratingtheHoosacwouldcost,【C5】______,averymanageabletwomilliondollars.ThepresidentofAmherstCollege,【C6】______geologist,saidthatthemountainwascomposedofsoftrockand【C7】______tunnellingwouldbefairlyeasy【C8】______theengineershadbreachedthesurface.“TheHoosacisbelievedtobetheonlybarrierbetweenBostonandthePacific,”theproject’spromoter,AlvahCrocker,【C9】______Everyonewaswrong.DiggingthroughtheHoosacturnedouttobea【C10】______.Theprojectcostmorethantentimesthebudgeted【C11】______Ifthepeopleinvolved【C12】______thetruenatureofthechallengestheyfaced,theywouldneverhavefundedtheTroy-Greenfieldrailroad.【C13】______,hadtheynot,thefactoriesofnorthwesternMassachusettswouldn’thavebeenabletoshiptheirgoodssoeasilytotheexpandingWest,the【C14】______offreightwouldhaveremainedstubbornlyhigh,andthestateofMassachusettswouldhavebeen【C15】______poorer.21．【C1】A．spreadB．runC．deriveD．range正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析及對語句的理解。A鋪開，攤開(不及物動詞)；B延續(xù)(不及物動詞)；C從……衍生出，從……得到(不及物動詞)；D(在一定的范圍內(nèi))變化，變動(不及物動詞)。原文是說，增加的這一段鐵路將會從馬薩諸塞州的Greenfield一直延續(xù)至紐約州的Troy。22．【C2】A．beyondB．overC．a(chǎn)roundD．through正確答案：D解析：本題考查介詞的使用。A超過，越過；B(部分或全部覆蓋)在……上面；C在……周圍；D通過，穿過。本句的意思是，建造這段鐵路需要打通穿越Hoosac山的隧道。23．【C3】A．miraculousB．massiveC．redundantD．collective正確答案：B解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析及對語句的理解。A奇跡般的，不可思議的；B巨大的；C多余的，累贅的；D集體的，共同的。原文的意思是，Hoosac山是鐵路修建過程中的一個巨大的障礙。24．【C4】A．frameworkB．partitionC．interactionD．passage正確答案：D解析：本題考查名詞詞義辨析以及對語句上下文的理解。A框架；B分割，劃開；C相互交流，相互溝通；D通道。原文的意思是，Hoosac山阻礙了DeerfieldValley與哈德遜河一個支流的連接。25．【C5】A．a(chǎn)tpresentB．a(chǎn)tleastC．a(chǎn)tmostD．inparticular正確答案：C解析：本題考查的是副詞詞組和介詞詞組的語義辨析以及對上文語義的理解。A現(xiàn)在(副詞詞組)；B至少(副詞詞組)；C最多(副詞詞組)；D尤其(介詞詞組)。本句的意思是，JamesHayward是新英格蘭的一位杰出鐵路工程師，他估計，貫穿Hoosac山所需要的費用至多為兩百萬美元。26．【C6】A．a(chǎn)nidealB．a(chǎn)fulfilledC．a(chǎn)delightedD．a(chǎn)naccomplished正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析和句意的理解。A一個理想的……；B一位個人志向得以實現(xiàn)的……；C一個開心的；D一位有成就的。這句的意思是，Amherst大學(xué)的校長，同時也是一位頗有成就的地質(zhì)學(xué)家認為，Hoosac山是由軟巖石組成的。27．【C7】A．thatB．whetherC．howD．where正確答案：A解析：本題考查連接詞的使用、斷句以及對句意的理解。A連詞，that在賓語從句中不做成分，只起連接作用，可以省略；B連詞，以whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，主要用來引導(dǎo)一般疑問句或選擇疑問句意思的賓語從句，在從句中做主語，不可省略；C連接副詞，how引導(dǎo)表示方式的賓語從句，引導(dǎo)的成分在從句中做主語；D連接副詞，where引導(dǎo)表示地點的成分，在賓語從句中做主語。本句與上半句通過“and”連接，表示，Amherst大學(xué)的校長認為Hoosac山是由軟巖石組成的，并且他還認為，通過這個山打通隧道很容易。28．【C8】A．onceB．whileC．sinceD．lest正確答案：A解析：本題考查的是連詞的語義區(qū)分及對文章語義的理解。A一旦；B與……同時；C自從……的時候起D以免。這句的意思是，Amherst大學(xué)的校長認為，一旦工程師們在山體表層打開缺口，打通通過Hoosac山的隧道則是一件容易的事。29．【C9】A．declinedB．detectedC．declaredD．denied正確答案：C解析：本題考查的是動詞詞義辨析。A拒絕，回絕；B發(fā)現(xiàn)；C宣布，聲稱；D否認。本句的意思是，這項鐵路項目的贊助者AlyahCrocker聲稱，Hoosac山是連接波士頓和太平洋沿岸的唯一障礙。30．【C10】A．fantasyB．possibilityC．nightmareD．feat正確答案：C解析：本題考查的是名詞詞義辨析及對文章上下文的理解。A幻想；B可能性；C噩夢；D豐功偉績。本句的意思是，和預(yù)想的不同，通過Hoosac山隧道的開通很艱難，如同噩夢一般。31．【C11】A．estimateB．financeC．operationD．clearance正確答案：A解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析及對文章上下文的理解。A估計，預(yù)算；B金融，資金；C操作，經(jīng)營；D凈空，間距。本句的意思是，這個項目的實際花費是當(dāng)時預(yù)算的十倍還要多。32．【C12】A．haveknownB．hadknownC．wouldknowD．knew正確答案：B解析：本題考查的是虛擬語氣的用法。這句的意思是，如果當(dāng)時參與的人知道他們所要面臨的這個挑戰(zhàn)的艱巨性，他們就不會為Troy-Greenfield這個項目提供資金了。這句表示的是與過去事實相反的虛擬。33．【C13】A．AndB．OrC．ButD．Thus正確答案：C解析：本題考查的是對上下文邏輯關(guān)系及語義的理解。這句的意思是，但是，如果這些人沒有提供資金，那么西北部馬薩諸塞州的各家工廠就不能很容易地將貨物運送到擴張中的大西部。34．【C14】A．storageB．maintenanceC．deliveryD．cost正確答案：D解析：本題考查的是名詞詞義辨析和上下文的語義連貫。A儲存；B維護，保持；C遞送；D花費。這句為上半句提供了解釋，馬薩諸塞州的各家工廠不能很容易地將貨物運送到擴張中的大西部是因為如果沒有這條鐵路，那么運輸貨物的費用會非常高。35．【C15】A．incurablyB．immeasurablyC．impossiblyD．immediately正確答案：B解析：本題考查的是副詞詞義辨析和對上下文的理解。A不可救藥地；B不可測量地；C根本不可能地；D馬上，立即。這句順應(yīng)前面幾句，意思是，如果這些人沒有提供資金建造這條鐵路，西北部馬薩諸塞州的各家工廠會因為運費高昂而不能很容易地將貨物運送到擴張中的大西部，那么馬薩諸塞州就會非常的貧困。作者連續(xù)用了幾個虛擬語句，表示事實與當(dāng)時的情況相反。ReadingComprehensionBartendersarerarelyshyaboutofferinganopinion.ButonarecenteveningattheFinboroughWineCafe,inbetweenpoursofBeaujolais,thebartenderVanBadhamwasmemorablyonpointaboutthenewplay“MirrorTeeth”beingperformedinanupstairsroom:AChristopher-Durang-meets-Caryl-Churchillsatireaboutracism,sexandcontrolintheBritishfamily.Ms.Badham,itwaslaterrevealed,doublesastheliterarymanagerfortheFinboroughTheater,whichhasbeenatenantatthepubsince1980.NeilMcPherson,thetheater’sartisticdirectoranditsonlysalariedemployee,saidseveralcompanymemberstendedbartomakeendsmeet,giventhattheyarepaidbythetheateronlyifaproductionturnsaprofit.Nosuccessistoosmall:Heoncedoledout￡1.18toeachcrewmemberafteroneplayinthe50-seattheaterdidabitbetterthanbreakeven.“Theactorsdon’tgetpaid,either,notusually,“Mr.McPhersonsaid,sittingonthesnugstageafter“MirrorTeeth”hadconcludedthatnight.“Butifyou’vebeenstuckin‘Phantom’for10yearsandyou’reaboutreadytoslityourwrists,andyoucravedoingsomeproperacting,youcandothathere.”LikethestorefronttheatersceneinChicago,ortheoutdoorproductionsinparks,playgroundsandcarlotsacrossNewYorkinthesummer,pubtheatersareabelovedpartoftheplay-makingtraditioninEngland,especiallyLondon.TheirlineageextendstotheRestoration,whenactingtroupestookoveremptydiningroomsabovepubstoperformplaysofvulgarmaterialthatwentwellwithapint.LatertheVictorian-eramusichalls—awildlypopularamusementfortheworkingclasses—gottheirstartinsaloonbars.Pubtheatersproliferatedinthe1970sand1980swiththeincreaseintheatercompaniesofyoungartistsandin-houseplaywrightswantingtodoseriousworkonshoestringbudgetsincloseproximitytoaudiences.“Whatworksinourfavoristheintimacyoftheexperience,”saidTimRoseman,whosharesthejobofartisticdirectoratanotherpubspace,Theater503,withPaulRobinson.“Yougenuinelyfeelyouareinthesameroomastheactors,thatyoubreathethecharacters’air,andthismakesforanelectrifyingexperience.”Mr.Robinsonadded:“It’simpossibletocreatethatintensitywhenthereare1,000peoplewatching.”36．AccordingtoParagraph1,VanBadhamwas______.A．unusualaboutremarkingon“MirrorTeeth”B．lenientwiththeplaysperformedinherbarC．fondofofferingopinionslikeherworkmatesD．infavourofthethemeofthenewplay正確答案：A解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生可以從第一段提到VanBadham的地方理解她不同尋常之處：即VanBadham對新劇提出了一針見血的看法，令人難忘。關(guān)鍵點:．．．thebartenderVanBadhamwasmemorablyonpointaboutthenewplay…。37．ManypeoplejoinedtheFinboroughTheaterknowingthat______.A．theyshouldservedrinksaswellasactB．theywouldgetaverylimitedsalaryC．theymightworkwithoutbeingpaidD．theymustmakethebusinessprofitable正確答案：C解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生理解第二段中唯一有薪水的員工提到許多成員時那句話的意思，即鑒于只有當(dāng)劇院營利時才可能給員工發(fā)工資，幾位公司員工為了糊口只好去端盤子謀生。關(guān)鍵點:．．．severalcompanymemberstendedbartomakeendsmeet，giventhattheyarepaidbythetheateronlyifaproductionturnsaprofit…。38．ThelastpersononecanexpecttoseeperformingintheFinboroughTheaterwouldbesomeonewho______.A．hasvastnumbersoffansB．wishestomakealivingC．desirestobeagreatactorD．fearsalargeaudience正確答案：A解析：本題間接考查了與文章的主旨大意相關(guān)的細節(jié)。例如第五段中提到的青年演員和劇作家預(yù)算有限，又想在離觀眾近的地方做點嚴(yán)肅的工作，最后一段中提到“如果有1000名觀眾的話，那是不可能營造那種親密感的”，從這些細節(jié)我們可以用排除法排除選項B、C和D。39．LiketheoutdoortheatersceneplayedinsomecitiesintheU.S.,pubtheatersinLondon______.A．canbeenjoyedwithadrinkofwineB．canbetracedbacktothe171centuryC．tendtoperformplayswithrealisticthemesD．a(chǎn)ppealespeciallytothelowerclasses正確答案：D解析：本題是推理題，要求考生可以從第四段中提到pubtheatre的地方推理觀眾類型，即演出團體占據(jù)了酒館樓上空蕩蕩的餐廳，表演一些庸俗的戲劇，與一品脫酒相得益彰，意思是只有下等人才去那樣的地方喝酒看劇。關(guān)鍵點:．．．whenactingtroupestookoveremptydiningroomsabovepubstoperformplaysofvulgarmaterialthatwentwellwithapint…。40．Sometheatercompaniespreferredpubtheatersbecauseoftheir______.A．unfussyviewersB．moderatecostsC．greatpopularityD．casualperformance正確答案：B解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生理解第五段中劇院公司選擇酒吧劇場的原因，即青年演員和劇作家預(yù)算有限，又想在離觀眾近的地方做點嚴(yán)肅的工作。關(guān)鍵點:．．．wantingtodoseriousworkonshoestringbudgetsincloseproximitytoaudiences…。41．AccordingtoMr.Robinson,peoplelikehim,whileworkingwithapubtheater,oftenhaveafeelingof______.A．challengeB．tensionC．excitementD．desperation正確答案：C解析：本題是推理題，要求考生理解第六段中Robinson先生在酒吧劇場工作的感受，即與演員在同一個房間里，與劇中角色呼吸相同的空氣，這種經(jīng)歷像過電一樣(很刺激)。關(guān)鍵點:．．．Yougenuinelyfeelyouareinthesameroomastheactors，thatyoubreathethecharacters’air，andthismakesforanelectrifyingexperience．…。NewYear’sdetoxproductsthatpurporttoridthebodyofharmfulchemicalsaccumulatedthroughseasonalover-indulgenceareawasteoftimeandmoney,leadingscientistssaidrecently.Mostofthepills,juices,teasandoilsthataresoldfortheirdetoxifyingeffectsonthebodyhavenoscientificfoundationfortheirclaims,accordingtotoxicologistsanddieticians.Theywillnotinfluencetherateatwhichthebodyridsitselfoftoxins,andanybeneficialeffectswouldbematchedatmuchlowercostbydrinkingplentyoftapwater,eatingfruitandvegetablesandgettingafewearlynights.Theentiremarketfordetoxproducts,whichisworthtensofmillionsofpoundsayear,restsonmythsaboutthehumanbodythatarehittingconsumersinthewallet,theexperts’reporthasfound.“Amongthesemythsistheideathatinsomewaythebodyaccumulatesnoxiouschemicalsduringeverydaylife,andthattheyneedtobeexpungedbysomemysteriousprocessofdetoxification,oftenonceayearafterChristmasexcess.Thedetoxfad—orfads,astherearemanymethods—isanexampleofthecapacityofpeopletobelievein(andpayfor)magicdespitethelackofanysoundevidence.”saidMartinWiseman,VisitingProfessorofHumanNutritionattheUniversityofSouthampton.Thecriticismofthedetoxindustryhasemergedfromaninquiryintopublicperceptionsofchemicalsandtoxicitybyaworkingpartyof11scientists.Thefullreport,MakingSenseofChemicalStories,willbepublishedlaterthismonthbythecharitySenseAboutScience.Itfoundthatpopularideasaboutdetoxarebasedonmisconceptionsabouthowthehumanbodyrespondstochemicalsinthediet.Theliverandkidneysarehighlyefficientorgansthathaveevolvedtobreakdownandremovetoxinsfromthebloodstream,andtheirfunctionisnothelpedbyproductssuchasGillianMcKeith’s￡19.99“24hourdetoxprogramme,”whichclaimsto“assistthenaturaldetoxificationprocessinyourbody.”“Ourbodiesareverygoodateliminatingallthenastiesthatwemightdigestoverthefestiveseason,”saidJohnEmsley,oftheRoyalSocietyofChemistry.SirColinBerry,ProfessorEmeritusofPathologyatQueenMary,UniversityofLondon,said:“Evenifyoudrinkanalmostlethaldoseofalcohol(whichIdon’trecommend)yourliverwillclearitin36hourswithoutassistancefromdetoxtablets.”42．Itcanbeinferredthatpeopleusually______.A．takeharmfulchemicalsB．consumedetoxproductsC．haveabalanceddietD．wastemoneyonfood正確答案：B解析：本題是推理題，要求考生可以從第一段中科研人員所說的話推測出人們常常使用排毒產(chǎn)品，即通過周期性地大量使用號稱可以排除體內(nèi)累計的化學(xué)毒素的新年排毒產(chǎn)品是浪費錢和時間。關(guān)鍵點:．．．throughseasonalover-indulgenceareawasteoftimeandmoney…。43．Accordingtoscientists,whathelpsridthebodyoftoxinsincludes______.A．goingtobedearlyB．drinkingherbalteaC．takingcertainpillsD．doingmuchexercise正確答案：A解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生可以從第二段中真正有效排毒的方法，即大量喝自來水、吃水果和蔬菜、早睡中推測出答案。關(guān)鍵點:．．．bydrinkingplentyoftapwater，eatingfruitandvegetablesandgettingafewearlynights…。44．Theboldfacedword“expunged”(inPara.5)canbestbereplacedby“______A．testedB．digestedC．eliminatedD．a(chǎn)ccumulated正確答案：C解析：本題是詞匯題，要求考生可以從第五段中根據(jù)上下文猜測出expunge的意思，這里可根據(jù)指代關(guān)系猜測出該詞詞義，they指的是有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)(chemicals)，即需要通過某種神秘的排毒過程來消除有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)。45．Expertsconsideritamyththat______.A．detoxproductshavemarvelouseffectsB．noxiouschemicalsgatherinthebodyC．peoplegenerallyovereatatChristmasD．people’scapacitytobelieveisunlimited正確答案：A解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生理解第五段中專家所說的神話的意思，即排毒產(chǎn)品有神奇功效。關(guān)鍵點：…beexpungedbysomemysteriousprocessofdetoxification…。46．Thecriticismofthedetoxindustrystarted______.A．a(chǎn)taconferenceheldattheUniversityofSouthhamtonB．fromareportentitled“MakingSenseofChemicalStories”C．byacharityorganizationcalledSenseAboutScienceD．withastudyonpublicunderstandingofchemicals正確答案：D解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生理解第六段提到的對排毒產(chǎn)品的批評緣起，即11位科學(xué)家對公眾對化學(xué)物質(zhì)和毒素的認知調(diào)查。關(guān)鍵點:．．．hasemergedfromaninquiryintopublicperceptionsofchemicalsandtoxicity…。47．JohnEmsleyandColinBerrysharetheideathat______.A．toxinscanstayinthebodyaslongas36hoursB．drinkingexcessivealcoholleadstodeathC．detoxtabletsfacilitatethenaturaldetoxificationD．thehumanbodyhasapowerfuldetoxsystem正確答案：D解析：本題是例證題，要求考生理解最后兩段JohnEmsley和ColinBerry所說的話的共同點，即我們的身體本身有排毒功能。關(guān)鍵點:．．．Ourbodiesareverygoodateliminatingallthenasties…；…yourliverwillclearit…。Envyhasbecomeadrivewheelofourmodernworld.Itisthepassionthatgovernsoureconomiclife.Moderncapitalismreliesonitsabilitytocreateandincreasescarcityanditthereforedependslargelyontheomnipresenceofenvy.Inaffluentsocietiestheavailabilityofmaterialgoodsincreasesthedemandforpositionalgoodsbasedonsocialscarcity.Mostoftenitis“envy,emulation,orpride”creatingthiskindofscarcity,inwhich“satisfactionisderivedfromrelativepositionalone,beinginfront,orfrombeingbehind.”Aslongaspeopledesirewhatothersdesirescarcitywillbethenever-endingconditionofourlivesthatkeepsoureconomyrunning.Throughenvynearlyanyobjectcanturnintoadesirablecommoditypromisingunendinghappiness.Modernadvertisingisthebestexampletoillustratetheimportanceofenvytokeepoureconomygoing.Advertisingusesenvytomakecommoditiesdesirable.Posters,announcementsandTV-spotsshowusenviablepeoplewhohavethosethingsandgoodswelackbutnonethelessneedtogainhappiness.Advertisementsellsproductswiththehelpofenviouscontagion.Mostofthetimeenvyitselfremainshiddenandisnotdirectlymentionedincommercials.Buteventhismaynolongerbetrue.Envyseemstoloseitstraditionalbadreputation.Moreandmorecommercialsdirectlyrefertoenvytomaketheircommoditiesmoredesirable.ThemostwellknownexampleofanopenreferencetoenvyisaperfumeproducedbytheItaliancompanyGucciwiththebrandname“Envy”promisingthatyouwillnotonlybeenviedforsomeexternalobjectthatbelongstoyoubutforyourveryselfembodiedinaseductivefragrance.Thoseofyoufamiliarwithtraditionaldefinitionsofenvyandemulationmay,however,questionmythesisthatourmoderneconomyisdrivenbyenvy.Isitreallyenvythatgovernsoureconomyorwouldnotemulationbeamoreappropriateandlessmoralizingterm?Thereisaneasyanswertothisquestion.Inparallelwiththeemergenceofourmodernworldandtheriseofcapitalismthetraditionaldistinctionbetweenbadenvyandgoodemulationhasslowlylostitsmeaning.WhereImmanuelKant,forinstance,referstothepassionsnatureusestoturnasheepish,idleandinactiveArcadiaintoaprosperousculturehereferstoan“enviouslycompetitivevanity”thatnolongerallowsaneatdistinctionbetweenenvyandemulationbutmentionsaformofhumandesirecomprisingboththesetraditionallydistinguishedemotions.48．Envyisthedrivingforceofmodemeconomicdevelopmentbecause______.A．itgivesrisetomodernconsumerismB．iturgespeopletopossessmoreandbettergoodsC．itistheprerequisiteofhighproductivityD．thepassionofithelpsproducemoregoods正確答案：B解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生找到嫉妒心促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的原因，即在富庶的社會中，物質(zhì)豐富使得社會稀缺的商品需求增加，導(dǎo)致這種需求的就是嫉妒心。關(guān)鍵點:．．．itis“envy，emulation，orpride”creatingthiskindofscarcity…。49．Whatistheessenceofenvythatkeepseconomygoing?A．Thepursuitofvanity.B．Thewishoftheprosperityofproducts.C．Thecreativityofadvertisements.D．Thefulfillmentofambition.正確答案：A解析：本題是推理題，要求考生理解促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的嫉妒本質(zhì)，即只要人們想得到別人想要的東西(虛榮心)，我們生活中稀缺的商品就永遠沒有止境，這就推動了經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵點：…Aslongaspeopledesirewhatothersdesirescarcitywillbethenever-endingconditionofourlivesthatkeepsoureconomyrunning…。50．Whatistheillusionadvertisementbringstoitsconsumers?A．Onlythoseadvertisedgoodsaretrustworthy.B．Togetwhathasbeenadvertisedistogainhappiness.C．Tohaveafeelingthatonehasbecomethebestintheworld.D．Themoreonepossesses,thehigherpositionhewillhave.正確答案：B解析：本題是推理題，要求考生理解廣告給消費者帶來什么幻覺，即海報和電視廣告展示了值得嫉妒的人有些什么我們沒有但是需要的東西，我們需要這些東西來獲得幸福。關(guān)鍵點:．．．Posters，announcementsandTV-spotsshowusenviablepeoplewhohavethosethingsandgoodswelackbutnonethelessneedtogainhappiness…。51．TaketheItalianperfume“Envy”foranexample,theword“envy”______.A．meansmorepositivelynowB．hastotallydifferentmeaningnowC．hasbeenfullytakenadvantageofD．canembodyabetterself正確答案：C解析：本題是例證題，要求考生理解，以Envy這個廣告為例，說明這個詞在如今被最大限度地利用，即這個詞已經(jīng)失去了其傳統(tǒng)的負面含義，越來越多的廣告直接把嫉妒心當(dāng)作產(chǎn)品的賣點。關(guān)鍵點:．．．Envyseemstoloseitstraditionalbadreputation…。52．Accordingtothepassage,whatisbadenvy?A．Thefeelingthatforcesustopreventotherspossessingthegoods.B．Thefeelingthatmakesustrytoobtainthegoodsoftheother.C．Astrongdesireforwhatotherspossess.D．Anyoftheabove-mentionedfeelings.正確答案：D解析：本題是推理題，要求考生理解所謂不好的嫉妒心指的是什么，也就是傳統(tǒng)的嫉妒心指的是什么。本文中廣告利用的嫉妒心不屬于傳統(tǒng)意義不好的嫉妒心，即除廣告利用的嫉妒心是指你受人嫉妒羨慕的不僅是你擁有的身外之物，還有該香水(身外之物)所代表的自我。關(guān)鍵點:．．．youwillnotonlybeenviedforsomeexternalobjectthatbelongstoyoubutforyourveryselfembodiedinaseductivefragrance…。53．AccordingtoKant,thecommonnessbetweenenvyandemulationis______.A．moralizationB．competitivenessC．vanityD．passion正確答案：D解析：本題是細節(jié)題，要求考生理解康德對于envy和emulation之間的共同點在于激情，即嫉妒心(激情)把一個怯懦的、無所事事的阿卡迪亞變成了一種繁榮的文化，他把這種文化叫作“嫉妒的、攀比的虛榮”，使得嫉妒和模仿之間已經(jīng)沒有明確的界限。關(guān)鍵點:．．．referstothepassionsnature…。Thosewho’veheardofZaneGreyusuallyidentifyhimastheauthorofbest-sellingwesterns,butfewrealizethathewasthecommerciallymostsuccessfulAmericanauthorofthe1920s.Eachyearfrom1915to1924,hehadanewnovelontheannuallistoftop-10bestsellers.RidersofthePurpleSage,TheLightofWesternStars,andTheRainbowTrailarestillpopular,butGrey’sbeststorymaybehisowncolorfulandremarkablylittle-knownlife.ZaneGreywasborninZanesville,Ohio.Greyrecalledhisownyouthasfullofrelentlessconflictswithhisstern,demandingfather,afarmer’ssonwhohadbecomeasuccessfuldentistinZanesville.Grey’sdelinquencyandpoorrecordinschoolexacerbatedmatters.Then,midwaythroughhisjunioryear,hehadtodropoutofhighschooltohelphisfatherwhosuddenlybecamepoorbypullingteethforneedylocals.Fordiversion,Greyplayedbaseball—withenoughtalenttoearnscholarshipstoseveraluniversities.HechosetheUniversityofPennsylvanianotonlyforitsaccomplishedteam,butalsoforitsdentalschool,whichofferedhimimmediateadmission,sparinghimthetoughundergraduateprogram.Aftergraduation,heconcentratedmoreonbaseballthandentistry,hopingtoreachthemajorleagues,buttonoavail.Heretreatedtoafull-timepracticeinNewYorkCity,butquicklydiscoveredthatwritingaboutancestorswhoselivesweremoredistinguishedandexcitingthanhiswaspreferabletocopingwithdecayedteethandbadbreath.Duringasummerescapein1900toruralLackawaxenontheupperDelawareRiver,hemetLina“Dolly”Roth,11yearsyounger,aNewYorkdoctor’sdaughterwhoenthusiasticallysupportedhisyearningtobecomeawriter.Aftertheirmarriagein1905,hersubstantialinheritanceenabledhimtoquitdentistryandwritefulltime.Theircross-countryhoneymoontripcarriedthemtotheGrandCanyonatthedawnofitstouristappeal.Greywascaptivatedbythecanyon’snaturalsplendor.Hewouldreturntheretwicemoreformountain-lionhunts,whichinspiredHeritageoftheDesert,hisfirstwesternstory,publishedin1910whenhewas38.Forthenext15years,hereturnedannuallytotheSouthwesttofindnewmaterialformorebooks.54．Asawriter,ZaneGrey______.A．isstillpopularatthepresenttimeB．isbestknownforhisgloriouslifeC．wrotemuchofhisuniquegrowthD．showedhispotentialatanearlyage正確答案：A解析：本題的答題關(guān)鍵在第一段的最后一句提到的他的三本書如今仍然暢銷，所以答案為選項A。同時，選項B、C和D均與文章中提到的事實相反，例如選項B與第一段的最后一句的“鮮為人知的一生”相反。55．Inhischildhood,ZaneGrey______.A．livedaliferathereasyandcarefreeB．wasamongthosetameschoolboysC．wasinbadtermswithhisfatherD．tookaspecialinterestindentistry正確答案：C解析：本題的考點在第二段的第二句：他回憶他自己的童年充滿了與父親之間的沖突。因此選項C為最佳答案。56．Beforeenteringuniversity,ZaneGrey______.A．playedinaprofessionalbaseballteamB．showedthegreatpotentialforbaseballC．triedhardtoapplyforascholarshipD．begantolearnundergraduatesubjects正確答案：B解析：本題的答題關(guān)鍵是第三段的第一句：他打籃球很有天賦，使得他能夠獲得幾所大學(xué)提供的獎學(xué)金，所以選項B為本題答案。57．Aftergraduatingfromuniversity,ZaneGreywenttoNewYorkand______.A．wroteabouthisfrustrationsB．playedinthemajorleaguesC．becameafull-timebaseballplayerD．foundhisrealinterest正確答案：D解析：文章的第三段中提到他希望進入聯(lián)賽籃球隊未果，因而畢業(yè)后來到紐約做全職牙醫(yī)，而后很快發(fā)現(xiàn)自己對寫作的興趣。因此，本題的答案為選項D。58．ZaneGreywasabletowritefulltimemainlybecause______.A．hehadearnedalotofmoneyfromdentistryB．hiswifeagreedtoworktosupportthefamilyC．hiswifebackedhimupwithagreatfortuneD．hehadrealizedthehugevaluetobeawriter正確答案：C解析：本題的答題關(guān)鍵在于文章最后一段第二句提到的內(nèi)容：婚后，她所繼承的可觀的遺產(chǎn)使得他可以辭去牙醫(yī)的工作，全職寫作。所以，本題的最佳答案為選項C。59．ItcanbelearnedthatZaneGrey’sfirstwesternstory______.A