上海市高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專題訓(xùn)練

上海市高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專題訓(xùn)練Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea”.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofile(起伏形狀)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(測(cè)深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition(考察),whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.21.TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestakeon______.A)anacademicaspectC)abusinessaspectB)amilitaryaspectD)aninternationalaspect22.Itwas______thataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.A)theAmericanNavyB)someearlyintercontinentaltravelersC)thosewhoearnedalivingfromtheseaD)thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable23.TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840swas______.A)tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceansB)tocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalsC)toestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneededD)tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans24.“Defied”inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans“______”.第1頁(yè)共50頁(yè)A)doubtedC)challengedB)gaveprooftoD)agreedto25.Thispassageismainlyabout______.A)thebeginningsofoceanographyB)thelayingofthefirstunderseacableC)theinvestigationofoceandepthsD)theearlyintercontinentalcommunications根據(jù)以下文章回答21到25題。(25)海洋學(xué)被定義為“運(yùn)用所有學(xué)科的知識(shí)對(duì)海洋進(jìn)行研究?！痹?9世紀(jì)之前，對(duì)海洋感興趣的科學(xué)家寥寥無(wú)幾。當(dāng)然，牛頓在他的寫(xiě)作中對(duì)海洋進(jìn)行了一些理論上的探討，但是他不愿意親自去海上進(jìn)一步深入他的研究。對(duì)大多數(shù)人們來(lái)說(shuō)，大海是遙遠(yuǎn)的。除了早期的洲際旅行者和在海上謀生的人，沒(méi)有多少人會(huì)提出關(guān)于海洋的諸多問(wèn)題，更不用說(shuō)會(huì)有人問(wèn)及在大海的表面下有什么東西了。(21)人們第一次必須從商業(yè)角度回答“大海的底部有什么,”這個(gè)問(wèn)題是在人們提議鋪設(shè)歐洲和美洲之間電纜的時(shí)候。工程師們必須知道鋪設(shè)電纜路線的深度變化，來(lái)估計(jì)需要生產(chǎn)的電纜長(zhǎng)度。(22)1853年大西洋電報(bào)公司向美國(guó)海軍的Maury求助以獲得這方面的信息。(23)19世紀(jì)40年代，Maury曾經(jīng)負(fù)責(zé)旨在鼓勵(lì)人們對(duì)北大西洋和太平洋的深度進(jìn)行探測(cè)的航?；顒?dòng)。后來(lái)，他的一些研究結(jié)果被收錄在他的《海洋自然地理學(xué)》一書(shū)中，并引起了廣泛的興趣。電纜被鋪設(shè)起來(lái)，但是直到1866年才被永久性接通并開(kāi)始穩(wěn)定使用。(24)在早期的多次嘗試中，電纜出現(xiàn)了故障，而當(dāng)人們把它取出來(lái)修理時(shí)，才發(fā)現(xiàn)上面覆蓋著活的生物體，這一事實(shí)，對(duì)同時(shí)代的認(rèn)為海洋的深處沒(méi)有生命存在的科學(xué)理論提出了挑戰(zhàn)。(25)海洋學(xué)在隨后的幾年之內(nèi)開(kāi)始發(fā)展起來(lái)。1872年Thomson領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一次為期四年的科學(xué)考察并從海洋中帶回了數(shù)以千計(jì)的標(biāo)本?？茖W(xué)家們花了很多年的時(shí)間對(duì)這些標(biāo)本進(jìn)行分類和分析并寫(xiě)出了一份長(zhǎng)達(dá)五卷的報(bào)告，最后一卷于1895年發(fā)表。21(鋪設(shè)歐洲和美洲之間電纜的提議使海洋學(xué)研究具有______________。A)學(xué)術(shù)的特征C)商業(yè)的特征B)軍事的特征D)國(guó)際化的特征22(在海洋學(xué)研究中，是_________向Maury求助。A)美國(guó)海軍B)一些早期的洲際旅行者C)在海上謀生的人D)提議鋪設(shè)歐洲和美洲之間電纜的公司23(Maury負(fù)責(zé)的航?；顒?dòng)的目的是___________。A)做一些海洋中的測(cè)深試驗(yàn)B)收集海洋動(dòng)植物的樣本C)估測(cè)所需要的電纜的長(zhǎng)度第2頁(yè)共50頁(yè)D)測(cè)量?jī)纱笱蟮纳疃?4(第五段中的“defied”一詞含義是“_________”。A)懷疑C)挑戰(zhàn)B)為…提供證據(jù)D)同意25(這篇文章主要是關(guān)于___________。A)海洋學(xué)的開(kāi)端B)第一條海底電纜的鋪設(shè)C)海洋深度的調(diào)查D)早期的洲際通訊答案:CDDCAQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Normallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcoursewhichheattendsgiveshimacreditwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree.InmanyAmericanuniversitiesthetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.Atypicalcourseconsistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversityastudentwillprobablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudentwouldexpecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachyear.Itispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeoveralongerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregularpractice.Foreverycoursethathefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectiveworkofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinhiscareer.26.Normallyastudentwouldatleastattend_____classeseachweek.A)36C)12B)20D)1527.AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowed_______.A)toliveinadifferentuniversityB)totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversityC)toliveathomeanddrivetoclassesD)togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities28.Americanuniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause_______.A)theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareers第3頁(yè)共50頁(yè)B)theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairsC)theyhavetoobserveuniversitydisciplineD)theywanttorunforpositionsofauthority29.Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause_______.A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudyB)theywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversityC)suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobsD)suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid30.Thestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein______.A)dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversityB)ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulationsC)evaluatingstudents’performancebybringingthembeforeacourtD)keepingupthestudents’enthusiasmforsocialactivities根據(jù)以下文章回答26到30題。通常為了畢業(yè)，學(xué)生必須上夠一定數(shù)量的課程，他所上的每門課程都會(huì)給他一定的學(xué)分，這些學(xué)分可以累加，從而獲得學(xué)位。在很多美國(guó)的大學(xué)里，要獲得學(xué)位總共需要學(xué)習(xí)三十六門課程，每門課程持續(xù)一個(gè)學(xué)期。(26)一門典型的課程包括每周三節(jié)課，共持續(xù)十五周，并且大學(xué)生每學(xué)期大概會(huì)上四到五門課程。一般情況下，學(xué)生要在大學(xué)里上四年，每年兩個(gè)學(xué)期。攻讀學(xué)位的學(xué)生可能將學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。(27)也可能在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中轉(zhuǎn)到另一所大學(xué)，然而，這種現(xiàn)象并不常見(jiàn)。(28)學(xué)生上的每門課程都會(huì)得到一個(gè)成績(jī)，這個(gè)成績(jī)會(huì)被記錄下來(lái)，學(xué)生可以向未來(lái)的雇主出示這一成績(jī)。所有這些都會(huì)給學(xué)生帶來(lái)持久的壓力和緊張的學(xué)業(yè)，盡管這樣，有些學(xué)生仍然有時(shí)間從事學(xué)生社團(tuán)的活動(dòng)。(30)被選舉擔(dān)任學(xué)生社團(tuán)的職務(wù)會(huì)激發(fā)學(xué)生的極大熱情。給學(xué)校當(dāng)局提供建議的學(xué)生往往能夠卓有成效地承擔(dān)起維持學(xué)校紀(jì)律的任務(wù)。任何被認(rèn)為違反學(xué)校規(guī)則的學(xué)生，比如說(shuō)作弊的學(xué)生，將會(huì)被交給學(xué)生法庭處理。由于學(xué)生人數(shù)眾多，這樣的組織的運(yùn)行確實(shí)會(huì)涉及大量的工作。(29)在這些組織中擔(dān)任重要職務(wù)的學(xué)生很受尊敬并且這種經(jīng)歷對(duì)他將來(lái)的職業(yè)生涯也大有裨益。26(通常，一個(gè)學(xué)生每周要上_________次課。A)36C)12B)20D)1527(根據(jù)第一段，一個(gè)美國(guó)學(xué)生被允許__________。A)住在另一個(gè)大學(xué)里B)在另一所大學(xué)上某一門的課程C)住在家里，開(kāi)車上學(xué)D)從兩個(gè)不同的大學(xué)獲得兩個(gè)學(xué)位28(美國(guó)的大學(xué)生們通常面臨著很大的學(xué)業(yè)壓力是因?yàn)開(kāi)_________。A)他們的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)將會(huì)影響到他們未來(lái)的職業(yè)生涯第4頁(yè)共50頁(yè)B)他們較多地參與學(xué)生社團(tuán)的活動(dòng)C)他們必須遵守大學(xué)的紀(jì)律D)他們想競(jìng)選一些重要的職位29(一些學(xué)生對(duì)于學(xué)生社團(tuán)的一些職位很感興趣可能是因?yàn)開(kāi)____________。A)他們痛恨持久的壓力和緊張的學(xué)業(yè)B)他們將會(huì)能夠在大學(xué)里面呆更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間C)這樣的職位將有助于他們找到更好的工作D)這樣的職位通常收入頗豐30(學(xué)生社團(tuán)在________卓有成效。A)處理大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)事務(wù)B)確保學(xué)生遵守大學(xué)的紀(jì)律C)通過(guò)把學(xué)生帶上法庭來(lái)評(píng)估學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)D)保持學(xué)生對(duì)于社會(huì)活動(dòng)的熱情題目答案:BBACBQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage(不足),hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient'sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingtotreatment,itisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.WhatthedoctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralized(分散的)nursingadministration;everyfloor;everyunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurses;inadditiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,andtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit'snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen.BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.21.WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?第5頁(yè)共50頁(yè)A)Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.B)Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.C)Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.D)Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.22.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_____.A)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseatBethIsraelHospitalaremorepatientB)inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewC)inmosthospitalnursegetlowsalariesD)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseshavetoworklongerhoursatBethIsraelHospital23.Aprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen_____.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientB)thepatientcomplainsaboutthepresentoneC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate24.Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer_____.A)isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalB)hastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursesystematBethIsraelHospitalis_____.A)negativeC)neutralB)criticalD)positive根據(jù)以下文章回答21到25題。(25)BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)理工作給病人提供了他們所需要的最好的護(hù)理。(22)如果我們要解決護(hù)理不足的問(wèn)題，每個(gè)地方的醫(yī)院管理部門和醫(yī)生們都可以仿效BethIsrael醫(yī)院的范例。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院，每個(gè)病人都被指定一個(gè)主管護(hù)士負(fù)責(zé)，她詳盡地和病人聊天并建立一個(gè)全面的健康檔案，該檔案包括從病人的病史到病人的情緒狀態(tài)等各個(gè)方面。然后，主管護(hù)士將會(huì)寫(xiě)一份以病人病情為核心內(nèi)容的護(hù)理報(bào)告，當(dāng)然這份報(bào)告也包括其它必要的一切情況。主管護(hù)士在病人住院期間和病人呆在一起，記錄病情發(fā)展?fàn)顩r并從醫(yī)生那里尋求建議。(21)(23)在BethIsrael醫(yī)院，如果一種治療方法對(duì)病人不起作用，病人的主管護(hù)士常常會(huì)向醫(yī)生提議采納另一種治療方法。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院，醫(yī)生和主管護(hù)士之間是真正的同事關(guān)系。BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)理還包括一個(gè)分散的護(hù)理管理體系，每層樓、每個(gè)病房都是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的組織。(24)護(hù)理經(jīng)理代替了護(hù)士長(zhǎng)，她們除了完成自己的護(hù)理任務(wù)外，還負(fù)責(zé)聘用、解聘以及對(duì)薪酬提出建議。每個(gè)病房的護(hù)士們自行決定誰(shuí)在何時(shí)值什么班。第6頁(yè)共50頁(yè)BethIsrael的護(hù)理部主任和醫(yī)院的副院長(zhǎng)屬于同一級(jí)別，同時(shí)她也是醫(yī)療執(zhí)行委員會(huì)的成員，而在大多數(shù)的醫(yī)院里，該委員會(huì)成員僅限于醫(yī)生。21(下列哪一項(xiàng)陳述最好的描述了BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體系的主要特征,A)醫(yī)生可以得到來(lái)自主管護(hù)士的更積極地專業(yè)支持。B)每一個(gè)病人都有一個(gè)主管護(hù)士日夜護(hù)理。C)主管護(hù)士為每一個(gè)病人制訂護(hù)理計(jì)劃。D)主管護(hù)士記錄每一個(gè)病人每天的健康狀況。22(從本文中可以推斷出______________。A)和其他醫(yī)院的護(hù)士相比，BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士更加有耐心B)從專業(yè)的角度看，在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院，對(duì)病人的護(hù)理都不足C)在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院，護(hù)士的工資都很低D)和其他醫(yī)院的護(hù)士相比，BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士要工作更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間23(主管護(hù)士會(huì)向醫(yī)生提議采納另一種不同的治療方法當(dāng)___________。A)當(dāng)前的醫(yī)療方法被病人拒絕B)病人抱怨當(dāng)前的醫(yī)療方法C)當(dāng)前的醫(yī)療方法被證明是無(wú)效的D)發(fā)現(xiàn)病人不愿意合作24(護(hù)理經(jīng)理和護(hù)士長(zhǎng)的主要區(qū)別在于前者_(dá)__________。A)是醫(yī)院執(zhí)行委員會(huì)的成員B)必須安排病房護(hù)士的換班C)可以做出關(guān)于病人治療方法的決定D)全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)病房護(hù)士的管理25(作者對(duì)于BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)理體制的態(tài)度是__________.A)否定的C)批判的B)中立的D)肯定的題目答案:ABCDDQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies——andothercreatures——learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectivereward,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)"drives"asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkofsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Then第7頁(yè)共50頁(yè)henoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papusek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.26.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich_____.A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureC)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessB)willmeettheirphysicalneedsD)willsatisfytheircuriosity27.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy_____.A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkD)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink28.InPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto______.A)havethelightsturnedonC)pleasetheirparentsB)berewardedwithmilkD)bepraised29.Thebabieswould"smileandbubble"atthelightsbecause______.A)thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic"drives"B)thesightofthelightswasinterestingC)theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD)theysucceededin"switchingon"thelights30.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof_____.A)abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldB)thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedsC)theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemsD)afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills根據(jù)以下文章回答26到30題。在過(guò)去的一段時(shí)間里，人們普通認(rèn)為嬰兒——以及其它動(dòng)物——學(xué)習(xí)做事情是因?yàn)槟承┬袨榈?頁(yè)共50頁(yè)能帶來(lái)“獎(jiǎng)賞”，這種觀點(diǎn)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是正確的。但是過(guò)去還有一種普遍的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為有效的獎(jiǎng)賞，至少在早期階段，是和一些諸如饑餓和口渴等基本的生理“需要”有著必然的直接的聯(lián)系。換句話說(shuō)，只有能得到食物、飲料或其他生理滿足時(shí)，嬰兒才會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)。否則，他們是不會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)的?，F(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)很清楚事實(shí)并非如此。(26)嬰兒們將學(xué)習(xí)那些能夠帶來(lái)成功結(jié)果而并非是能帶來(lái)獎(jiǎng)賞的行為方式。Papousek的研究開(kāi)始的時(shí)候是以通常的方式即用牛奶來(lái)“獎(jiǎng)賞”嬰兒，這樣教他們做出一些簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作，比如向某一邊轉(zhuǎn)頭。(27)然后，他注意到喝了足夠多的牛奶的嬰兒拒絕牛奶，但是他們?nèi)匀辉敢庵貜?fù)剛學(xué)到的動(dòng)作，而且顯得很高興。于是他就開(kāi)始研究在不給嬰兒牛奶的情況下他們的行為。(28)他很快表現(xiàn)，如果在嬰兒轉(zhuǎn)頭時(shí)就亮起一排燈，那么僅僅四個(gè)月大的嬰兒就能學(xué)會(huì)把頭向左或向右轉(zhuǎn)——而且他還發(fā)現(xiàn)為了帶來(lái)這個(gè)亮燈的結(jié)果，嬰兒還能學(xué)會(huì)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的轉(zhuǎn)頭動(dòng)作，比如左轉(zhuǎn)兩下或者右轉(zhuǎn)兩下，甚至轉(zhuǎn)三下。Papousek將燈直接放在嬰兒的前面，他觀察到了一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象:有時(shí)嬰兒不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身仔細(xì)去看燈，但當(dāng)燈亮起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)微笑，顯得很得意。(29)Papousek總結(jié)說(shuō)讓孩子如此高興的并不主要是看到燈光，而是他們成功地找到了解決問(wèn)題的方法，(30)人類的一個(gè)基本欲望就是弄明白這個(gè)世界，并把外部世界置于有意識(shí)的控制之下。26(根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，嬰兒學(xué)會(huì)做一些_____________事情。A)和快樂(lè)直接相關(guān)的C)能夠帶來(lái)成就感的B)將會(huì)滿足生理需要的D)能夠滿足他們的好奇心的27(在他的研究中，Papousek注意到嬰兒_______________。A)當(dāng)看見(jiàn)牛奶的時(shí)候，就會(huì)做已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)的動(dòng)作B)當(dāng)喝了足夠多的牛奶的時(shí)候，就會(huì)做已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)的動(dòng)作C)即使沒(méi)有牛奶，也會(huì)繼續(xù)作簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作D)當(dāng)喝了足夠多的牛奶的時(shí)候，就會(huì)向左或者向右轉(zhuǎn)頭28(在Papousek的試驗(yàn)中，嬰兒做已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)頭動(dòng)作的目的是_________。A)使燈被打開(kāi)C)取悅他們的父母B)得到牛奶作為獎(jiǎng)賞D)被表?yè)P(yáng)29(嬰兒會(huì)在亮燈時(shí)“微笑，顯得很得意”因?yàn)開(kāi)____________。A)燈和一些基本的“內(nèi)驅(qū)力”直接相關(guān)B)看見(jiàn)燈很有意思C)他們不必要轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身去看燈D)他們成功的使燈亮了起來(lái)30(根據(jù)Papousek的觀點(diǎn)，嬰兒在獲得某些東西時(shí)所得到的樂(lè)趣是_________的反映。A)人們要理解和控制世界的基本欲望B)一些生理需要的滿足C)他們解決一些復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題的強(qiáng)烈欲望D)人們展示他們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)的技能的基本欲望第9頁(yè)共50頁(yè)題目答案:CCADAQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomewaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty(保單),oranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the"higherup"theconsumertakeshisorhercomplaint,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer'sfavor,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,"Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandthesoundcomingoutoftherightoneisunclear"isbetterthan"Thisstereo(立體聲音響)doesnotwork."Thestoremanagermayadvisetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandasfirmlyaspossible.Butifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangoastepfurther.Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumers'rights.31.Whenaconsumerfindsthathispurchasehasafaultinit,thefirstthingheshoulddoisto___.A)complainpersonallytothemanagerB)threatentotakethemattertocourtC)writeafirmletterofcomplainttothestoreorpurchaseD)showsomewrittenproofofthepurchasetothestore32.Ifaconsumerwantsaquicksettlementofhisproblem,it'sbettertocomplainto______.A)ashopassistantC)themanufacturerB)thestoremanagerD)apublicorganization33.Themosteffectivecomplaintcanbemadeby_____.A)showingthefaultyitemtothemanufacturerB)explainingexactlywhatiswrongwiththeitemC)sayingfirmlythattheitemofpoorqualityD)askingpolitelytochangetheitem34.Thephrase"liveupto"(Para.1,Line2)inthecontextmeans_____.A)meetthestandardofC)fulfillthedemandsofB)realizethepurposeofD)keepthepromiseof第10頁(yè)共50頁(yè)35.Thepassagetellsus_____.A)Howtosettleaconsumer'scomplaintaboutafaultyitemB)HowtomakeaneffectivecomplaintaboutafaultyitemC)HowtoavoidbuyingafaultyitemD)Howtodealwithcomplaintsfromcustomers根據(jù)以下文章回答31到35題。(31)(34)當(dāng)一個(gè)顧客發(fā)現(xiàn)他或她所購(gòu)買的商品有缺陷或者在別的方面不具備廠家所宣傳的功能時(shí)，首先要做的就是向他所購(gòu)物的商店出示質(zhì)量保證書(shū)或者任何可能有助的其它記錄。大多數(shù)情況下，這種舉措會(huì)產(chǎn)生效果。(35)但是，如果這樣做沒(méi)有效果，顧客有許多種方法來(lái)獲得滿意的結(jié)果。很多顧客所使用的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單而常見(jiàn)的方法是直接向商店經(jīng)理投訴。(32)一般說(shuō)來(lái)，接受顧客投訴的工作人員的級(jí)別越高，問(wèn)題就會(huì)解決得越快。在這種情況下，如果投訴是有道理的，問(wèn)題通常以對(duì)消費(fèi)者有利的方式加以解決。在可能的情況下，顧客應(yīng)當(dāng)親自投訴，但是如果他們沒(méi)法去購(gòu)物的商店，打電話或者寫(xiě)信進(jìn)行投訴也是可取的。(33)一般情況下，投訴時(shí)應(yīng)該彬彬有禮并且要立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定，尤其是當(dāng)顧客能夠清楚的表明所投訴的商品出了什么樣的問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，投訴才能取得很好的效果。如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，顧客最好能詳細(xì)說(shuō)明究竟出了什么樣的問(wèn)題，而不應(yīng)該泛泛而言，這樣才能盡可能的取得成功。例如說(shuō)“左邊的揚(yáng)聲器根本不響，而右邊的揚(yáng)聲器發(fā)出的聲音不清晰”就比說(shuō)“這臺(tái)立體聲音響壞了”要好得多。商店經(jīng)理可能會(huì)建議顧客給制造商寫(xiě)信，如果是這樣，顧客應(yīng)該這樣做，并且盡可能禮貌而堅(jiān)定地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題。但是如果禮貌的投訴無(wú)法達(dá)到理想的效果，顧客可以采取進(jìn)一步的行動(dòng)。顧客可以威脅要將廠家告上法庭，或者向其它保護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的私立機(jī)構(gòu)或者公共組織投訴。31(當(dāng)一個(gè)顧客發(fā)現(xiàn)他所購(gòu)買的商品有缺陷時(shí)，他應(yīng)該采取的第一步行動(dòng)是_______。A)親自向經(jīng)理投訴B)威脅要將此事訴諸法庭C)給購(gòu)物的商店寫(xiě)一封態(tài)度堅(jiān)定的信D)向商店出示一些購(gòu)物的書(shū)面證據(jù)32(如果一個(gè)顧客想快速的解決他的問(wèn)題，向________投訴更好一些。A)店員C)制造商B)商店經(jīng)理D)一個(gè)公眾組織33(最有效的投訴往往通過(guò)_________做出。A)向制造商出示有缺陷的商品B)準(zhǔn)確地解釋所購(gòu)買的商品出了什么樣的問(wèn)題第11頁(yè)共50頁(yè)C)堅(jiān)定的說(shuō)所購(gòu)買的商品質(zhì)量低劣D)禮貌的要求調(diào)換一件商品34(短語(yǔ)“l(fā)iveupto”(在第一段，第二行中)在文中的含義是________。A)達(dá)到?的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)C)滿足?的要求B)實(shí)現(xiàn)?的目的D)信守?的諾言35(這篇文章告訴我們____________。A)怎樣解決顧客的關(guān)于存在缺陷的商品的投訴B)怎樣針對(duì)存在缺陷的商品進(jìn)行有效的投訴C)怎樣避免購(gòu)買有缺陷的商品D)怎樣處理來(lái)自顧客的投訴題目答案:DBBABQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploited(剝削)yearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomaniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobe(衣柜)packedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability(耐用).Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn'tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhigh-heeledshoes.Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen'sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstability?Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.36.Designersandbigstoresalwaysmakemoney_____.A)bymercilesslyexploitingwomenworkersintheclothingindustryB)becausetheyarecapableofpredictingnewfashionsC)byconstantlychangingthefashionsinwomen'sclothing第12頁(yè)共50頁(yè)D)becausetheyattachgreatimportancetoqualityinwomen'sclothing37.Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas_____.A)awasteofmoneyC)anexpressionoftasteB)awasteoftimeD)anexpressionofcreativity38.Thewriterwouldbelesscriticaliffashiondesignersplacedmorestressonthe_____ofclothing.A)costC)comfortB)appearanceD)suitability39.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Newfashionsinclothingarecreatedforthecommercialexploitationofwomen.B)Theconstantchangesinwomen'sclothingreflecttheirstrengthofcharacter.C)Thefashionindustrymakesanimportantcontributiontosociety.D)Fashiondesignsshouldnotbeencouragedsincetheyareonlywelcomedbywomen.40.Bysaying"theconclusiontobedrawnareobvious"(Para4,Line1-2),thewritermeansthat__.A)women'sinconstancyintheirchoiceofclothingisoftenlaughedatB)womenarebetterabletoputupwithdiscomfortC)menarealsoexploitedgreatlybyfashiondesignersD)menaremorereasonableinthematteroffashion根據(jù)以下文章回答36到40題。(40)如果說(shuō)女士們年夏一年的受到無(wú)情剝削的話，那只能怪她們自己。(36)因?yàn)樗齻円幌氲奖蝗丝匆?jiàn)在公眾場(chǎng)合穿著過(guò)時(shí)的衣服就怕得發(fā)抖，正是因?yàn)檫@一點(diǎn)她們才被設(shè)計(jì)師們和大商店利用了。只穿了幾次的衣服就必須收起來(lái)，因?yàn)闀r(shí)尚已經(jīng)變了。當(dāng)你思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題時(shí)就會(huì)明白，只有女士們才會(huì)站在滿滿一衣柜的衣服前面，傷心地說(shuō)她沒(méi)有什么衣服可穿。(37)不斷變化的尚其實(shí)就是在故意制造垃圾。許多女士每年都花費(fèi)大量的錢來(lái)替換幾乎沒(méi)有穿過(guò)的衣服。負(fù)擔(dān)不起像這樣就把衣服扔掉的女士，就花費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間來(lái)修改衣服。把裙子改長(zhǎng)又改短，領(lǐng)子改高又改低，諸如此類，不一而足。沒(méi)有人能夠指出時(shí)尚產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)社會(huì)有什么真正的重大貢獻(xiàn)。(38)時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們很少真正的關(guān)注諸如保暖、舒適和耐用等重要的問(wèn)題。他們只對(duì)外表感興趣。他們利用了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的事實(shí)，即只要看上去好看，女士們能夠忍受任何不適。幾乎每個(gè)男士都可能曾經(jīng)因?yàn)榭吹较旅娴木跋蠖械娇尚?，冬天里一位女士穿著薄薄的裙子，凍得瑟瑟發(fā)抖，或者穿著高跟鞋，小心翼翼地在雪地里行走。(40)在時(shí)尚方面，將男人和女人做一番比較，就可以得出一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的結(jié)論。有人會(huì)問(wèn)，不斷變化的女士服裝式樣是否反映了女士們的反復(fù)無(wú)常和很難穩(wěn)定的特點(diǎn),男士們很聰明，不會(huì)上時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們的當(dāng)。他們不變的服裝式樣是否反映了他們穩(wěn)定可靠的基本特點(diǎn),這只能由你來(lái)決定了。第13頁(yè)共50頁(yè)36(服裝設(shè)計(jì)師們和大商店總是___________而掙錢。A)通過(guò)無(wú)情的剝削在服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)工作的女工B)因?yàn)樗麄兡軌蝾A(yù)言新的時(shí)尚C)通過(guò)不斷的改變女士服裝的樣式D)因?yàn)樗麄兎浅Ｖ匾暸苑b的質(zhì)量37(在作者看來(lái)，女士修改她們的過(guò)時(shí)的衣服被看作是__________。A)浪費(fèi)金錢C)品位的體現(xiàn)B)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間D)創(chuàng)造性的體現(xiàn)38(如果時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們更加注重衣服的_________，作者就不會(huì)對(duì)他們?nèi)绱丝量獭)成本C)舒適程度B)外表D)適宜性39(根據(jù)本文，下列哪一種說(shuō)法是正確的,A)設(shè)計(jì)新的服裝式樣的目的是為了在商業(yè)上剝削女性B)女性服裝的不斷變化反映了她們性格上的優(yōu)點(diǎn)C)時(shí)尚產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)社會(huì)做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)D)時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們只受女士們的歡迎，因而不應(yīng)該受到鼓勵(lì)40(作者說(shuō)“可以得出一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的結(jié)論”(第四段第一至二行)的含義是_________。A)人們常常會(huì)嘲笑女士們?cè)谶x擇衣服方面的變化多端B)女士們更能忍受不適C)男士們也受到了時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師們無(wú)情的剝削D)男士們?cè)跁r(shí)尚方面更加理性題目答案:CBCADQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou’re“hot”.That’strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak,Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues(自言自語(yǔ))as:“Getup,John!You’llbelateforworkagain!”ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcan’tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou’resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteract(對(duì)抗)yourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwant第14頁(yè)共50頁(yè)to.Ifourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon’tchangeyourcycle,butyou’llgetupsteam(鼓起干勁)andworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.31.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,most