湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市2020年中考英語(yǔ)試題（原卷版）

中小學(xué)教學(xué)參考資料教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)教育論文隨堂檢測(cè)2020年長(zhǎng)沙市初中學(xué)業(yè)水平考試試卷英語(yǔ)注意事項(xiàng)：1.答題前,請(qǐng)考生先將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)填寫(xiě)清楚,并認(rèn)真核對(duì)條形碼上的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、考室和座位號(hào)；2.必須在答題卡上答題,在草稿紙、試題卷上答題無(wú)效；3.答題時(shí),請(qǐng)考生注意各大題題號(hào)后面的答題提示；4.請(qǐng)勿折疊答題卡,保持字體工整、筆跡清晰、卡面清潔；5.答題卡上不得使用涂改液、涂改膠和貼紙；6.本學(xué)科試卷中聽(tīng)力材料以中速朗讀兩遍。試卷分為四個(gè)部分,共8頁(yè),75小題,時(shí)量120分鐘,滿分120分。I.聽(tīng)力技能第一節(jié)聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)回答問(wèn)題。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。1.Howwastheweatheryesterday?A.CloudyB.RainyC.Sunny2WhatisPeterdoingnow?A.WatchingTVB.Playingwithhissister.C.Walkinghisdog3.WhichsubjectdoesCathylikebest?A.EnglishB.ChineseC.Math4.WhereisJack'sdictionary?A.InthestudyB.InthelivingroomC.Inthebedroom5.HowoftendoesLisaplayvolleyball?A.OnceaweekB.TwiceamonthC.Everyday第二節(jié)聽(tīng)下面6段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有2-3個(gè)小題,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)回答問(wèn)題。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前,你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題,每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后,各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。聽(tīng)第六段材料,回答第6、7題。6.HowmanypagesofRobinsonCrusoehasSamread?A.62B.82C.1327.WhatdoesAnnathinkofLittleWomen?A.InterestingB.ExcitingC.Boring聽(tīng)第七段材料,回答第8、9題。8.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Aweekendplan.B.AbusinessplanC.Astudyplan9.Whenwilltheyclimbthemountain?A.OnFridayB.OnSaturdayC.OnSunday聽(tīng)第八段材料,回答第10、11題。10.Howdidthemanfeelaboutthevisittohishomecity?A.SadB.TiredC.Excited11.Howlongdidittaketobuildtheroadbridge?A.Threeyears.B.FiveyearsC.Sevenyears.聽(tīng)第九段材料,回答第12至14題。12.WheredidPaulgetthesciencemagazinefrom?A.ThecitylibraryB.ThepostofficeC.Theschoollibrary.13.Whatdoesthegirlthinkofself-drivingcars?A.FasterB.SaferC.Smaller14.Whatdoesthegirlplantodo?A.GiveaspeechB.ReusesomerubbishC.Plantmoretrees聽(tīng)第十段材料,回答第15至17題。15.What'swrongwithJohn?A.HefailedhistestB.HeisillinhospitalC.Hislegshurt16.Howwilltheygotothehospital?A.BybusB.BytaxiC.Bysubway17.Whenwilltheymeetthisafternoon?A.At4:20B.At4:30C.At4:50聽(tīng)第十一段材料,回答第18至20題。18.WhenwastheGoldenGateBridgefinished?A.In1837B.In1937C.In197319.WherecanthevisitorstastethebestItalianfood?A.AtChinatownB.AtNorthBeachC.AtGoldenGatePark20.What'sthebestwaytolearnaboutthecityanditshistory?A.AtouronfootB.AtourbybikeC.Atourbybus.Ⅱ知識(shí)運(yùn)用第一節(jié)語(yǔ)法填空從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳答案填空。1.Thetwinsaresoalikethateventheirfatherfinds________hardtotellthemfromeachother.A.it B.him C.them2.—WhathappenedtoMrs.Smart?—Shecutherselfwhileshe________lunch.A.prepares B.ispreparing C.waspreparing3.________yoursmartphones,andreadforatleast30minutes,everyday!Youknow,readinghelpsustodeepenourspiritualworld.A.Putaway B.Toputaway C.Puttingaway4.AChinesesurveyteamreachedthetopofMountQomolangma________May27th,2020,whichwillimprovehumanknowledgeofnatureandscientificdevelopment.A.at B.on C.in5.Weareglad________thattraditionalChinesemedicinecanworkwondersinpreventingsomediseases.A.know B.toknow C.knowing6.________youhaveproblems,justletmeknow.I'llalwaysbethereforyou.A.However B.Whatever C.Whenever7.ThefilmMyPeople,MyCountry,whichamazedlotsofmovie-goers,________tothetopoftheChineseboxofficelastMonday.A.jump B.jumped C.jumps8.________theoutbreakofCOVID-19isaterribleblowtothecountry,thegovernmentistryinghardtobringthesituationundercontrol.A.Although B.If C.Unless9.Theschoolofferstwocoursesoncomputertechnology.Oneisforbeginnersand________isforthosewhoalreadyhavesomebasicknowledge.A.other B.another C.theother10.Laura,someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee________,please.A.whoishe B.whoitis C.whoisit第二節(jié)詞語(yǔ)填空通讀下面的短文,掌握其大意,然后從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案填空。Asauniversitystudent,IdecidedtolearnGerman.ForsomereasonIreallylikedthelanguage,butIwasnotverygoodatlearningit.Thegrammar___11___mealotandevendrovemecrazy.Myonlyadvantagewas___12___—IgotanAoneverywordtestItook.Aftertwoyearsofstudies,Istruggled（掙扎）tocommunicatein___13___GermanandsigneduptostudyinGermanytocompletemydegree.Itwasthe___14___termIwouldeverhave.ThemomentIarrivedinGermany,IfeltlikeIwasstartingfromscratch（從頭開(kāi)始）.TheGermanI'dlearnedinuniversitywasn't___15___foreverydayconversation.MybookknowledgefellbythewaysideasIthoughtaboutthebasicsofgettingaround,readingemailsandtalkingwithmyclassmates,Iwasoftennervousatschool,worriedaboutwhethertheteacherswouldcallonmeinclassandwhetherI'dunderstandtheirquestions.Ionly___16___alittlearoundmyeightroommates,whowerewillingtospeakGermanslowlytomeanddidn'tseemtomindmy___17___.Ichosetostudythreecourses—reading&writing,grammarandhistory.AllwereinGermananddifficult,butthehistoryclasswastheworst.Theteacherspokeso___18___thatalmosteverythinghesaidflewrightovermyhead.Isatinthefront,tooknotesandevenrecordedeverysinglewordhesaidinclass,but___19___helped.Ihadnoideawhattheclasswasreallyabout…Yearshavepassed,butIstillrememberhowitfelttostrugglesohardat____20____anotherlanguage.Thattripwasadifficultbutvaluablelesson.Ithinkmyfailurethattermtaughtmejustasmuchasmysuccess.11.A.gave B.helped C.troubled12.A.listening B.spelling C.speaking13.A.perfect B.broken C.beautiful14.A.hardest B.easiest C.happiest15.A.useless B.meaningless C.practical16.A.relaxed B.feared C.wondered17.A.purposes B.progress C.mistakes18.A.slowly B.quickly C.clearly19.A.nothing B.anything C.everything20.A.creating B.teaching C.learningⅢ.閱讀技能第一節(jié)圖表理解閱讀下列圖表,從每題所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)回答問(wèn)題或完成句子。AClubname:ShortStoryWritingClubClubleader:ClaireSmithMeetingtime:Friday4:00p.m.-5:00p.m.Clubaim:ToimproveshortstorywritingskillsClubactivities：Readshortstoriesindifferentstyles（風(fēng)格）Writeshortstoriesusingdifferentskills；Holdworkshopstodiscusstheshortstoriesthatmembersreadandwrite;Invitefamouswriterstogivetalksonshortstorywriting.Materialsneeded:PaperandpenforeachstudentPlanforfindingnewmembers:Makeposters（海報(bào)）andputthemuparoundtheschool;Putanoticeintheschoolnewspaperandontheschoolwebsite;PutavideoontheschoolwebsiteSigned:ClaireSmith21.Thechart（圖表）aboveismostprobably________foranewclub.A.aplan B.aletter C.aninvitation22.TheclubactivitiesincludethefollowingEXCEPT________.A.holdingworkshopsB.invitingfamouswritersC.puttingstoriesontheschoolwebsiteBTheNameofThisBookIsSecretReaderswilllovefollowingMax-EmestandCassastheysolvethemystery（謎）ofamissingmagician!Filledwithwordgames,thisisabookthatwon'tstaysecretforlong.“Anamazingstoryfullofpuzzles（不解之謎）!Itwillcertainlywinyourheartandwillmakeyouneverwanttostopturningthepages.”——AlexSmith,13Buynow!$13.90(hardcover),$8.20(e-book)TheLondonEyeMysterySalimsuddenlydisappears.Nooneknowswherehehasgone.Howonearthcouldhehavedisappeared?Hiscousins,TedandKate,havetofollowclues（線索）aroundLondonandfindhimbeforeitistoolate.Cantheymakeit?"It'sagreatbook!Ihadmynoseinitallthetime!Thismustbethecoolestbookintheworld!”——SarahAndrew,12Buynow!$12.60(hardcover),$7.10(e-book)23.WhoismissinginTheNameofThisBookIsSecret?A.Salim B.Amagician C.Max-Ernest24.WhatdoesSarahmeanbysaying"Ihadmynoseinit”?A.ShelikedthesmellofthebookB.ThebookwasveryhardtounderstandC.Thebookwassointerestingthatshereaditcarefully.25.Howmuchmoneycanyousaveifyoubuyane-bookofTheLondonEyeMysteryinsteadofahardcoverofit?A.$5.50 B.$5.70 C.$7.10第二節(jié)短文理解閱讀下面的短文,從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)回答問(wèn)題或完成句子。AOnJune9th,1870,CharlesDickensdiedattheageof58.Thenextday,aheadlineinTheNewYorkTimesread:“DeathoftheGreatNovelist…WillBeRememberedbythePeople…”Theheadlinewasnotoverstating（夸大）thepopularityofDickens.Eventoday,theBritishnovelistislovedbyreadersallovertheworld.Dickenscreatedsomeunforgettablecharacters.Youmusthaveheardoforevenreadsomeofhisnovels:OliverTwist,AChristmasCarolandATaleofTwoCities.ATaleofTwoCitieshassoldmorethan200millioncopies.Since1897,therehavebeenmorethan300filmandTVadaptations（改編版本）ofDickens'works.AChristmasCarolalonehashadnearly50.NatalieMcknightisaliteratureprofessor（文學(xué)教投）whostudiesDickensandhisworks.Sheexplainswhythenovelisthasremainedsopopular.Oneimportantreason,shesays,isthatDickenswrotefromhisheart.Hetriedhardtoproduceemotionaleffects（情感效果）amonghisreaders.Inhisworks,hepaidspecialattentiontothe"littleman"atthebottomofsocietyintheUK,whichdeeplymirroredthesocialrealityatthattime.AChristmasCarol,forexample,waswrittentomakeeveryreaderthinkabouthowtheycouldmakeadifferencetotheirsociety.Peoplealwaysenjoyworksthatmakethemlaugh,cryandthink.Manyother19th-centurynovelistswroteentertaining（娛樂(lè)的）works.However,fewofthemworkedashardasDickenstotouchthereadersdeeply.Dickenswroteaboutsituationsandemotionsthatstillinterestpeopletoday.Heusedhispentofightsocialinequalityandgavevoicetothepoor.Hisworksledtomanyimportantsocialchanges.Readersalwaysenjoyseeingpoorpeopleriseandsucceed.Thisyearmarksthe150thyearofDickens'death.It'sanotherchancetorememberthisgreatwriter.Willyoureadorre-readsomeofhisfamousworks?26.WhatisParagraph（段落）2mainlyabout?A.PersonalityofDickens. B.AppearanceofDickens. C.PopularityofDickens.27.Asanovelist,whyhasDickensremainedsopopular?A.Hewroteforfun.B.Hewrotefromhisheart.C.Hemainlywrotefortheupperclass.28.WhenpeoplereadDickensnovels,theycould________.①meetthe“l(fā)ittleman”atthebottomofsocietyintheUK②knowaboutthesocialrealityatthattime③notbeinfluencedbytheworksatall④thinkabouthowtomakeadifferencetotheirsocietyA.①②③ B.②③④ C.①②④29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"inequality"meaninParagraph4?A.不平等 B.不現(xiàn)實(shí) C.不穩(wěn)定30.Thepurposeofwritingthistextisprobablyto________.A.introduceCharlesDickens'lifeanddeathB.encouragereaderstoreadorre-readCharlesDickens'worksC.presentthesimilaritiesbetweenCharlesDickensandotherwritersBHaveyoueverseenasolarpanel（太陽(yáng)能電池板）inyourneighborhood?Solarpanelstakeenergyfromthesunandturnitintoelectricity.Overthepasttenyears,thepriceofsolarpanelshasgonedowngreatly.Inmanypartsoftheworld,solarenergyisnowthecheapestformofelectricity.Moreandmorepeoplehavestartedusingsolarenergytopower（給……供電）theirhomes.However,solarpanelsalsohavetheirproblems.Theystopworkingatnightandonrainydays.Isitpossibletomakethemproduceelectricityallofthetime?ScientistsatSuzhouUniversity,China,haveinventedanewsolarpanelnow.Itcanproduceelectricitynotonlyfromsolarenergybutalsofromfallingrain.Whenaraindropfallsonthesolarpanelandthenrolls（滾動(dòng)）down,itcreatesfriction（摩擦力）onthesurfaceofthepanel,whichcanthenbeturnedintoelectricity.SunBaoquanisoneoftheinventors.“Ournewinventioncanproduceelectricityinanyweatherduringtheday,”hesays.“Itcanevenprovideelectricityatnightifthereisrain.”Thesolarpanel,however,doesnotmakemuchelectricityfromfallingrain.SoSunBaoquanisstillworkinghardtoimproveit.Thescientistalsowantstomakesolarpanelsmoreflexible,whichareassoftasclothing.Thefieldofsolarenergyisdevelopingfast.Scientistsaroundtheworldhavebeenimprovingsolarpanels.Somehavebeenworkingonwaystojoinsolarpanelsandwindpowertogether.Somehavebeentryingtousesunlighttoproduceliquidandgasfuels（液體和氣體燃料）.31.Whichenergyisnowthecheapestformofelectricityinmanypartsoftheworld?A.Solarenergy. B.Waterenergy. C.Windenergy.32.Whatisoneoftheproblemsofcommonsolarpanels?A.Thepriceofthemisrising.B.Theycan’tworkallofthetime.C.Theycanhardlypowerpeople’shomes.33Whyisthenewsolarpanelmorescientificanduseful?A.Ithasalargersizethanacommonone.B.Itproducesmoreelectricityfromfallingrainthansolarenergy.C.Itcanproduceelectricitydayandnightandeveninrainyconditions.34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“flexible”meaninParagraph5?A.柔軟的 B.光滑的 C.堅(jiān)硬的35.Wecaninfer（推斷）fromthistextthat________.A.thereisnoroomfordevelopingsolarenergyB.thereisnoendtotheresearchinthefieldofsolarenergyC.solarenergyhascompletelytakentheplaceofotherkindsofenergy第三節(jié)語(yǔ)篇補(bǔ)全閱讀下面的短文,從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)補(bǔ)全短文。選項(xiàng)中有一項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。MarkTwainoncesaid,"Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday."Thefamouswritertalkedaboutaproblemmanyofushave.Theproblemisprocrastination（拖延癥）.Whenprocrastinationbecomesahabit,itcanmakeourlivesterrible.However,everyonecanavoiditbytakingafewsimplestepstoday!Makedaily“todo”lists.Beforeyourdayends,makeaplanfortomorrow.Listupcomingtasksinorderofimportance.You'llbegineachnewdaywithaheadstart,alreadyknowingwhatneedstobedone.Asyoucompleteeachtask,checkitoff._______36_______.Alwayskeepyourdailyschedule（計(jì)劃）withyou.Useittoremindyourselfwhatyouneedtodonext.You'llthenhaveamuchbetterchanceofcarryingoutyourplans.Breaklargetasksupintosmallones.Ifaprojectlookstoobig,______37______.Thetaskathandmayseemtoogreat.Youmayfeeldefeated（失?。゜eforebeginning.Buteveryprojectisdoableifit'sdoneinsmallsteps.Beginbybreakingupyourtaskintosmallerparts.Thishelpsremovetheunnecessaryfearofhavingtodoalargeprojectallatonetime._______38_______.Ifyourworkplaceisfullofdistractions（使人分心的事）,you'llneedtomakesomechanges.YoumayneedtoremoveyourphoneorTVfromyourworkplace.Ifpeopleoftenstopbyforatalk,youmayneedtomovetoadifferentplace.Followthefive-minuterule.Thehardestpartaboutanytaskisgettingstarted.That'swhysomanypeopleavoidtheirworkuntilthelastminute.Doingsousuallyleadstoaddedstress.Onesolutiontothisproblemistoscheduleatimedailytoworkonyourbigproject.Workonitforonlyfiveminutes.Thendecidewhetherornottocontinue.Surprisingly,onceyou’vebegun,_______39_______.A.youwillcertainlysucceedatonceB.ChangeyourworkingenvironmentC.ThiswillgiveyouasenseofsuccessD.itcandiscourageyoufromgettingstartedE.youmaybeabletokeepgoingandfinishthetask第四節(jié)閱讀表達(dá)閱讀下面的短文,然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問(wèn)題。Jiaozi,alsoknownasChinesedumplings,isamust-haveduringholidaysinNorthernChina.Itdatesbacktoancienttimes.JiaoziisoneofthemostimportantfoodsinChineseNewYear.SincejiaoziisintheshapeofancientChinesegoldorsilveringots（銀錠）,itsymbolizeswealth（象征著財(cái)富）.Traditionally,themembersofafamilygettogethertomakedumplingsonNewYear'sEve.Theymayhideacoininoneofthedumplings.Thepersonwhofindsthecoinwillbelikelytohavegoodluck.AstheSpringFestivalmarksthestartofanewyear,peoplechoosetoeatjiaoziinthehopeofhavingagoodfutureinthecomingnewyear.Basedonyourtaste,youcanmakedifferentkindsofChinesedumplingsusingdifferentfillings.Thereisnosetruleastowhatmakesdumplingfillings.Theycanbeanythingfromvegetables,meatorseafood.Whateverthefillingsare,thewrapping（包）skillneedstobeexquisite（精美的）tomakejiaozigood-looking.AsChinaisacountrywithavastterritory（幅員遼闊）,therearedifferencesindifferentareasinwaysofmakingjiaoziorevenservingit.Forexample,dumplingwrappersaremadewitharollingstickinBeijingandHebeiprovince,whileinsomepartsofInnerMongolia,wrappersarehand-pressed.40.WhendidChinesepeopleprobablybegintohavejiaozi?41.Whatdoesjiaozisymbolize?42.WhydopeoplechoosetoeatjiaozionNewYear'sEve?43.Dopeopleneedtofollowsetrulestomakedumplingfillings?44HowaredumplingwrappersmadeinsomepartsofInnerMongolia?Ⅳ.寫(xiě)作技能第一節(jié)語(yǔ)篇翻譯閱讀下面的短文,將劃線部分譯成英文或中文。Lotsofyoungpeoplehaveneverexperiencedhome-life.Mealsarecookedandclothesarewashedasifbymagic!1.我們知道很多孩子不會(huì)洗衣做飯。Theydon'tcleanthefloor,makethebedorslice（切）themeat.Yes,theyhavehomeworkbutoftennohousework.Buthowareyouevergoingtolearnthepracticalskillsyouwillneedinlaterlifeifeverythingisdoneforyou?Achangeiscoming.2.InChina,schoolsarenowthinkingaboutteachinglifeskillsasasubject.Weallneedtoprepareforreallife,especiallythehousework.3.我父母擁有這些技能,但他們卻忘記教我了。Atuniversity,Ihadtolearntoshop,preparemyfoodandcookmeals.Iwishmyparentsormyteachershadtaughtmeallofthembefore!Now,Ifeelveryconfident（信心）inrunningahome.Iespeciallyenjoycooking.4.Somepeoplemightsayyoucanorderfoodorbookservicesonline.Infact,goodlifeskillswillmakeyouabetterstudent,abetterworkmateandabetterfamilymemberinyourlife.Makingamealneedsgoodplanning,skillfulcooking,controloftemperatureandagoodnose!Itmakesyousmarter!Allthisneedstostartearly.5.Ifyoudon'thavepracticallifeskills,youreducationwillbeincomplete.Oneday,youwillwonderwhyyouhavenocleansocks,andwhysomeofyourbestfriendscancookadeliciousmealbutyoucannot!45.____________46.____________47.____________48.____________49.____________第二節(jié)情景交際通讀下面的對(duì)話,根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)全對(duì)話內(nèi)容。A:Hi,Jane.YoumadegreatprogressinEnglishduringthelongwintervacation.______50______?B:Justbytakingonlinecoursesandfinishingmyhomeworkintime.SometimesIwatchedtheonlineclassesagainwhennecessary.A:ButIdidn'tmakefulluseofthetime.SoIcan'tcatchupwithmyclassmatesnow.Ifeelworriedandhopeless.B:____51____.Readalotanddoexercises,andyou'llgetimproved.A:Goodidea.WhenIhavedifficulties,______52______?B:Noproblem.Iamalwaysthereifyouneedhelp.A:It'sverykindofyou.Bythewaywhat'sthetitleofyourtomorrow’sspeech?B:OnlyI.5℃.A:SoundsinterestingButit'sjustanumber.______53______?B:Itmeansweneedtokeeptemperatureincreasesbelow1.5℃.A:Ifnot,whatwouldhappen?B:Unexpecteddisasters（災(zāi)難）wouldhittheearthagainandagainA:True.TheforestfiresinAustraliahavegivenuswarnings._______54_______?B:Thefireslastedforseveralmonths.Itisreportedthatcountlesswildanimalshavebeenkilledandthousandsofpeoplehavelosttheirhomesinthebigfires.A:Whatabitterlesson!第三節(jié)書(shū)面表達(dá)55.在日常學(xué)習(xí)和生活中,我們經(jīng)常需要與人合作（cooperate）。假設(shè)你是李華,請(qǐng)你就如何成為一名優(yōu)秀的合作伙伴寫(xiě)一篇英語(yǔ)演講稿。內(nèi)容包括：（1）合作的技巧（如耐心傾聽(tīng),禮貌建議……）；（2）合作的意義（如相互學(xué)習(xí)……）。要求：（1）80詞左右（標(biāo)題和開(kāi)頭已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)）；（2）可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫；（3）文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)人名和校名。BeaGreatPartnerHello,everyone!Asweallknow,cooperationisofgreatimportanceinourdailylife._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2020年北京市高級(jí)中等學(xué)校招生考試語(yǔ)文試卷考生須知：1.本試卷共12頁(yè)，共五道大題，24道小題，滿分100分?？荚嚂r(shí)間150分鐘。2.在試卷和草稿紙上準(zhǔn)確填寫(xiě)姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、考場(chǎng)號(hào)和座位號(hào)。3.試題答案一律填涂或書(shū)寫(xiě)在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無(wú)效。4.在答題卡上，選擇題用2B鉛筆作答，其他試題用黑色字跡簽字筆作答。5.考試結(jié)束，將本試卷、答題卡和草稿紙一并交回。一、基礎(chǔ)·運(yùn)用（共14分）2020年“中國(guó)水周”的主題是“堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先，建設(shè)幸福河湖”。學(xué)校組織同學(xué)們參與“中國(guó)水周”的宣傳，準(zhǔn)備舉辦“京華水韻”展覽。請(qǐng)你完成下列任務(wù)。1.同學(xué)們準(zhǔn)備從書(shū)法作品中搜集單字組成展板標(biāo)題，對(duì)于“水”字的選擇產(chǎn)生了爭(zhēng)議。請(qǐng)你依據(jù)“字體一致，和諧美觀”的原則，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)囊豁?xiàng)。（）A. B. C. D.2.一位同學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)擬寫(xiě)并講解前言。請(qǐng)閱讀這段文字，完成各題?！按汉淙账纤{(lán)，天影樓臺(tái)上下涵。十里青山行畫(huà)里，雙飛白烏似江南?！泵鞔鷷?shū)畫(huà)家文徵明曾在詩(shī)中生動(dòng)地描繪了北京的湖光山色【甲】據(jù)考證，古都北京既有海淀、南海子等眾多水泊濕地，也有無(wú)數(shù)水井和泉池；既有寬闊繁忙的運(yùn)河水道，也有難以計(jì)數(shù)的古橋閘口。你也許會(huì)想北京是否有過(guò)這般“似江南”的水鄉(xiāng)澤國(guó)之景【乙】讓我們開(kāi)啟一段時(shí)光之旅，尋訪京城水脈，感受京華水韻。（1）這位同學(xué)對(duì)文段中兩個(gè)加點(diǎn)字的意思和讀音，以及【甲】【乙】?jī)商幍臉?biāo)點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生了疑問(wèn)。請(qǐng)你幫他選出判斷正確的一項(xiàng)。（）A.“行”在詩(shī)中是“流通”的意思，應(yīng)讀xíng。B.“泊”在此處是“湖”的意思，應(yīng)讀bó。C.【甲】處應(yīng)填入句號(hào)，表示陳述語(yǔ)氣D.【乙】處應(yīng)填入問(wèn)號(hào)，表示疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣。（2）為了向參觀者講解“澤國(guó)”的意思，這位同學(xué)查閱字典，找到“國(guó)”字的三個(gè)解釋?zhuān)孩賴(lài)?guó)家：②國(guó)都，京城：③地域。請(qǐng)你幫他解釋“澤國(guó)”在此處的意思。3.展覽內(nèi)容分三個(gè)單元，同學(xué)們?yōu)檫@三個(gè)單元分別擬寫(xiě)了標(biāo)題和引言。閱讀文段，完成各題。第一單元①，碧水潤(rùn)京城古永定河的沖積與改道，為北京提供了肥沃的土地，留下了大量湖沼和豐富的地下水。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，薊運(yùn)河水系就已開(kāi)通水路運(yùn)輸。元明清三朝，京杭大運(yùn)河成為連接南北經(jīng)濟(jì)、保障京城物資輸送的交通大動(dòng)脈。今天，潮白河水系承擔(dān)著為北京輸送生產(chǎn)生活用水的重任，是首都的生命線。在北京3000多年的建城史、800多年的建都史上，這些水系發(fā)揮了重要作用，滋養(yǎng)了古老的幽燕大地。第二單元②，生態(tài)治河湖北京是一座人口超兩千萬(wàn)的特大型城市。為保障城市供水，管理者著力建構(gòu)多水源保障體系，并努力建設(shè)節(jié)水型社會(huì)。如今，南水北調(diào)工程已使上千萬(wàn)人直接受益，北京也連續(xù)十七年保持“全國(guó)節(jié)水型城市”稱(chēng)號(hào)。要保障水資源，也要改善水環(huán)境。用生態(tài)的辦法治理生態(tài)問(wèn)題，讓許多河湖告別了“亞健康”，水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物多樣性明顯提高。北京有信心打好這場(chǎng)碧水保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，交出一份出色的答卷。第三單元人水相親，古都添畫(huà)意①生態(tài)補(bǔ)水后的永定河重新煥發(fā)青春，綠頭鴨、白天鵝逐水而來(lái)，給京城增添了勃勃生機(jī)。②經(jīng)過(guò)治理的大運(yùn)河碧波蕩漾，人們可以觀賞白鷺在河面翩翩起舞，體會(huì)與自然和諧相處的美好。③遁入地下多年的轉(zhuǎn)河“重見(jiàn)天日”，河水清淺，弱柳扶風(fēng)，像一幅恢宏壯麗的畫(huà)卷，讓人們感到別樣的清新。④曾經(jīng)被填埋地下近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的玉河，如今穿街走巷，波光粼粼，宛如鬧市中的一條玉帶，成為人們休憩的好去處。（1）同學(xué)們就第一單元和第二單元標(biāo)題的擬定展開(kāi)討論，你認(rèn)為下列選填詞語(yǔ)最恰當(dāng)?shù)囊豁?xiàng)是（）A.①源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)②開(kāi)源節(jié)流B.①源源不斷②開(kāi)源節(jié)流C.①源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)②細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流D.①源源不斷②細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流（2）第三單元引言的四個(gè)句子都運(yùn)用了修辭方法，你認(rèn)為其中修辭方法運(yùn)用不恰當(dāng)?shù)囊痪涫牵ǎ〢.第①句B.第②句C.第③句D.第④句4.下面這段文字是為展覽擬寫(xiě)的結(jié)語(yǔ)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，畫(huà)線的句子表達(dá)欠妥，請(qǐng)你幫助修改。①“堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先，建設(shè)幸福河湖”，是2020年“中國(guó)水周”的主題，也是北京治水工作的重要內(nèi)容。②堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先，并非簡(jiǎn)單地限制用水，而是合理用水，高效用水。③治理河湖，也并非單純地治污補(bǔ)水，還包括用生態(tài)的方法解決生態(tài)問(wèn)題，讓河湖成為人們的幸福源泉。④建設(shè)幸福河湖，滿足百姓美好生活愿景；節(jié)約用水，助力首都水資源保障。⑤請(qǐng)和我們一起節(jié)約用水，共繪幸福河湖畫(huà)卷，讓首都北京水韻綿長(zhǎng)。5.通過(guò)籌辦“京華水韻”展覽，同學(xué)們對(duì)2020年“中國(guó)水周”的主題“堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先，建設(shè)幸福河湖”有了真切的感受。請(qǐng)用“雖然……但是……”的句式，寫(xiě)出你的感受。【答案】1.B2.（1）C（2）澤國(guó)：多水的地域3.（1）A（2）C4.節(jié)約用水，助力首都水資源保障：建設(shè)幸福河湖，滿足百姓美好生活愿景。5.示例1：堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先雖然可能會(huì)帶來(lái)暫時(shí)的不便，但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，建設(shè)幸福河湖更有利于可持續(xù)發(fā)展。示例2：雖然治理水環(huán)境仍然任重而道遠(yuǎn)，但是我相信通過(guò)大家的努力，碧水清韻的北京，一定會(huì)重現(xiàn)。【解析】【1題詳解】本題考查書(shū)法字體。書(shū)法字體，傳統(tǒng)講共有行書(shū)字體、草書(shū)字體、隸書(shū)字體、篆書(shū)字體和楷書(shū)字體五種。書(shū)法作品中的“京、華、韻”三個(gè)字，橫平豎直，規(guī)矩整齊，是楷體。這四個(gè)“水”分別是A.蠶頭雁尾應(yīng)為隸書(shū)、B.楷書(shū)、C.行書(shū)、D.草書(shū)。故本題選B。【2題詳解】（1）本題考查字詞讀音、釋義，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法。A.“十里青山行畫(huà)里”意思是在十里青山中，像在畫(huà)中行走一樣，“行”是“行走”的意思，解釋不正確，排除；B.“水泊濕地”中，“泊”是“湖”的意思，應(yīng)讀pō，讀音不正確，排除；C.“明代書(shū)畫(huà)家文徵明曾在詩(shī)中生動(dòng)地描繪了北京的湖光山色”是陳述句，與前面的描寫(xiě)是一個(gè)完整的句子，此處結(jié)束，故【甲】處應(yīng)填的是句號(hào)，正確；D.“你也許會(huì)想北京是否有過(guò)這般‘似江南’的水鄉(xiāng)澤國(guó)之景”，這是一句陳述句，因此句末【乙】處還是使用句號(hào)。選項(xiàng)不正確；故本題選C。（2）本題考查字詞釋義。水鄉(xiāng)澤國(guó)：這是一個(gè)并列式詞語(yǔ)，意思是大小湖泊、河川、渠道，密如蛛網(wǎng)的地域。再根據(jù)前文“水井泉池、運(yùn)河水道、古橋閘口”可以判斷，這里的“國(guó)”的含義不在于國(guó)家（僅指北京地區(qū)），也不在于強(qiáng)調(diào)“首都”，而是指“多水的地域”因此，“國(guó)”的義項(xiàng)應(yīng)為③地域。澤國(guó)：多水的地域?！?題詳解】（1）本題考查標(biāo)題的擬定。源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)：源頭很遠(yuǎn)，水流很長(zhǎng)，比喻歷史悠久，根底深厚。從第一單元“戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，薊運(yùn)河水系就已開(kāi)通水路運(yùn)輸”“元明清三朝”“在北京3000多年的建城史、800多年的建都史上”等句子中，可以看出，水的歷史悠久，因此①處選“源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)”符合內(nèi)容所寫(xiě)；開(kāi)源節(jié)流：開(kāi)發(fā)水源，節(jié)制水流。比喻增加收入，節(jié)省開(kāi)支。從第二單元“構(gòu)建多重保障體系，努力建設(shè)節(jié)水社會(huì)”可以看出，節(jié)約用水是這單元前半部分的主要內(nèi)容，因此②處應(yīng)填“開(kāi)源節(jié)流”；故本題選A。

源源不斷：形容接連不斷、連綿不絕。多用于事物，不用于人。細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流：“細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流”比喻節(jié)約使用財(cái)物，使經(jīng)常不缺用。也比喻一點(diǎn)一滴不斷地做某件事，精細(xì)安排，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)打算。在此處只對(duì)應(yīng)材料中“節(jié)約”，略微片面。（2）本題考查修辭方法的辨析。③句中描寫(xiě)遁入地下多年的轉(zhuǎn)河，“河水清淺，弱柳扶風(fēng)”與后面的比喻“像一幅恢宏壯麗的畫(huà)卷”不搭，特點(diǎn)不一致。因此本題選C?！?題詳解】本題考查上下文的連貫性、一致性銜接。從本題第①句“堅(jiān)持節(jié)水優(yōu)先，建設(shè)幸福河湖”可知，節(jié)水應(yīng)該放在前面，幸福河湖放在后面，所以此句的順序要調(diào)整為：節(jié)約用水，助力首都水資源保障：建設(shè)幸福河湖，滿足百姓美好生活愿景?！?題詳解】本題考查例句仿寫(xiě)。用“雖然……但是……”的句式，寫(xiě)出感受。示例：雖然河水、湖水治理已經(jīng)初見(jiàn)成效，碧水藍(lán)天已經(jīng)隨處可見(jiàn)，但是任重而道遠(yuǎn)，水的治理仍然需要我們堅(jiān)持不懈地繼續(xù)努力。二、古詩(shī)文閱讀（共17分）（一）默寫(xiě)。（共4分）6.（1）其必曰“___________，后天下之樂(lè)而樂(lè)”乎！（范仲淹《岳陽(yáng)樓記》）（2）___________，陰陽(yáng)割昏曉。（杜甫《望岳》（3）座右銘是用來(lái)激勵(lì)、警醒自己的格言。如果用兩句古詩(shī)作為你的座右銘，你選用的詩(shī)句是“_______，______”。（本試卷中出現(xiàn)的詩(shī)句除外。每句詩(shī)中允許有一個(gè)不會(huì)寫(xiě)的字用拼音替代）【答案】(1).先天下之憂而憂(2).造化鐘神秀(3).千錘萬(wàn)鑿出深山(4).烈火焚燒若等閑【解析】【詳解】詩(shī)詞默寫(xiě)要求：一、不能添字，不能少字；二、字的筆畫(huà)要準(zhǔn)確。注意：造化、千錘萬(wàn)鑿、焚燒。選擇座右銘詩(shī)句時(shí)，符合“激勵(lì)、警醒自己的格言”這個(gè)要求都可，注意不能是試卷中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詩(shī)句。（二）（共5分）閱讀《己亥雜詩(shī)（其五）》，完成下面小題。己亥雜詩(shī)（其五）龔自珍浩蕩離愁白日斜，吟鞭東指即天涯。落紅不是無(wú)情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花。7.近代學(xué)者王國(guó)維在《人間詞話》中說(shuō)“一切景語(yǔ)皆情語(yǔ)”。這首詩(shī)的前兩句，詩(shī)人寫(xiě)到了______的自然之景，抒發(fā)了______之情。8.孟浩然《春曉》中“夜來(lái)風(fēng)雨聲，花落知多少”，與本詩(shī)“落紅不是無(wú)情物，化作春泥更護(hù)花”都寫(xiě)到了落花。請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明兩位詩(shī)人分別借“落花”表達(dá)了怎樣的情感?！敬鸢浮?.(1).白日西斜，廣闊天涯(2).離愁的無(wú)限感慨與豪放灑脫8.龔詩(shī)中“落花”本指脫離花枝的花，但是，并非沒(méi)有感情，而是即使化做春泥，也甘愿培育美麗的春花成長(zhǎng)，不為獨(dú)香，而為護(hù)花，表現(xiàn)詩(shī)人雖然脫離官場(chǎng)，依然關(guān)心著國(guó)家的命運(yùn)，不忘報(bào)國(guó)之志，以此來(lái)表達(dá)他至死仍牽掛國(guó)家的一腔熱情；充分表達(dá)詩(shī)人的壯懷。孟詩(shī)中“落花”則表達(dá)了詩(shī)人對(duì)春天落花的惋惜之情和春光流逝的淡淡哀愁。【解析】【7題詳解】本題考查詩(shī)詞中的意象。（1）首聯(lián)翻譯：浩浩蕩蕩的離別愁緒向著日落西斜的遠(yuǎn)處延伸，離開(kāi)北京，馬鞭向東一揮，感覺(jué)就是人在天涯一般。這里抓住了“白日西斜”“天涯廣闊”的自然景象。（2）“浩蕩離愁白日斜”中“浩蕩離愁”直接點(diǎn)明了作者對(duì)離愁的無(wú)限感慨，“吟鞭東指即天涯”則通過(guò)“天涯”這個(gè)開(kāi)闊的意象表現(xiàn)了豪放和灑脫?！?題詳解】本題考查詩(shī)歌主題。（1）龔自珍的詩(shī)。翻譯：我辭官歸鄉(xiāng)，有如從枝頭上掉下來(lái)的落花，但它卻不是無(wú)情之物，化成了春天的泥土，還能起著培育下一代的作用。這里采用了比喻的手法，作者自比為落花，落花從枝頭落下，化為肥料，滋養(yǎng)大地，為新花的成長(zhǎng)做貢獻(xiàn)。作者雖然離開(kāi)朝廷，但是依然關(guān)心國(guó)家的前途和命運(yùn)，依然堅(jiān)持對(duì)理想的追求，表現(xiàn)了一片拳拳愛(ài)國(guó)之情。（2）孟浩然的詩(shī)。翻譯：春天睡醒不覺(jué)天已大亮，到處是鳥(niǎo)兒清脆的叫聲?；叵胱蛞沟年囮囷L(fēng)雨聲，吹落了多少芳香的春花。第一聯(lián)從聽(tīng)覺(jué)角度描寫(xiě)了鳥(niǎo)兒清脆的鳴叫，營(yíng)造了美好的、充滿生機(jī)的春天的氛圍，表達(dá)出對(duì)春天的喜愛(ài)之情，而第二聯(lián)則從視覺(jué)角度，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想，寫(xiě)春花被吹落到地的景象。寫(xiě)出了對(duì)春花凋零的憐惜，作者喜愛(ài)春天，可是春天的花被吹落了，這是否意味著春天的逝去，故表達(dá)了對(duì)春天落花的惋惜之情和春光流逝的淡淡哀愁。（三）（共8分）閱讀《曹劌論戰(zhàn)》，完成下面小題。曹劌論戰(zhàn)《左傳》十年春，齊師伐我。公將戰(zhàn)，曹劌請(qǐng)見(jiàn)。其鄉(xiāng)人曰：“肉食者謀之，又何間焉？”劌曰：“肉食者鄙，未能遠(yuǎn)謀?！蹦巳胍?jiàn)。問(wèn)：“何以戰(zhàn)？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢專(zhuān)也，必以分人。”對(duì)曰：“小惠未遍，民弗從也?！惫唬骸盃奚癫?，弗敢加也，必以信。”對(duì)曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也?！惫唬骸靶〈笾z，雖不能察，必以情?！睂?duì)曰：“【甲】忠之屬也?？梢砸粦?zhàn)。戰(zhàn)則請(qǐng)從?！惫c之乘，戰(zhàn)于長(zhǎng)勺。公將鼓之。劌曰：“未可。”齊人三鼓。劌曰：“可矣?！饼R師敗績(jī)。公將馳之。劌曰：“未可?！毕乱暺滢H，登軾而望之，曰：“可矣?！彼熘瘕R師。既克，公問(wèn)其故。對(duì)曰：“夫戰(zhàn)，勇氣也。一鼓作氣，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之。夫大國(guó)，難測(cè)也，懼有伏焉。【乙】吾視其轍亂，望其旗靡，故逐之?！?.下列選項(xiàng)中加點(diǎn)字的意思都相同的一項(xiàng)是（）A.曹劌請(qǐng)見(jiàn)見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣見(jiàn)義勇為各抒己見(jiàn)B.小信未孚言而有信杳無(wú)音信信手拈來(lái)C.公與之乘乘風(fēng)破浪乘虛而入乘興而來(lái)D.遂逐齊師出師未捷百萬(wàn)雄師仁義之師10.翻譯文中兩處畫(huà)線語(yǔ)句，并依據(jù)上下文對(duì)其作出進(jìn)一步理解，全都正確的一項(xiàng)是（）【甲】忠之屬也。可以一戰(zhàn)。翻譯：（這）是盡職分之類(lèi)的事情?？蓱{借（這個(gè)條件）打一仗。理解：曹劌認(rèn)為魯莊公能夠公正處理百姓的訴訟事件，與“小惠”和“小信”相比，更能贏得百姓的信任，具備了迎戰(zhàn)的條件?！疽摇课嵋暺滢H亂，望其旗靡，故逐之。翻譯：我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的車(chē)印混亂，軍旗也倒下了，所以才下令追擊他們。理解：曹劌能敏銳地觀察戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)形勢(shì)的變化，他根據(jù)“轍亂”“旗靡”判斷齊師撤走了伏兵，認(rèn)為可以追擊敵人了。11.“位卑未敢忘憂國(guó)”意思是雖然身份低微，仍然不忘擔(dān)憂國(guó)事。曹劌一介平民，在國(guó)家危難之際，挺身而出，為國(guó)解憂。閱讀下面兩則材料，簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明“位卑未敢忘憂國(guó)”的精神在弦高和卜式身上是如何體現(xiàn)的。材料一秦穆公興兵襲①鄭，過(guò)周而東。鄭賈人②弦高將西販牛，道遇秦師于周、鄭之間，乃矯③鄭伯之命，犒④以十二牛，賓⑤秦師而卻之⑥，以存鄭國(guó)。（取材于《淮南子·氾論訓(xùn)》）材料二時(shí)漢方事⑦匈奴，式⑧上書(shū)，愿輸⑨家財(cái)半助邊⑩。上使使問(wèn)式：“欲為官乎？”式曰：“自小牧羊，不習(xí)仕宦，不愿也?！笔拐咴唬骸白雍斡?？”式曰：“天子誅勾奴，愚以為賢者宜死節(jié)，有財(cái)者宜輸之，如此而匈奴可滅也?！保ㄈ〔挠凇稘h書(shū)·公孫弘卜式兒寬傳》）注：①[襲]偷襲。②[賈人]商人，在當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)地位不高。③[矯]假托。④[犒]犒勞。⑤[賓]以客禮對(duì)待。⑥[卻之]使秦軍撤退。⑦[事]這里指抵抗。⑧[式]卜式。人名。⑨[輸]交納。⑩[邊]邊防。【答案】9.D10.【甲】11.弦高本是普通商人（位卑），卻在面對(duì)秦軍侵略時(shí)挺身而出，以他的智慧和財(cái)產(chǎn)令秦軍撤退，保住了鄭國(guó)。卜式作為普通百姓，雖無(wú)為官的才能與意愿，但也愿意捐出一半家產(chǎn)資助邊防事業(yè)，為國(guó)家貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量?！窘馕觥俊?題詳解】A.覲見(jiàn)/看見(jiàn)/看見(jiàn)/見(jiàn)解；B.信用/信用/消息/隨便，放任；C.坐（車(chē)）/憑借，依仗/利用、趁/利用、趁；D.都是“軍隊(duì)”的意思；故選D?！?0題詳解】[乙]“判斷齊師撤走了伏兵”錯(cuò)誤。原文是“懼有伏焉”，意思是“恐怕（齊軍）設(shè)伏”，并非齊軍真的設(shè)了伏兵。【11題詳解】本題考查發(fā)散思維。首先要理解“位卑未敢忘憂國(guó)”的含義，即答題時(shí)要緊扣兩個(gè)要素，一是身份低微，二是不忘擔(dān)憂國(guó)事。材料一中，“鄭賈人弦高將西販牛”寫(xiě)弦高本是普通商人，即位卑；“乃矯鄭伯之命，犒以十二牛，賓秦師而卻之，以存鄭國(guó)”寫(xiě)面對(duì)秦軍侵略時(shí)挺身而出，以他的智慧和財(cái)產(chǎn)令秦軍撤退，保住了鄭國(guó)，即未敢忘憂國(guó)。材料二中，“自小牧羊”寫(xiě)卜式只是一個(gè)普通百姓，即位卑；“愿輸家財(cái)半助邊”“天子誅勾奴，愚以為賢者宜死節(jié)，有財(cái)者宜輸之，如此而匈奴可滅也”寫(xiě)他愿意捐出一半家產(chǎn)資助邊防事業(yè)，為國(guó)家貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量，即未敢忘憂國(guó)?！军c(diǎn)睛】參考譯文：魯莊公十年的春天，齊國(guó)軍隊(duì)攻打我們魯國(guó)。魯莊公將要迎戰(zhàn)。曹劌請(qǐng)求拜見(jiàn)魯莊公。他的同鄉(xiāng)說(shuō)：“當(dāng)權(quán)的人自會(huì)謀劃這件事，你又何必參與呢？”曹劌說(shuō)：“當(dāng)權(quán)的人目光短淺，不能深謀遠(yuǎn)慮?！庇谑侨氤ヒ?jiàn)魯莊公。曹劌問(wèn)：“您憑借什么作戰(zhàn)？”魯莊公說(shuō)：“衣食（這一類(lèi)）養(yǎng)生的東西，我從來(lái)不敢獨(dú)自專(zhuān)有，一定把它們分給身邊的大臣。”曹劌回答說(shuō)：“這種小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，老百姓是不會(huì)順從您的?！濒斍f公說(shuō)：“祭祀用的豬牛羊和玉器、絲織品等祭品，我從來(lái)不敢虛報(bào)夸大數(shù)目，一定對(duì)上天說(shuō)實(shí)話。”曹劌說(shuō)：“小小信用，不能取得神靈的信任，神靈是不會(huì)保佑您的?！濒斍f公說(shuō)：“大大小小的訴訟案件，即使不能一一明察，但我一定根據(jù)實(shí)情（合理裁決）?！辈軇セ卮鹫f(shuō)：“這才盡了本職一類(lèi)的事，可以（憑借這個(gè)條件）打一仗。如果作戰(zhàn)，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我跟隨您一同去。”到了那一天，魯莊公和曹劌同坐一輛戰(zhàn)車(chē)，在長(zhǎng)勺和齊軍作戰(zhàn)。魯莊公將要下令擊鼓進(jìn)軍。曹劌說(shuō)：“現(xiàn)在不行?！钡鹊烬R軍三次擊鼓之后。曹劌說(shuō)：“可以擊鼓進(jìn)軍了。”齊軍大敗。魯莊公又要下令駕車(chē)馬追逐齊軍。曹劌說(shuō)：“還不行。”說(shuō)完就下了戰(zhàn)車(chē)，察看齊軍車(chē)輪碾出的痕跡，又登上戰(zhàn)車(chē)，扶著車(chē)前橫木遠(yuǎn)望齊軍的隊(duì)形，這才說(shuō)：“